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Abstract
This paper summarizes the scientific trends associated with the rapid development of the technique of high-energy X-ray diffraction over the past decade pertaining to the field of liquids, glasses, and amorphous materials. The measurement of high-quality X-ray structure factors out to large momentum transfers leads to high-resolution pair distribution functions which can be directly compared to theory or combined with data from other experimental techniques. The advantages of combining highly penetrating radiation with low angle scattering are outlined together with the data analysis procedure and formalism. Also included are advances in high-energy synchrotron beamline instrumentation, sample environment equipment, and an overview of the role of simulation and modeling for interpreting data from disordered materials. Several examples of recent trends in glass and liquid research are described. Finally, directions for future research are considered within the context of past and current developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Benmore
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
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52
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Tanaka H. Bond orientational order in liquids: Towards a unified description of water-like anomalies, liquid-liquid transition, glass transition, and crystallization: Bond orientational order in liquids. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2012; 35:113. [PMID: 23104614 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2012-12113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There are at least three fundamental states of matter, depending upon temperature and pressure: gas, liquid, and solid (crystal). These states are separated by first-order phase transitions between them. In both gas and liquid phases a complete translational and rotational symmetry exist, whereas in a solid phase both symmetries are broken. In intermediate phases between liquid and solid, which include liquid crystal and plastic crystal phases, only one of the two symmetries is preserved. Among the fundamental states of matter, the liquid state is the most poorly understood. We argue that it is crucial for a better understanding of liquids to recognize that a liquid generally has the tendency to have a local structural order and its presence is intrinsic and universal to any liquid. Such structural ordering is a consequence of many-body correlations, more specifically, bond angle correlations, which we believe are crucial for the description of the liquid state. We show that this physical picture may naturally explain difficult unsolved problems associated with the liquid state, such as anomalies of water-type liquids (water, Si, Ge, ...), liquid-liquid transition, liquid-glass transition, crystallization and quasicrystal formation, in a unified manner. In other words, we need a new order parameter representing a low local free-energy configuration, which is a bond orientational order parameter in many cases, in addition to a density order parameter for the physical description of these phenomena. Here we review our two-order-parameter model of liquid and consider how transient local structural ordering is linked to all of the above-mentioned phenomena. The relationship between these phenomena is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Tanaka
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505, Tokyo, Japan.
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53
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Strekalova EG, Luo J, Stanley HE, Franzese G, Buldyrev SV. Confinement of anomalous liquids in nanoporous matrices. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:105701. [PMID: 23005299 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the effects of different nanoconfinements on complex liquids-e.g., colloids or protein solutions-with density anomalies and a liquid-liquid phase transition (LLPT). In all the confinements, we find a strong depletion effect with a large increase in liquid density near the confining surface. If the nanoconfinement is modeled by an ordered matrix of nanoparticles, we find that the anomalies are preserved. On the contrary, if the confinement is modeled by a disordered matrix of nanoparticles, we find a drastically different phase diagram: the LLPT shifts to lower pressures and temperatures, and the anomalies become weaker, as the disorder increases. We find that the density heterogeneities induced by the disordered matrix are responsible for the weakening of the LLPT and the disappearance of the anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Strekalova
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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54
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Wang LL, Mei L, He G, Liu GH, Li JT, Xu LH, Jiang ZJ. Preparation of infrared transparent YAG-based glass-ceramics with nano-sized crystallites. Ann Ital Chir 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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55
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Murata KI, Tanaka H. Liquid-liquid transition without macroscopic phase separation in a water-glycerol mixture. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:436-43. [PMID: 22426459 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The existence of more than two liquid states in a single-component substance and the ensuing liquid-liquid transitions (LLTs) has attracted considerable attention because of its counterintuitive nature and its importance in the fundamental understanding of the liquid state. Here we report direct experimental evidence for a genuine (isocompositional) LLT without macroscopic phase separation in an aqueous solution of glycerol. We show that liquid I transforms into liquid II by way of two types of kinetics: nucleation and growth, and spinodal decomposition. Although liquid II is metastable against crystallization, we could access both its static and dynamical properties experimentally. We find that liquids I and II differ in density, refractive index, structure, hydrogen bonding state, glass transition temperature and fragility, and that the transition between the two liquids is mainly driven by the local structuring of water rather than of glycerol, suggesting a link to a plausible LLT in pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Murata
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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56
