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Calderón-Cortés N, Quesada M, Watanabe H, Cano-Camacho H, Oyama K. Endogenous Plant Cell Wall Digestion: A Key Mechanism in Insect Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2012. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing view that insects lack endogenous enzymes for plant cell wall (PCW) digestion had led to the hypothesis that PCW digestion evolved independently in different insect taxa through the establishment of symbiotic relationships with microorganisms. However, recent studies reporting endogenous PCW-degrading genes and enzymes for several insects, including phylogenetically basal insects and closely related arthropod groups, challenge this hypothesis. Here, we summarize the molecular and biochemical evidence on the mechanisms of PCW digestion in insects to analyze its evolutionary pathways. The evidence reveals that the symbiotic-independent mechanism may be the ancestral mechanism for PCW digestion. We discuss the implications of this alternative hypothesis in the evolution of plant-insect interactions and suggest that changes in the composition of lignocellulolytic complexes were involved in the evolution of feeding habits and diet specializations in insects, playing important roles in the evolution of plant-insect interactions and in the diversification of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Calderón-Cortés
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 58190, Michoacán, México;, ,
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 58190, Michoacán, México;, ,
| | - Hirofumi Watanabe
- Insect-Microbe Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Horacio Cano-Camacho
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58262, Michoacán, México
| | - Ken Oyama
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 58190, Michoacán, México;, ,
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Sipiczki M. Detection of yeast species also occurring in substrates associated with animals and identification of a novel dimorphic species in Verbascum flowers from Georgia. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 103:567-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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53
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Cryptococcus nanyangensis sp. nov., a new basidiomycetous yeast isolated from the gut of wood-boring larvae. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:617-21. [PMID: 22886400 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Two strains of a novel basidiomycetous yeast species were isolated from the gut of wood-boring larvae collected in the Baotianman Nature Reserve, the central China. Sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions showed that these yeasts belong to the Bulleromyces clade and formed a cluster together with eleven undescribed Cryptococcus species. The novel species differed from its closest known species, Cryptococcus rajasthanensis, by 3.3 % divergence (15 substitutions and 6 gaps over 630 bases) in the D1/D2 domains, and by 13.4 % divergence (41 substitutions and 27 gaps over 508 bases) in the ITS regions. Physiologically, the fermentation of glucose, galactose, sucrose, trehalose, and raffinose in Durham tubes was observed for the strains of this new yeast. Based on the phenotypical and molecular characteristics presented, the two strains are proposed as a new species, Cryptococcus nanyangensis sp. nov., with the type strain KCY-1(T) (=CICC 1976(T) = CBS 12474(T)).
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54
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Limtong S, Koowadjanakul N, Jindamorakot S, Yongmanitchai W, Nakase T. Candida sirachaensis sp. nov. and Candida sakaeoensis sp. nov. two anamorphic yeast species from phylloplane in Thailand. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 102:221-9. [PMID: 22456793 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three strains (LM008(T), LM068 and LM078(T)), representing two novel yeast species were isolated from the phylloplane of three plant species by an enrichment technique. On the basis of morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and the sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA gene and the internal spacer region, the three strains were assigned as two novel Candida species. Strain LM008(T) was assigned to be Candida sirachaensis sp. nov. (type strain LM008(T) = BCC 47628(T) = NBRC 108605(T) CBS 12094(T)) in the Starmerella clade. Two strains (LM068 and LM078(T)) represent a single species in the Lodderomyces-Spathaspora clade for which the name Candida sakaeoensis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain LM078(T) = BCC 47632(T) = NBRC 108895(T) = CBS 12318(T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitree Limtong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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55
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Geib SM, Scully ED, Jimenez-Gasco MDM, Carlson JE, Tien M, Hoover K. Phylogenetic Analysis of Fusarium solani Associated with the Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis. INSECTS 2012; 3:141-60. [PMID: 26467954 PMCID: PMC4553622 DOI: 10.3390/insects3010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Culture-independent analysis of the gut of a wood-boring insect, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), revealed a consistent association between members of the fungal Fusarium solani species complex and the larval stage of both colony-derived and wild A. glabripennis populations. Using the translation elongation factor 1-alpha region for culture-independent phylogenetic and operational taxonomic unit (OTU)-based analyses, only two OTUs were detected, suggesting that genetic variance at this locus was low among A. glabripennis-associated isolates. To better survey the genetic variation of F. solani associated with A. glabripennis, and establish its phylogenetic relationship with other members of the F. solani species complex, single spore isolates were created from different populations and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis was performed using a combination of the translation elongation factor alpha-1, internal transcribed spacer, and large subunit rDNA regions. These analyses revealed that colony-derived larvae reared in three different tree species or on artificial diet, as well as larvae from wild populations collected from three additional tree species in New York City and from a single tree species in Worcester, MA, consistently harbored F. solani within their guts. While there is some genetic variation in the F. solani carried between populations, within-population variation is low. We speculate that F. solani is able to fill a broad niche in the A. glabripennis gut, providing it with fungal lignocellulases to allow the larvae to grow and develop on woody tissue. However, it is likely that many F. solani genotypes could potentially fill this niche, so the relationship may not be limited to a single member of the F. solani species complex. While little is known about the role of filamentous fungi and their symbiotic associations with insects, this report suggests that larval A. glabripennis has developed an intimate relationship with F. solani that is not limited by geographic location or host tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Geib
- Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Erin D Scully
- Intercollege Program in Genetics at The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | - John E Carlson
- School of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology (World Class University), Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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56
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Chang CF, Lin YC, Chen SF, Carvajal Barriga EJ, Carvaja Barriga EJ, Barahona PP, James SA, Bond CJ, Roberts IN, Lee CF. Candida theae sp. nov., a new anamorphic beverage-associated member of the Lodderomyces clade. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 153:10-4. [PMID: 22088606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four strains representing a novel yeast species belonging to the genus Candida were independently isolated in Taiwan and Ecuador. Two strains (G17(T) and G31) were isolated in Taiwan, by pellet precipitation from plastic-bottled tea drinks produced in Indonesia, while two additional strains (CLQCA 10-049 and CLQCA 10-062) were recovered from ancient chicha fermentation vessels found in tombs in Quito, Ecuador. These four strains were morphologically, and phylogenetically identical to each other. No sexual reproduction was observed on common sporulation media. Large-subunit (LSU) rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed the four strains to belong to the Lodderomyces clade, closely related to members of the Candida parapsilosis species complex. The four strains, which have identical LSU D1/D2 sequences, differ from their closest phylogenetic neighbors, Candida orthopsilosis and Candida parapsilosis, by 6-9 nt substitutions, respectively. Physiologically, the four strains are similar to Candida parapsilosis, although they can be distinguished from their closest relative by the assimilation of arbutin, nitrite, and creatine. The Indonesian and Ecuadorian strain sets can also be distinguished from one another based on ITS sequencing, differing by 4 substitutions in ITS1 and 1 single nucleotide indel in ITS2. Collectively, the results indicate that the four strains represent a previously unrecognized species of Candida. The name Candida theae sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate these strains, with G-17(T) (BCRC 23242(T)=CBS 12239(T)=ATCC MYA-4746(T)) designated as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Feng Chang
- Department of Applied Science, National Hsinchu University of Education, 521 Nanda Road, Hsinchu 30014, Taiwan
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57
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Holland SL, Dyer PS, Bond CJ, James SA, Roberts IN, Avery SV. Candida argentea sp. nov., a copper and silver resistant yeast species. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:909-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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58
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A novel ascosporogenous yeast species, Zygosaccharomyces siamensis, and the sugar tolerant yeasts associated with raw honey collected in Thailand. FUNGAL DIVERS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-011-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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59
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Candida northwykensis sp. nov., A Novel Yeast Isolated from the Gut of the Click Beetle Melanotus villosus. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:115-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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60
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Holesova Z, Jakubkova M, Zavadiakova I, Zeman I, Tomaska L, Nosek J. Gentisate and 3-oxoadipate pathways in the yeast Candida parapsilosis: identification and functional analysis of the genes coding for 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase and 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:2152-2163. [PMID: 21474535 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.048215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis degrades various hydroxy derivatives of benzenes and benzoates by the gentisate and 3-oxoadipate pathways. We identified the genes MNX1, MNX2, MNX3, GDX1, HDX1 and FPH1 that code for enzymes involved in these pathways in the complete genome sequence of C. parapsilosis. Next, we demonstrated that MNX1, MNX2, MNX3 and GDX1 are inducible and transcriptionally controlled by hydroxyaromatic substrates present in cultivation media. Our results indicate that MNX1 and MNX2 code for flavoprotein monooxygenases catalysing the first steps in the 3-oxoadipate and gentisate pathways, respectively (i.e. 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase and 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase). Moreover, we found that the two pathways differ by their intracellular localization. The enzymes of the 3-oxoadipate pathway, Mnx1p and Mnx3p, localize predominantly in the cytosol. In contrast, intracellular localization of the components of the gentisate pathway, Mnx2p and Gdx1p, depends on the substrate in the cultivation medium. In cells growing on glucose these proteins localize in the cytosol, whereas in media containing hydroxyaromatic compounds they associate with mitochondria. Finally, we showed that the overexpression of MNX1 or MNX2 increases the tolerance of C. parapsilosis cells to the antifungal drug terbinafine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Holesova
- Department of Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynska dolina B-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynska dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Jakubkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynska dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Zavadiakova
- Department of Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynska dolina B-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Zeman
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynska dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lubomir Tomaska
