51
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Wang O, McAllister TA, Plastow G, Stanford K, Selinger B, Guan LL. Host mechanisms involved in cattle Escherichia coli O157 shedding: a fundamental understanding for reducing foodborne pathogen in food animal production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7630. [PMID: 28794460 PMCID: PMC5550497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The host mechanisms involved in Escherichia coli O157 super-shedding in cattle is largely unknown. In this study, the comparison of transcriptomes of intestinal tissues between super-shedders (SS) and cattle negative for E. coli O157 (NS) was performed, aiming to identify genes that are potentially associated with super-shedding. In total, 16,846 ± 639 (cecum) to 18,137 ± 696 (distal jejunum) were expressed throughout the intestine, with the expressed genes associated with immune functions more pronounced in the small intestine. In total, 351 differentially expressed (DE) genes were identified throughout the intestine between SS and NS, with 101 being up-regulated and 250 down-regulated in SS. Functional analysis revealed DE genes were involved in increased T-cell responses and cholesterol absorption in the distal jejunum and descending colon, and decreased B-cell maturation in the distal jejunum of SS. RNA-Seq based SNP discovery revealed that the mutations in seven DE genes involved in leukocyte activation and cholesterol transportation were associated with E. coli O157 shedding. Our findings suggest that T-cell responses and cholesterol metabolism in the intestinal tract may be associated with super-shedding phenomenon, and the SNPs in the DE genes are possibly associated with the observed gene expression difference between SS and NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4V6, Canada
| | - Brent Selinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Núñez-Enríquez JC, Bárcenas-López DA, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Jiménez-Hernández E, Bekker-Méndez VC, Flores-Lujano J, Solis-Labastida KA, Martínez-Morales GB, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Espinoza-Hernández LE, Velázquez-Aviña MM, Merino-Pasaye LE, García Velázquez AJ, Pérez-Saldívar ML, Mojica-Espinoza R, Ramírez-Bello J, Jiménez-Morales S, Mejía-Aranguré JM. Gene Expression Profiling of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children with Very Early Relapse. Arch Med Res 2017; 47:644-655. [PMID: 28476192 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer worldwide. Mexican patients have high mortality rates, low frequency of good prognosis biomarkers (i.e., ETV6-RUNX1) and a high proportion is classified at the time of diagnosis with a high risk to relapse according to clinical features. In addition, very early relapses are more frequently observed than in other populations. The aim of the study was to identify new potential biomarkers associated with very early relapse in Mexican ALL children through transcriptome analysis. METHODS Microarray gene expression profiling on bone marrow samples of 54 pediatric ALL patients, collected at time of diagnosis and/or at relapse, was performed. Eleven patients presented relapse within the first 18 months after diagnosis. Affymetrix Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 (HTA 2.0) was used to perform gene expression analysis. Annotation and functional enrichment analyses were carried out using Gene Ontology, KEGG pathway analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tools. RESULTS BLVRB, ZCCHC7, PAX5, EBF1, TMOD1 and BLNK were differentially expressed (fold-change >2.0 and p value <0.01) between relapsed and non-relapsed patients. Functional analysis of abnormally expressed genes revealed their important role in cellular processes related to the development of hematological diseases, cancer, cell death and survival and in cell-to-cell signaling interaction. CONCLUSIONS Our data support previous findings showing the relevance of PAX5, EBF1 and ZCCHC7 as potential biomarkers to identify a subgroup of ALL children in high risk to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Núñez-Enríquez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elva Jiménez-Hernández
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital General "Gaudencio González Garza", Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "La Raza", IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vilma Carolina Bekker-Méndez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Hospital de Infectología "Dr. Daniel Méndez Hernández", "La Raza", IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janet Flores-Lujano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karina Anastacia Solis-Labastida
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Bibiana Martínez-Morales
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez" (INCICh), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Eugenia Espinoza-Hernández
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital General "Gaudencio González Garza", Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "La Raza", IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Laura Elizabeth Merino-Pasaye
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad Social al Servicio de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - María Luisa Pérez-Saldívar
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Mojica-Espinoza
- Unidad de Genotipificación y Análisis de Expresión, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julián Ramírez-Bello
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas y Endócrinas, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia Jiménez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico; Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
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- Mexican Inter-Institutional Group for the Identification of the Causes of Childhood Leukaemia, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Instituto de Seguridad Social al Servicio de los Trabajadores del Estado, Secretaría de Salud, Secretaría de Salud del Gobierno del Distrito Federal, Mexico City, México
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53
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Tang H, Wang H, Lin Q, Fan F, Zhang F, Peng X, Fang X, Liu J, Ouyang K. Loss of IP3 Receptor–Mediated Ca2+ Release in Mouse B Cells Results in Abnormal B Cell Development and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:570-580. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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54