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Lad KN, Jakse N, Pasturel A. Signatures of fragile-to-strong transition in a binary metallic glass-forming liquid. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:104509. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3692610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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57
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Cajahuaringa S, de Koning M, Antonelli A. Dynamics near a liquid-liquid phase transition in a non-tetrahedral liquid: The case of gallium. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:064513. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3684550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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58
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Caspi EN, Greenberg Y, Yahel E, Beuneu B, Makov G. What is the structure of liquid Bismuth? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/340/1/012079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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59
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Garcez KMS, Antonelli A. Pressure effects on the transitions between disordered phases in supercooled liquid silicon. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:204508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3663387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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60
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61
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Greaves GN, Greer AL, Lakes RS, Rouxel T. Poisson's ratio and modern materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2011; 10:823-837. [PMID: 22020006 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In comparing a material's resistance to distort under mechanical load rather than to alter in volume, Poisson's ratio offers the fundamental metric by which to compare the performance of any material when strained elastically. The numerical limits are set by ½ and -1, between which all stable isotropic materials are found. With new experiments, computational methods and routes to materials synthesis, we assess what Poisson's ratio means in the contemporary understanding of the mechanical characteristics of modern materials. Central to these recent advances, we emphasize the significance of relationships outside the elastic limit between Poisson's ratio and densification, connectivity, ductility and the toughness of solids; and their association with the dynamic properties of the liquids from which they were condensed and into which they melt.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Greaves
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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62
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Abraham JY, Buldyrev SV, Giovambattista N. Liquid and Glass Polymorphism in a Monatomic System with Isotropic, Smooth Pair Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:14229-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Y. Abraham
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Sergey V. Buldyrev
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10033, United States
| | - Nicolas Giovambattista
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
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63
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Makov G, Yahel E. Liquid-liquid phase transformations and the shape of the melting curve. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:204507. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3593441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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64
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65
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Greaves GN, Wilding MC, Hennet L, Langstaff D, Kargl F, Benmore CJ, Weber JKR. Comment on "liquid-liquid phase transition in supercooled yttria-alumina". PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:119601-119602. [PMID: 21469907 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.119601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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66
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Lv YJ, Chen M. Thermophysical properties of undercooled alloys: an overview of the molecular simulation approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:278-316. [PMID: 21339987 PMCID: PMC3039953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the studies on the thermophysical properties of undercooled metals and alloys by molecular simulations in recent years. The simulation methods of melting temperature, enthalpy, specific heat, surface tension, diffusion coefficient and viscosity are introduced and the simulated results are summarized. By comparing the experimental results and various theoretical models, the temperature and the composition dependences of the thermophysical properties in undercooled regime are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong J. Lv
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Department of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; E-Mail:
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-10-6277-3776; Fax: +86-10-6279-5832
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67
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Zhang C, Hu L, Yue Y, Mauro JC. Fragile-to-strong transition in metallic glass-forming liquids. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:014508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3457670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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68
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Shen G, Wang Y, Prakapenka V, Benmore CJ, Alp EE, Ding Y, Yang W. High-Pressure Research at the Advanced Photon Source. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2010.485521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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69
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Surface-wetting effects on the liquid-liquid transition of a single-component molecular liquid. Nat Commun 2010; 1:16. [PMID: 20975680 PMCID: PMC2909503 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Even a single-component liquid may have more than two liquid states. The transition between
them is called a 'liquid–liquid transition' (LLT). Such LLTs have recently attracted
considerable attention mainly because of the fundamental interest in the physical origin of
this counter-intuitive phenomenon. In this study, we report the first observation of wetting
effects on LLT for a molecular liquid, triphenyl phosphite. We find a transition from partial to complete
wetting for nucleation-growth-type LLT when approaching the spinodal temperature of LLT.