- Department of Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynska dolina B-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Nosek
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynska dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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61
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Nitiyon S, Boonmak C, Am-In S, Jindamorakot S, Kawasaki H, Yongmanitchai W, Limtong S. Candida saraburiensis sp. nov. and Candida prachuapensis sp. nov., xylose-utilizing yeast species isolated in Thailand. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 61:462-468. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.023317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four strains of two novel xylose-utilizing yeast species were obtained from samples collected in Thailand from decaying corncobs (strains KU-Xs13T and KU-Xs18), a decaying grass (KU-Xs20) and estuarine water from a mangrove forest (WB15T). On the basis of morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics and sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA gene, the four strains were found to represent two novel species of the genus Candida in the Candida albicans/Lodderomyces elongisporus clade. Three strains (KU-Xs13T, KU-Xs18 and KU-Xs20) were assigned as a single novel species, which was named Candida saraburiensis sp. nov. The type strain is KU-Xs13T (=CBS 11696T=NBRC 106721T=BCC 39601T). Strain WB15T represented another novel species of the genus Candida that was named Candida prachuapensis sp. nov. The type strain is WB15T (=CBS 11024T=NBRC 104881T=BCC 29904T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Nitiyon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanita Boonmak
- Department of Biotechnology, NITE Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technological and Evaluation, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somjit Am-In
- Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Jindamorakot
- Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Hiroko Kawasaki
- Department of Biotechnology, NITE Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technological and Evaluation, Chiba, Japan
| | - Wichien Yongmanitchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Savitree Limtong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Valach M, Farkas Z, Fricova D, Kovac J, Brejova B, Vinar T, Pfeiffer I, Kucsera J, Tomaska L, Lang BF, Nosek J. Evolution of linear chromosomes and multipartite genomes in yeast mitochondria. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:4202-19. [PMID: 21266473 PMCID: PMC3105423 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genome diversity in closely related species provides an excellent platform for investigation of chromosome architecture and its evolution by means of comparative genomics. In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of eight Candida species and analyzed their molecular architectures. Our survey revealed a puzzling variability of genome architecture, including circular- and linear-mapping and multipartite linear forms. We propose that the arrangement of large inverted repeats identified in these genomes plays a crucial role in alterations of their molecular architectures. In specific arrangements, the inverted repeats appear to function as resolution elements, allowing genome conversion among different topologies, eventually leading to genome fragmentation into multiple linear DNA molecules. We suggest that molecular transactions generating linear mitochondrial DNA molecules with defined telomeric structures may parallel the evolutionary emergence of linear chromosomes and multipartite genomes in general and may provide clues for the origin of telomeres and pathways implicated in their maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matus Valach
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak republic
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63
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Suh SO, Zhou J. Yeasts associated with the curculionid beetle Xyloterinus politus: Candida xyloterini sp. nov., Candida palmyrensis sp. nov. and three common ambrosia yeasts. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:1702-1708. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.016907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven yeast strains were isolated from the body surface and galleries of Xyloterinus politus, the ambrosia beetle that attacks black oak trees. Based on rDNA sequence comparisons and other taxonomic characteristics, five of the strains were identified as members of the species Saccharomycopsis microspora, Wickerhamomyces hampshirensis and Candida mycetangii, which have been reported previously as being associated with insects. The remaining two yeast strains were proposed as representatives of two novel species, Candida xyloterini sp. nov. (type strain ATCC 62898T=CBS 11547T) and Candida palmyrensis sp. nov. (type strain ATCC 62899T=CBS 11546T). C. xyloterini sp. nov. is a close sister taxon to Ogataea dorogensis and assimilates methanol as a sole carbon source but lacks ascospores. On the other hand, C. palmyrensis sp. nov. is phylogenetically distinct from any other ambrosia yeast reported so far. The species was placed near Candida sophiae-reginae and Candida beechii based on DNA sequence analyses, but neither of these were close sister taxa to C. palmyrensis sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Oui Suh
- Mycology and Botany Program, American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
| | - Jianlong Zhou
- Mycology and Botany Program, American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
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64
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Grünwald S, Pilhofer M, Höll W. Microbial associations in gut systems of wood- and bark-inhabiting longhorned beetles [Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]. Syst Appl Microbiol 2010; 33:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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65
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Biology and genetics of the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis. Curr Genet 2009; 55:497-509. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-009-0268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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66