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Hu Y, Zhang Z, Kashiwagi M, Yoshida T, Joshi I, Jena N, Somasundaram R, Emmanuel AO, Sigvardsson M, Fitamant J, El-Bardeesy N, Gounari F, Van Etten RA, Georgopoulos K. Superenhancer reprogramming drives a B-cell-epithelial transition and high-risk leukemia. Genes Dev 2017; 30:1971-90. [PMID: 27664237 PMCID: PMC5066240 DOI: 10.1101/gad.283762.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, Hu et al. investigated the mechanisms by which IKAROS promotes B-cell differentiation and prevents leukemogenesis. By using chromatin, transcription, and gene inactivation studies in primary wild-type and IKAROS-deficient B-cell precursors, they show that a dual mechanism of IKAROS regulation promotes differentiation while safeguarding against a hybrid stem–epithelial–B-cell phenotype that underlies high-risk B-ALL. IKAROS is required for the differentiation of highly proliferative pre-B-cell precursors, and loss of IKAROS function indicates poor prognosis in precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Here we show that IKAROS regulates this developmental stage by positive and negative regulation of superenhancers with distinct lineage affiliations. IKAROS defines superenhancers at pre-B-cell differentiation genes together with B-cell master regulators such as PAX5, EBF1, and IRF4 but is required for a highly permissive chromatin environment, a function that cannot be compensated for by the other transcription factors. IKAROS is also highly enriched at inactive enhancers of genes normally expressed in stem–epithelial cells. Upon IKAROS loss, expression of pre-B-cell differentiation genes is attenuated, while a group of extralineage transcription factors that are directly repressed by IKAROS and depend on EBF1 relocalization at their enhancers for expression is induced. LHX2, LMO2, and TEAD–YAP1, normally kept separate from native B-cell transcription regulators by IKAROS, now cooperate directly with them in a de novo superenhancer network with its own feed-forward transcriptional reinforcement. Induction of de novo superenhancers antagonizes Polycomb repression and superimposes aberrant stem–epithelial cell properties in a B-cell precursor. This dual mechanism of IKAROS regulation promotes differentiation while safeguarding against a hybrid stem–epithelial–B-cell phenotype that underlies high-risk B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeguang Hu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Mariko Kashiwagi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Toshimi Yoshida
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Ila Joshi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Nilamani Jena
- Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92868, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92868, USA
| | - Rajesh Somasundaram
- Department for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, 58185 Linkoping, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, 58185 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Julien Fitamant
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Nabeel El-Bardeesy
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Fotini Gounari
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Richard A Van Etten
- Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92868, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92868, USA
| | - Katia Georgopoulos
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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55
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Arya R, Dangi RS, Makwana PK, Kumar A, Upadhyay SK, Sundd M. Grb2 carboxyl-terminal SH3 domain can bivalently associate with two ligands, in an SH3 dependent manner. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1284. [PMID: 28455498 PMCID: PMC5430726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology domain containing leukocyte protein of 65 kDa (SLP65), the growth factor receptor binding protein 2 (Grb2), and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho family GTPases (Vav), self associate in unstimulated B cells as components of the preformed B cell receptor transducer module, in an SH3-dependent manner. The complex enables the B cell to promptly respond to BCR aggregation, resulting in signal amplification. It also facilitates Vav translocation to the membrane rafts, for activation. Here we uncover the molecular mechanism by which the complex may be formed in the B cell. The C-terminal SH3 domain (SH3C) of Grb2 bivalently interacts with the atypical non-PxxP proline rich region of SLP65, and the N-terminal SH3 domain (SH3N) of Vav, both the interactions crucial for the proper functioning of the B cell. Most surprisingly, the two ligands bind the same ligand binding site on the surface of Grb2 SH3C. Addition of SLP65 peptide to the Grb2-Vav complex abrogates the interaction completely, displacing Vav. However, the addition of Vav SH3N to the SLP65-Grb2 binary complex, results in a trimeric complex. Extrapolating these results to the in vivo conditions, Grb2 should bind the SLP65 transducer module first, and then Vav should associate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Arya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110 021, India
| | - Rohit Singh Dangi
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Pinakin K Makwana
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Ambrish Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110 020, India
| | - Monica Sundd
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
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56
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Lentucci C, Belkina AC, Cederquist CT, Chan M, Johnson HE, Prasad S, Lopacinski A, Nikolajczyk BS, Monti S, Snyder-Cappione J, Tanasa B, Cardamone MD, Perissi V. Inhibition of Ubc13-mediated Ubiquitination by GPS2 Regulates Multiple Stages of B Cell Development. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2754-2772. [PMID: 28039360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-proteolytic ubiquitin signaling mediated by Lys63 ubiquitin chains plays a critical role in multiple pathways that are key to the development and activation of immune cells. Our previous work indicates that GPS2 (G-protein Pathway Suppressor 2) is a multifunctional protein regulating TNFα signaling and lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue through modulation of Lys63 ubiquitination events. However, the full extent of GPS2-mediated regulation of ubiquitination and the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, we report that GPS2 is required for restricting the activation of TLR and BCR signaling pathways and the AKT/FOXO1 pathway in immune cells based on direct inhibition of Ubc13 enzymatic activity. Relevance of this regulatory strategy is confirmed in vivo by B cell-targeted deletion of GPS2, resulting in developmental defects at multiple stages of B cell differentiation. Together, these findings reveal that GPS2 genomic and non-genomic functions are critical for the development and cellular homeostasis of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna C Belkina
- the Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and.,Microbiology, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Snyder-Cappione
- the Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and.,Microbiology, and
| | - Bogdan Tanasa
- the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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57
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Autonomous membrane IgE signaling prevents IgE-memory formation. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1109-17. [PMID: 27428827 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant production of IgE antibodies can lead to allergic diseases. Normally, IgE(+) B cells rarely differentiate into memory B cells (Bmem) or long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), as they only transiently participate in the germinal center (GC), but the mechanism behind this remains elusive. We found that membrane IgE (mIgE) autonomously triggered rapid plasma-cell differentiation and apoptosis independently of antigen or cellular context, predominantly through the mutually independent CD19-PI3K-Akt-IRF4 and BLNK-Jnk/p38 pathways, respectively, and we identified the ectodomains of mIgE as being responsible. Accordingly, deregulated GC IgE(+) B cell proliferation and prolonged IgE production with exaggerated anaphylaxis were observed in CD19- and BLNK-deficient mice. Our findings reveal an autonomous mIgE signaling mechanism that normally prevents IgE(+) Bmem and LLPC formation, providing insights into the molecular pathogenesis of allergic diseases.