Some features unique to LLT are also revealed, reflecting for example the non-conserved
nature of its order parameter. We also find that the wetting behaviour is not induced by
dispersion forces, but by weak hydrogen bonding to a solid substrate, implying its important
role in the LLT itself. Using wetting effects may open a new possibility to control kinetics
and spatial patterns of nucleation-growth-type LLT. A phase transition between two liquid states is a
counterintuitive phenomenon, but one that is known to happen in certain materials. Murata and
Tanaka now show in tryphenyl phosphite that this can also produce a change in the wetting of a
surface, from partial to complete, at the transition temperature.
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70
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Rollet AL, Sarou-Kanian V, Bessada C. Self-diffusion coefficient measurements at high temperature by PFG NMR. CR CHIM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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71
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Swallen SF, Windsor K, McMahon RJ, Ediger MD, Mates TE. Transformation of Stable Glasses into Supercooled Liquids: Growth Fronts and Anomalously Fast Liquid Diffusion. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:2635-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9107359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Swallen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Katherine Windsor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Robert J. McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Thomas E. Mates
- Materials Department, University of California−Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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72
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Turton DA, Martin DF, Wynne K. Optical Kerr-effect study of trans- and cis-1,2-dichloroethene: liquid–liquid transition or super-Arrhenius relaxation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:4191-200. [DOI: 10.1039/b918196b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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73
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Liquid-liquid phase transition and glass transition in a monoatomic model system. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:5184-200. [PMID: 21614201 PMCID: PMC3100843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11125184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We review our recent study on the polyamorphism of the liquid and glass states in a monatomic system, a two-scale spherical-symmetric Jagla model with both attractive and repulsive interactions. This potential with a parametrization for which crystallization can be avoided and both the glass transition and the liquid-liquid phase transition are clearly separated, displays water-like anomalies as well as polyamorphism in both liquid and glassy states, providing a unique opportunity to study the interplay between the liquid-liquid phase transition and the glass transition. Our study on a simple model may be useful in understanding recent studies of polyamorphism in metallic glasses.
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74
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Stanley HE, Kumar P, Han S, Mazza MG, Stokely K, Buldyrev SV, Franzese G, Mallamace F, Xu L. Heterogeneities in confined water and protein hydration water. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:504105. [PMID: 21836216 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/50/504105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report recent efforts to understand a broad range of experiments on confined water and protein hydration water, many initiated by a collaboration between workers at the University of Messina and MIT-the editors of this special issue. Preliminary calculations are not inconsistent with one tentative interpretation of these experiments as resulting from the system passing from the high-temperature high-pressure 'HDL' side of the Widom line (where the liquid might display non-Arrhenius behavior) to the low-temperature low-pressure 'LDL' side of the Widom line (where the liquid might display Arrhenius behavior). The Widom line-defined to be the line in the pressure-temperature plane where the correlation length has its maximum-arises if there is a critical point. Hence, interpreting the Messina-MIT experiments in terms of a Widom line is of potential relevance to testing, experimentally, the hypothesis that water displays a liquid-liquid critical point.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Stanley
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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75
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Barnes AC, Skinner LB, Salmon PS, Bytchkov A, Pozdnyakova I, Farmer TO, Fischer HE. Liquid-liquid phase transition in supercooled yttria-alumina. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:225702. [PMID: 20366109 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.225702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The structure and thermal characteristics of aerodynamically levitated samples of yttria-alumina in the liquid, supercooled liquid and solid phases were explored in an extensive series of high energy x-ray diffraction, small angle neutron scattering, and pyrometric cooling measurements. Particular focus was placed on the compound (Y2O3)(x)(Al2O3)(1-x) with x = 0.2 for which a liquid-liquid phase transition at a temperature of 1788 K has recently been reported. No structural or thermal signature in support of this metastable phase transition could be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Barnes