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Rodrigues A, Cable RN, Mueller UG, Bacci M, Pagnocca FC. Antagonistic interactions between garden yeasts and microfungal garden pathogens of leaf-cutting ants. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 96:331-42. [PMID: 19449210 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the diversity of yeasts isolated in gardens of the leafcutter ant Atta texana. Repeated sampling of gardens from four nests over a 1-year time period showed that gardens contain a diverse assemblage of yeasts. The yeast community in gardens consisted mostly of yeasts associated with plants or soil, but community composition changed between sampling periods. In order to understand the potential disease-suppressing roles of the garden yeasts, we screened isolates for antagonistic effects against known microfungal garden contaminants. In vitro assays revealed that yeasts inhibited the mycelial growth of two strains of Escovopsis (a specialized attine garden parasite), Syncephalastrum racemosum (a fungus often growing in gardens of leafcutter lab nests), and the insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana. These garden yeasts add to the growing list of disease-suppressing microbes in attine nests that may contribute synergistically, together with actinomycetes and Burkholderia bacteria, to protect the gardens and the ants against diseases. Additionally, we suggest that garden immunity against problem fungi may therefore derive not only from the presence of disease-suppressing Pseudonocardia actinomycetes, but from an enrichment of multiple disease-suppressing microorganisms in the garden matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Rodrigues
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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67
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Gibson CM, Hunter MS. Inherited fungal and bacterial endosymbionts of a parasitic wasp and its cockroach host. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2009; 57:542-549. [PMID: 18758845 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-008-9436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts of insects are increasingly being recognized as common, diverse, and integral to the biology of their hosts. Inherited fungal symbionts have been largely overlooked, however, even though insect guts appear to be a key habitat for an incredible array of fungal diversity. Like bacteria, fungal symbionts also likely play important roles in the ecology and evolution of their insect associates. The objective of this study was to lay the foundations for understanding the roles of the vertically transmitted fungal and bacterial associates of both the brownbanded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, and its parasitic wasp, Comperia merceti. We used culture-dependent and culture-independent molecular methods and phylogenetic analyses in order to identify the symbionts. Two fungal associates of brownbanded cockroaches were found. To our knowledge, this is the first record of vertically transmitted fungal symbionts in the order Blattaria. The wasp was found to house a close relative of one of the cockroach fungi but no bacterial symbionts. Finally, the brownbanded cockroaches also harbored three lineages of bacterial symbionts: Blattabacterium and two lineages of Wolbachia, indicating the number of vertically transmitted symbionts in this insect may be as many as five.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M Gibson
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0036, USA.
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68
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Phylogeny and phenotypic characterization of pathogenic Cryptococcus species and closely related saprobic taxa in the Tremellales. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:353-61. [PMID: 19151324 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00373-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The basidiomycetous yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are closely related sibling species that cause respiratory and neurological disease in humans and animals. Within these two recognized species, phylogenetic analysis reveals at least six cryptic species defined as molecular types (VNI/II/B, VNIV, VGI, VGII, VGIII, and VGIV) that comprise the pathogenic Cryptococcus species complex. These pathogenic species are clustered in the Filobasidiella clade within the order Tremellales. Previous studies have shown that the Filobasidiella clade also includes several saprobic fungi isolated from insect frass, but information evaluating the relatedness of the saprobes and pathogens within this cluster is limited. Here, the phylogeny encompassing a subset of species in the Tremellales lineage that clusters closely with the pathogenic Cryptococcus species complex was resolved by employing a multilocus sequencing approach for phylogenetic analysis. Six highly conserved genomic loci from 15 related basidiomycete species were sequenced, and the alignments from the concatenated gene sequences were evaluated with different tree-building criteria. Furthermore, these 15 species were subjected to virulence and phenotype assays to evaluate their pathogenic potential. These studies revealed that Cryptococcus amylolentus and Tsuchiyaea wingfieldii, two nonpathogenic sibling species, are the taxa most closely related to the pathogens C. neoformans and C. gattii and together with Filobasidiella depauperata form a Cryptococcus sensu stricto group. Five other saprobic yeast species form the Kwoniella clade, which appears to be a part of a more distantly related sensu lato group. This study establishes a foundation for future comparative genomic approaches that will provide insight into the structure, function, and evolution of the mating type locus, the transitions in modes of sexual reproduction, and the emergence of human pathogenic species from related or ancestral saprobic species.
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69
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Nakase T, Jindamorakot S, Ninomiya S, Imanishi Y, Kawasaki H. Candida wancherniae sp. nov. and Candida morakotiae sp. nov., two novel ascomycetous anamorphic yeast species found in Thailand. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2009; 55:93-100. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.55.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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70
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Ji ZH, Jia JH, Bai FY. Four novel Candida species in the Candida albicans/Lodderomyces elongisporus clade isolated from the gut of flower beetles. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 95:23-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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71
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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