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58
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Pang SHM, Minnich M, Gangatirkar P, Zheng Z, Ebert A, Song G, Dickins RA, Corcoran LM, Mullighan CG, Busslinger M, Huntington ND, Nutt SL, Carotta S. PU.1 cooperates with IRF4 and IRF8 to suppress pre-B-cell leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 30:1375-87. [PMID: 26932576 PMCID: PMC5179358 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ets family transcription factor PU.1 and the interferon regulatory factor (IRF)4 and IRF8 regulate gene expression by binding to composite DNA sequences known as Ets/interferon consensus elements. Although all three factors are expressed from the onset of B-cell development, single deficiency of these factors in B-cell progenitors only mildly impacts on bone marrow B lymphopoiesis. Here we tested whether PU.1 cooperates with IRF factors in regulating early B-cell development. Lack of PU.1 and IRF4 resulted in a partial block in development the pre-B-cell stage. The combined deletion of PU.1 and IRF8 reduced recirculating B-cell numbers. Strikingly, all PU.1/IRF4 and ~50% of PU.1/IRF8 double deficient mice developed pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) associated with reduced expression of the established B-lineage tumor suppressor genes, Ikaros and Spi-B. These genes are directly regulated by PU.1/IRF4/IRF8, and restoration of Ikaros or Spi-B expression inhibited leukemic cell growth. In summary, we demonstrate that PU.1, IRF4 and IRF8 cooperate to regulate early B-cell development and to prevent pre-B-ALL formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Heng Milon Pang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Martina Minnich
- The Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pradnya Gangatirkar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anja Ebert
- The Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Guangchun Song
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Ross A Dickins
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles G. Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- The Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sebastian Carotta
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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59
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Keller B, Zaidman I, Yousefi OS, Hershkovitz D, Stein J, Unger S, Schachtrup K, Sigvardsson M, Kuperman AA, Shaag A, Schamel WW, Elpeleg O, Warnatz K, Stepensky P. Early onset combined immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in patients with loss-of-function mutation in LAT. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1185-99. [PMID: 27242165 PMCID: PMC4925012 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keller et al. describe for the first time human LAT deficiency, which causes severe immune dysregulation with autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and progressive immunodeficiency. The adapter protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a critical signaling hub connecting T cell antigen receptor triggering to downstream T cell responses. In this study, we describe the first kindred with defective LAT signaling caused by a homozygous mutation in exon 5, leading to a premature stop codon deleting most of the cytoplasmic tail of LAT, including the critical tyrosine residues for signal propagation. The three patients presented from early childhood with combined immunodeficiency and severe autoimmune disease. Unlike in the mouse counterpart, reduced numbers of T cells were present in the patients. Despite the reported nonredundant role of LAT in Ca2+ mobilization, residual T cells were able to induce Ca2+ influx and nuclear factor (NF) κB signaling, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling was completely abolished. This is the first report of a LAT-related disease in humans, manifesting by a progressive combined immune deficiency with severe autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baerbel Keller
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irina Zaidman
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - O Sascha Yousefi
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dov Hershkovitz
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Jerry Stein
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva 49202, Israel
| | - Susanne Unger
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schachtrup
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Amir A Kuperman
- Blood Coagulation Service and Pediatric Hematology Clinic, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 22100, Israel Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 5290002, Israel
| | - Avraham Shaag
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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60
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Per2 induction limits lymphoid-biased haematopoietic stem cells and lymphopoiesis in the context of DNA damage and ageing. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:480-90. [PMID: 27088856 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ageing-associated impairments in haemato-lymphopoiesis are associated with DNA damage accumulation and reduced maintenance of lymphoid-biased (Ly-biased) compared with myeloid-biased (My-biased) haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here, in vivo RNAi screening identifies period circadian clock 2 (Per2) as a critical factor limiting the maintenance of HSCs in response to DNA damage and ageing. Under these conditions, Per2 is activated predominantly in Ly-biased HSCs and stimulates DNA damage signalling and p53-dependent apoptosis in haematopoietic cells. Per2 deletion ameliorates replication stress and DNA damage responses in haematopoietic cells, thereby improving the maintenance of Ly-biased HSCs, lymphopoiesis, and immune function in ageing mice without increasing the accumulation of DNA damage. Per2-deficient mice retain Batf/p53-dependent induction of differentiation of HSCs in response to DNA damage and exhibit an elongated lifespan. Together, these results identify Per2 as a negative regulator of Ly-biased HSCs and immune functions in response to DNA damage and ageing.