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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76
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Rollet AL, Sarou-Kanian V, Bessada C. Measuring Self-Diffusion Coefficients up to 1500 K: A Powerful Tool to Investigate the Dynamics and the Local Structure of Inorganic Melts. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:10972-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Rollet
- CNRS, Université d'Orléans, UPR 3079 CEMHTI, 45071 Orléans, France
- CNRS, UMPC Univ Paris 06, ESPCI, UMR 7195 PECSA, 75005 Paris, France
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77
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Abstract
Abstract
We report recent efforts to understand the new MIT-Messina experimental discovery of a dynamic crossover at low temperatures in confined water. Preliminary calculations are not inconsistent with one tentative interpretation of this dynamic crossover as resulting from the system passing from the high-temperature high-pressure "HDL" side of the Widom line (where the liquid might display fragile behavior) to the low-temperature low-pressure "LDL" side of the Widom line (where the liquid might display strong behavior). The Widom line - defined to be the line in the pressure-temperature plane where the correlation length has its maximum - arises only if there is a critical point. Hence interpreting the MIT experiments in terms of a Widom line is of potential relevance to testing experimentally, for confined water, the liquid-liquid critical point hypothesis.
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78
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Abstract
Stable glasses of indomethacin (IMC) were prepared by using physical vapor deposition. Wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements were performed to characterize the average local structure. IMC glasses prepared at a substrate temperature of 0.84 T(g) (where T(g) is the glass transition temperature) and a deposition rate of 0.2 nm/s show a broad, high-intensity peak at low q values that is not present in the supercooled liquid or melt-quenched glasses. When annealed slightly above T(g), the new WAXS pattern transforms into the melt-quenched glass pattern, but only after very long annealing times. For a series of samples prepared at the lowest deposition rate, the new local packing arrangement is present only for deposition temperatures below T(g) -20 K, suggesting an underlying first-order liquid-to-liquid phase transition.
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79
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Jakse N, Pasturel A, Sastry S, Angell CA. Response to “Comment on ‘Dynamic aspects of the liquid-liquid phase transformation in silicon’ ” [J. Chem. Phys. 130, 247102 (2009)]. J Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3154368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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80
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Carvajal Jara DA, Fontana Michelon M, Antonelli A, de Koning M. Theoretical evidence for a first-order liquid-liquid phase transition in gallium. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:221101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3154424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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81
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Du J, Benmore CJ, Corrales R, Hart RT, Weber JKR. A molecular dynamics simulation interpretation of neutron and x-ray diffraction measurements on single phase Y(2)O(3)-Al(2)O(3) glasses. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:205102. [PMID: 21825521 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/20/205102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations and complementary neutron and x-ray diffraction studies have been carried out within the single phase glass forming range of (Y(2)O(3))(x)(Al(2)O(3))((100-x)), for x = 27 and 30. For x = 27, the experimental Al-O and Y-O coordination numbers are found to be 4.9 ± 0.2 and 6.9 ± 0.4 respectively, compared to 4.4 and 6.8 obtained from the simulation. Similar results were found for x = 30. An R-factor analysis showed that the simulation models agreed to within ∼6% of the diffraction data in both cases. The Al-O polyhedra are dominated by fourfold and fivefold species and the Y-O local coordinations are dominated by sixfold, sevenfold and eightfold polyhedra. Analysis of the oxygen environments reveals a large number of combinations, which explains the high entropy of single phase yttrium aluminate glasses and melts. Of these, the largest variation between x = 27 and 30 is found in the number of aluminum oxygen triclusters (oxygens bonded to three Al) and oxygens surrounded by three Y and a single Al. The most abundant connections are between the AlO(x) and YO(y) polyhedra of which 30% are edge shared. The majority of AlO(x)-AlO(x) connections were found to be corner shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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82
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Fuchizaki K, Hase T, Yamada A, Hamaya N, Katayama Y, Funakoshi KI. Polyamorphism in tin tetraiodide. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:121101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3109691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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83
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