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Rodríguez-Cortez VC, Del Pino-Molina L, Rodríguez-Ubreva J, López-Granados E, Ballestar E. Dissecting Epigenetic Dysregulation of Primary Antibody Deficiencies. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36 Suppl 1:48-56. [PMID: 26984849 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary antibody deficiencies (PADs), the most prevalent inherited primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), are associated with a wide range of genetic alterations (both monogenic or polygenic) in B cell-specific genes. However, correlations between the genotype and clinical manifestations are not evident in all cases indicating that genetic interactions, environmental and epigenetic factors may have a role in PAD pathogenesis. The recent identification of key defects in DNA methylation in common variable immunodeficiency as well as the multiple evidences on the role of epigenetic control during B cell differentiation, activation and during antibody formation highlight the importance of investing research efforts in dissecting the participation of epigenetic defects in this group of diseases. This review focuses on the role of epigenetic control in B cell biology which can provide clues for the study of potential novel pathogenic defects involved in PADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia C Rodríguez-Cortez
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Del Pino-Molina
- Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Physiopathology of Lymphocytes in Immunodeficiencies Group, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Ubreva
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Granados
- Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Physiopathology of Lymphocytes in Immunodeficiencies Group, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abolhassani H, Vitali M, Lougaris V, Giliani S, Parvaneh N, Parvaneh L, Mirminachi B, Cheraghi T, Khazaei H, Mahdaviani SA, Kiaei F, Tavakolinia N, Mohammadi J, Negahdari B, Rezaei N, Hammarstrom L, Plebani A, Aghamohammadi A. Cohort of Iranian Patients with Congenital Agammaglobulinemia: Mutation Analysis and Novel Gene Defects. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:479-86. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1139451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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63
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Uribe JH, Collado-Romero M, Zaldívar-López S, Arce C, Bautista R, Carvajal A, Cirera S, Claros MG, Garrido JJ. Transcriptional analysis of porcine intestinal mucosa infected with Salmonella Typhimurium revealed a massive inflammatory response and disruption of bile acid absorption in ileum. Vet Res 2016; 47:11. [PMID: 26738723 PMCID: PMC4704413 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infected pork meat is an important source of non-typhoidal human salmonellosis. Understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis is important for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies. Thus, hereby we study the transcriptional profiles along the porcine intestine during infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, as well as post-transcriptional gene modulation by microRNAs (miRNA). Sixteen piglets were orally challenged with S. Typhimurium. Samples from jejunum, ileum and colon, collected 1, 2 and 6 days post infection (dpi) were hybridized to mRNA and miRNA expression microarrays and analyzed. Jejunum showed a reduced transcriptional response indicating mild inflammation only at 2 dpi. In ileum inflammatory genes were overexpressed (e.g., IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL1RAP, TNFα), indicating a strong immune response at all times of infection. Infection also down-regulated genes of the FXR pathway (e.g., NR1H4, FABP6, APOA1, SLC10A2), indicating disruption of the bile acid absorption in ileum. This result was confirmed by decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum of infected pigs. Ileal inflammatory gene expression changes peaked at 2 dpi and tended to resolve at 6 dpi. Furthermore, miRNA analysis of ileum at 2 dpi revealed 62 miRNAs potentially regulating target genes involved in this inflammatory process (e.g., miR-374 and miR-451). In colon, genes involved in epithelial adherence, proliferation and cellular reorganization were down-regulated at 2 and 6 dpi. In summary, here we show the transcriptional changes occurring at the intestine at different time points of the infection, which are mainly related to inflammation and disruption of the bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juber Herrera Uribe
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Melania Collado-Romero
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Sara Zaldívar-López
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Cristina Arce
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, 29590, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, 29590, Málaga, Spain.
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
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Becht E, Giraldo NA, Germain C, de Reyniès A, Laurent-Puig P, Zucman-Rossi J, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH. Immune Contexture, Immunoscore, and Malignant Cell Molecular Subgroups for Prognostic and Theranostic Classifications of Cancers. Adv Immunol 2016; 130:95-190. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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NaserEddin A, Shamriz O, Keller B, Alzyoud RM, Unger S, Fisch P, Prus E, Berkun Y, Averbuch D, Shaag A, Wahadneh AM, Conley ME, Warnatz K, Elpeleg O, Stepensky P. Enteroviral Infection in a Patient with BLNK Adaptor Protein Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:356-60. [PMID: 25893637 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
B-cell linker (BLNK) protein is a non-redundant adaptor molecule in the signaling pathway activated by (pre) B-cell antigen receptor signals. We present two siblings with a homozygous deleterious frameshift mutation in BLNK, resulting in a block of B cell development in the bone marrow at the preB1 to preB2 stage, absence of circulating B cells and agammaglobulinemia. This is the first description of an enteroviral infection associated arthritis and dermatitis in a patient with BLNK deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb NaserEddin
- Pediatric Division, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Baba Y, Kurosaki T. Role of Calcium Signaling in B Cell Activation and Biology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 393:143-174. [PMID: 26369772 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increase in intracellular levels of calcium ions (Ca2+) is one of the key triggering signals for the development of B cell response to the antigen. The diverse Ca2+ signals finely controlled by multiple factors participate in the regulation of gene expression, B cell development, and effector functions. B cell receptor (BCR)-initiated Ca2+ mobilization is sourced from two pathways: one is the release of Ca2+ from the intracellular stores, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and other is the prolonged influx of extracellular Ca2+ induced by depleting the stores via store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) and calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels. The identification of stromal interaction molecule 1(STIM1), the ER Ca2+ sensor, and Orai1, a key subunit of the CRAC channel pore, has now provided the tools to understand the mode of Ca2+ influx regulation and physiological relevance. Herein, we discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BCR-triggered Ca2+ signaling as well as its contribution to the B cell biological processes and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Baba
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
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67
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Abstract
During early stages of development, precursor B lymphocytes express a characteristic type of antigen receptor known as the pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR). This receptor differs from conventional BCRs in that it possesses a germ line-encoded surrogate light chain (SLC), which is associated with the signal transduction machinery via heavy chain (HC) proteins that have been generated by productive rearrangement of the immunoglobulin HC genes. The pre-BCR marks a key step of B-cell commitment, as it activates the B-cell-specific signaling cascade and mediates the selection, expansion, and differentiation of cells expressing a productively rearranged HC protein. Another difference between the pre-BCR and conventional BCR might be the initial event that triggers receptor activation, as the pre-BCR is activated in the absence of external ligands, while conventional BCRs require antigen for activation. Nonetheless, the pre-BCR downstream signaling cascade is largely similar to that of the BCR suggesting that the characteristic LC of the pre-BCR mediates important receptor interactions thereby providing distinctive, germ line-encoded features to the pre-BCR. In fact, the SLC enables the pre-BCR to act as a surrogate autoreactive receptor. Here, we outline the structure and function of the pre-BCR and how the autonomous signaling capacity might be a direct consequence of pre-BCR assembly. In addition to its role in early B-cell development, we discuss how the ordered activation of downstream signaling cascades enables the pre-BCR to activate seemingly opposing cellular programs such as proliferation and differentiation.
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68
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Kobayashi T, Hamaguchi Y, Hasegawa M, Fujimoto M, Takehara K, Matsushita T. B Cells Promote Tumor Immunity against B16F10 Melanoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3120-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Casanova JL, Conley ME, Seligman SJ, Abel L, Notarangelo LD. Guidelines for genetic studies in single patients: lessons from primary immunodeficiencies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2137-49. [PMID: 25311508 PMCID: PMC4203950 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Casanova and colleagues discuss the importance of single-patient genetic studies in the discovery of novel primary immunodeficiencies and offer insight into the standards and criteria that should accompany these studies. Can genetic and clinical findings made in a single patient be considered sufficient to establish a causal relationship between genotype and phenotype? We report that up to 49 of the 232 monogenic etiologies (21%) of human primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) were initially reported in single patients. The ability to incriminate single-gene inborn errors in immunodeficient patients results from the relative ease in validating the disease-causing role of the genotype by in-depth mechanistic studies demonstrating the structural and functional consequences of the mutations using blood samples. The candidate genotype can be causally connected to a clinical phenotype using cellular (leukocytes) or molecular (plasma) substrates. The recent advent of next generation sequencing (NGS), with whole exome and whole genome sequencing, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, and gene editing technologies—including in particular the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology—offer new and exciting possibilities for the genetic exploration of single patients not only in hematology and immunology but also in other fields. We propose three criteria for deciding if the clinical and experimental data suffice to establish a causal relationship based on only one case. The patient’s candidate genotype must not occur in individuals without the clinical phenotype. Experimental studies must indicate that the genetic variant impairs, destroys, or alters the expression or function of the gene product (or two genetic variants for compound heterozygosity). The causal relationship between the candidate genotype and the clinical phenotype must be confirmed via a relevant cellular phenotype, or by default via a relevant animal phenotype. When supported by satisfaction of rigorous criteria, the report of single patient–based discovery of Mendelian disorders should be encouraged, as it can provide the first step in the understanding of a group of human diseases, thereby revealing crucial pathways underlying physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mary Ellen Conley
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Stephen J Seligman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Lagresle-Peyrou C, Millili M, Luce S, Boned A, Sadek H, Rouiller J, Frange P, Cros G, Cavazzana M, André-Schmutz I, Schiff C. The BLNK adaptor protein has a nonredundant role in human B-cell differentiation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:145-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Eibel H, Kraus H, Sic H, Kienzler AK, Rizzi M. B cell biology: an overview. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 14:434. [PMID: 24633618 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we summarize recent insights into the development of human B cells primarily by studying immunodeficiencies. Development and differentiation of B cells can be considered as a paradigm for many other developmental processes in cell biology. However, it differs from the development of many other cell types by phases of extremely rapid cell division and by defined series of somatic recombination and mutation events required to assemble and refine the B cell antigen receptors. Both somatic DNA alteration and proliferation phases take place in defined sites but in different organs. Thus, cell migration and timely arrival at defined sites are additional features of B cell development. By comparing experimental mouse models with insights gained from studying defined genetic defects leading to primary immunodeficiencies and hypogammaglobulinemia, we address important features that are characteristic for human B cells. We also summarize recent advances made by developing improved in vitro and in vivo systems allowing the development of human B cells from hematopoietic stem cells. Combined with genetic and functional studies of immunodeficiencies, these models will contribute not only to a better understanding of disease affecting the B lymphocyte compartment, but also to designing better and safer novel B cell-targeted therapies in autoimmunity and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Eibel
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Engesserstr. 4, Freiburg, 79108, Germany,
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72
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Lougaris V, Vitali M, Baronio M, Moratto D, Tampella G, Biasini A, Badolato R, Plebani A. Autosomal Recessive Agammaglobulinemia: The Third Case of Igβ Deficiency Due to a Novel Non-sense Mutation. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:425-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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73
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Rattanachartnarong N, Tongkobpetch S, Chatchatee P, Daengsuwan T, Ittiwut C, Suphapeetiporn K, Shotelersuk V. In vitro correction of a novel splicing alteration in the BTK gene by using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:431-6. [PMID: 24658450 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel sequence variant, c.240+109C>A, in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene was identified in a patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. This alteration resulted in an incorporation of 106 nucleotides of BTK intron 3 into its mRNA. Administration of the 25-mer antisense morpholino oligonucleotide analog in the patient's cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells was able to restore correctly spliced BTK mRNA, a potential treatment for X-linked agammaglobulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthakorn Rattanachartnarong
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Boisson B, Wang YD, Bosompem A, Ma CS, Lim A, Kochetkov T, Tangye SG, Casanova JL, Conley ME. A recurrent dominant negative E47 mutation causes agammaglobulinemia and BCR(-) B cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4781-5. [PMID: 24216514 DOI: 10.1172/jci71927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 90% of patients with isolated agammaglobulinemia and failure of B cell development have mutations in genes required for signaling through the pre–B cell and B cell receptors. The nature of the gene defect in the majority of remaining patients is unknown. We recently identified 4 patients with agammaglobulinemia and markedly decreased numbers of peripheral B cells. The B cells that could be detected had an unusual phenotype characterized by the increased expression of CD19 but the absence of a B cell receptor. Genetic studies demonstrated that all 4 patients had the exact same de novo mutation in the broadly expressed transcription factor E47. The mutant protein (E555K) was stable in patient-derived EBV-transformed cell lines and cell lines transfected with expression vectors. E555K in the transfected cells localized normally to the nucleus and resulted in a dominant negative effect when bound to DNA as a homodimer with wild-type E47. Mutant E47 did permit DNA binding by a tissue-specific heterodimeric DNA-binding partner, myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD). These findings document a mutational hot-spot in E47 and represent an autosomal dominant form of agammaglobulinemia. Further, they indicate that E47 plays a critical role in enforcing the block in development of B cell precursors that lack functional antigen receptors.
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Berglöf A, Turunen JJ, Gissberg O, Bestas B, Blomberg KEM, Smith CIE. Agammaglobulinemia: causative mutations and their implications for novel therapies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:1205-21. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.850030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kraus H, Kaiser S, Aumann K, Bönelt P, Salzer U, Vestweber D, Erlacher M, Kunze M, Burger M, Pieper K, Sic H, Rolink A, Eibel H, Rizzi M. A feeder-free differentiation system identifies autonomously proliferating B cell precursors in human bone marrow. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:1044-54. [PMID: 24379121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral B cell compartment is maintained by homeostatic proliferation and through replenishment by bone marrow precursors. Because hematopoietic stem cells cycle at a slow rate, replenishment must involve replication of precursor B cells. To study proliferation of early human B cell progenitors, we established a feeder cell-free in vitro system allowing the development of B cells from CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells up to the stage of immature IgM(+) B cells. We found that pro-B and pre-B cells generated in vitro can proliferate autonomously and persist up to 7 wk in culture in the absence of signals induced by exogenously added cytokines. Nevertheless, addition of IL-7 enhanced pre-B cell expansion and inhibited maturation into IgM(+) B cells. The B cell precursor subsets replicating in vitro were highly similar to the bone marrow B cell precursors cycling in vivo. The autonomous proliferation of B cell precursor subsets in vitro and their long-term persistence implies that proliferation during pro-B and pre-B cell stages plays an important role in the homeostasis of the peripheral B cell compartment. Our in vitro culture can be used to study defects in B cell development or in reconstitution of the B cell pool after depletion and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Kraus
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Lim LM, Chang JM, Wang IF, Chang WC, Hwang DY, Chen HC. Atypical X-linked agammaglobulinaemia caused by a novel BTK mutation in a selective immunoglobulin M deficiency patient. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13:150. [PMID: 24074005 PMCID: PMC3849551 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) is the most common inherited humoural immunodeficiency disorder. Mutations in the gene coding for Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) have been identified as the cause of XLA. Most affected patients exhibit a marked reduction of serum immunoglobulins, mature B cells, and an increased susceptibility to recurrent bacterial infections. However, the diagnosis of XLA can be a challenge in certain patients who have near-normal levels of serum immunoglobulin. Furthermore, reports on XLA with renal involvement are scant. Case presentation We report an atypical XLA patient who presented with selective immunoglobulin M (IgM) immunodeficiency and nephropathy. He was diagnosed with selective IgM immunodeficiency, based on his normal serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels but undetectable serum IgM level. Intravenous immunoglobulin was initiated due to increased infections and persistent proteinuria but no improvement in proteinuria was found. A lupus-like nephritis was detected in his kidney biopsy and the proteinuria subsided after receiving a mycophenolate mofetil regimen. Although he had a history of recurrent bacterial infections since childhood, XLA was not diagnosed until B-lymphocyte surface antigen studies and a genetic analysis were conducted. Conclusions We suggest that B-lymphocyte surface antigen studies and a BTK mutation analysis should be performed in familial patients with selective IgM deficiency to rule out atypical XLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Moay Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100 Tze-You First Road, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan.
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Casanova JL, Abel L. The genetic theory of infectious diseases: a brief history and selected illustrations. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2013; 14:215-43. [PMID: 23724903 PMCID: PMC4980761 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Until the mid-nineteenth century, life expectancy at birth averaged 20 years worldwide, owing mostly to childhood fevers. The germ theory of diseases then gradually overcame the belief that diseases were intrinsic. However, around the turn of the twentieth century, asymptomatic infection was discovered to be much more common than clinical disease. Paradoxically, this observation barely challenged the newly developed notion that infectious diseases were fundamentally extrinsic. Moreover, interindividual variability in the course of infection was typically explained by the emerging immunological (or somatic) theory of infectious diseases, best illustrated by the impact of vaccination. This powerful explanation is, however, best applicable to reactivation and secondary infections, particularly in adults; it can less easily account for interindividual variability in the course of primary infection during childhood. Population and clinical geneticists soon proposed a complementary hypothesis, a germline genetic theory of infectious diseases. Over the past century, this idea has gained some support, particularly among clinicians and geneticists, but has also encountered resistance, particularly among microbiologists and immunologists. We present here the genetic theory of infectious diseases and briefly discuss its history and the challenges encountered during its emergence in the context of the apparently competing but actually complementary microbiological and immunological theories. We also illustrate its recent achievements by highlighting inborn errors of immunity underlying eight life-threatening infectious diseases of children and young adults. Finally, we consider the far-reaching biological and clinical implications of the ongoing human genetic dissection of severe infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065;
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B-cell linker protein expression contributes to controlling allergic and autoimmune diseases by mediating IL-10 production in regulatory B cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1674-82. [PMID: 23534976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory B cells that exhibit the cell-surface CD1d(hi)CD5(+) phenotype and produce IL-10 are termed B10 cells. Although B10 cells exert potent suppressive functions in patients with various allergic and autoimmunity disorders, the precise signaling mechanisms required for B10 cell functions remain unknown. B-cell linker protein (BLNK) is an essential component of the B-cell antigen receptor signaling pathway and is required for optimal B-cell development. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the signaling pathways that are responsible for IL-10 production in B10 cells and in vivo mechanisms of how impaired B10 cell functions influence allergic and autoimmune responses. METHOD For in vitro assays, splenic CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells from BLNK-deficient (BLNK(-/-)) mice were analyzed for intracellular signaling pathways and cytokine production. Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis were examined by using BLNK(-/-) mice. RESULTS Although the CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B-cell population was present in BLNK(-/-) mice, IL-10 production was impaired both in vitro and in vivo. BLNK(-/-) mice had exaggerated CHS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis responses, which were normalized by adoptive transfer of splenic CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells from wild-type mice. In mice with CHS, BLNK(-/-) mice exhibited decreased B-cell and regulatory T-cell percentages and increased CD8(+) T-cell percentages in the skin and lymph nodes. In vitro BLNK was required for LPS-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation in CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells. Finally, secreted IL-10 leads to autocrine expansion of IL-10-producing B cells. CONCLUSION BLNK serves as a critical signaling component for B10 cell function by mediating IL-10 production.
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Piątosa B, Birbach M, Siewiera K, Ussowicz M, Kałwak K, Drabko K, Rękawek A, Tkaczyk K, Kurowski PN. Significant changes in the composition of the precursor B-cell compartment in children less than 2 years old. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2013; 84:179-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pieper K, Grimbacher B, Eibel H. B-cell biology and development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:959-71. [PMID: 23465663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells develop from hematopoietic precursor cells in an ordered maturation and selection process. Extensive studies with many different mouse mutants provided fundamental insights into this process. However, the characterization of genetic defects causing primary immunodeficiencies was essential in understanding human B-cell biology. Defects in pre-B-cell receptor components or in downstream signaling proteins, such as Bruton tyrosine kinase and B-cell linker protein, arrest development at the pre-B-cell stage. Defects in survival-regulating proteins, such as B-cell activator of the TNF-α family receptor (BAFF-R) or caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11 (CARD11), interrupt maturation and prevent differentiation of transitional B cells into marginal zone and follicular B cells. Mature B-cell subsets, immune responses, and memory B-cell and plasma cell development are disturbed by mutations affecting Toll-like receptor signaling, B-cell antigen receptor coreceptors (eg, CD19), or enzymes responsible for immunoglobulin class-switch recombination. Transgenic mouse models helped to identify key regulatory mechanisms, such as receptor editing and clonal anergy, preventing the activation of B cells expressing antibodies recognizing autoantigens. Nevertheless, the combination of susceptible genetic backgrounds with the rescue of self-reactive B cells by T cells allows the generation of autoreactive clones found in patients with many autoimmune diseases and even in those with primary immunodeficiencies. The rapid progress of functional genomic research is expected to foster the development of new tools that specifically target dysfunctional B lymphocytes to treat autoimmunity, B-cell malignancies, and immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Pieper
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
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Kim KW, Chung BH, Jeon EJ, Kim BM, Choi BS, Park CW, Kim YS, Cho SG, Cho ML, Yang CW. B cell-associated immune profiles in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Exp Mol Med 2013; 44:465-72. [PMID: 22617684 PMCID: PMC3429810 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.8.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the previous studies on immune dysregulation in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have focused on T cell immunity. We investigated B cell subpopulations in ESRD patients and the effect of hemodialysis (HD) on B cell-associated immune profiles in these patients. Forty-four ESRD [maintenance HD patients (n = 27) and pre-dialysis patients (n = 17)] and 27 healthy volunteers were included in this study. We determined the percentage of B cell subtypes, such as mature and immature B cells, memory B cells, and interleukin (IL)-10+ cells, as well as B cell-producing cytokines (IL-10, IL-4 and IL-21) by florescent activated cell sorting (FACS). B cell-associated gene expression was examined using real-time PCR and B cell producing cytokines (IL-10, IL-4 and IL-21) were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The percentage of total B cells and mature B cells did not differ significantly among the three groups. The percentages of memory B cells were significantly higher in the pre-dialysis group than in the HD group (P < 0.01), but the percentage of immature B cells was significantly lower in the pre-dialysis group than in the other groups. The percentages of IL-10-expressing cells that were CD19+ or immature B cells did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the two subgroups within the ESRD group, but the serum IL-10 concentration was significantly lower in the pre-dialysis group (P < 0.01). The results of this study demonstrate significantly altered B cell-associated immunity. Specifically, an imbalance of immature and memory B cells in ESRD patients was observed, with this finding predominating in pre-dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Woon Kim
- Conversant Research Consortium in Immunologic Disease,Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-040, Korea
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83
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Hirschhorn R, Hirschhorn K, Notarangelo LD. Immunodeficiency Disorders. EMERY AND RIMOIN'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2013:1-30. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-383834-6.00084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
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84
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Xu LS, Sokalski KM, Hotke K, Christie DA, Zarnett O, Piskorz J, Thillainadesan G, Torchia J, DeKoter RP. Regulation of B Cell Linker Protein Transcription by PU.1 and Spi-B in Murine B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3347-54. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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85
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Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding the calcium-release activated calcium (CRAC) channel abolish calcium influx in cells of the immune system and cause severe congenital immunodeficiency. Patients with autosomal recessive mutations in the CRAC channel gene ORAI1, its activator stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), and mice with targeted deletion of Orai1, Stim1, and Stim2 genes reveal important roles for CRAC channels in adaptive and innate immune responses to infection and in autoimmunity. Because CRAC channels have important functions outside the immune system, deficiency of either ORAI1 or STIM1 is associated with a unique clinical phenotype. This review will give an overview of CRAC channel function in the immune system, examine the consequences of CRAC channel deficiency for immunity in human patients and mice, and discuss genetic defects in immunoreceptor-associated signaling molecules that compromise calcium influx and cause immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, USA.
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86
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van der Burg M, van Zelm MC, Driessen GJA, van Dongen JJM. New frontiers of primary antibody deficiencies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:59-73. [PMID: 22042269 PMCID: PMC11114824 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Primary antibody deficiencies (PAD) form the largest group of inherited disorders of the immune system. They are characterized by a marked reduction or absence of serum immunoglobulins (Ig) due to disturbed B cell differentiation and by a poor response to vaccination. PAD can be divided into agammaglobulinemia, Ig class switch recombination deficiencies, and idiopathic hypogammaglobulinemia. Over the past 20 years, defects have been identified in 18 different genes, but in many PAD patients the underlying gene defects have not been found. Diagnosis of known PAD and discovery of new PAD is important for good patient care. In this review, we present the effects of genetic defects in the context of normal B cell differentiation, and we discuss how new technical developments can support understanding and discovering new genetic defects in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Shaw PJ, Feske S. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of SOCE in the immune system. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012. [PMID: 22202035 DOI: 10.2741/540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signals play a critical role in many cell-type specific effector functions during innate and adaptive immune responses. The predominant mechanism to raise intracellular (Ca²⁺) used by most immune cells is store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE), whereby the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺ stores triggers the influx of extracellular Ca²⁺. SOCE in immune cells is mediated by the highly Ca²⁺ selective Ca²⁺-release-activated Ca²⁺ (CRAC) channel, encoded by ORAI1, ORAI2 and ORAI3 genes. ORAI proteins are activated by stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2, which act as sensors of ER Ca²⁺ store depletion. The importance of SOCE mediated by STIM and ORAI proteins for immune function is evident from the immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in patients with mutations in STIM1 and ORAI1 genes. These patients and studies in gene-targeted mice have revealed an essential role for ORAI/STIM proteins in the function of several immune cells. This review focuses on recent advances made towards understanding the role of SOCE in immune cells with an emphasis on the immune dysregulation that results from defects in SOCE in human patients and transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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88
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Baba Y, Kurosaki T. Impact of Ca2+ signaling on B cell function. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:589-94. [PMID: 22000665 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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89
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van de Ven AAJM, Compeer EB, Bloem AC, van de Corput L, van Gijn M, van Montfrans JM, Boes M. Defective calcium signaling and disrupted CD20-B-cell receptor dissociation in patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:755-761.e7. [PMID: 22130422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) disorders display impairment in production of immunoglobulin class-switched antibodies, which is possibly contributed to by defects in early B-cell activation. On resting B cells, B-cell receptors (BCRs) are organized in oligomers that are signaling inactive. Their triggering by cognate antigen causes the lateral reorganization of BCRs and associated proteins into signalosomes, resulting in BCR-activated calcium entry. In resting cells the B-cell surface antigen CD20 is associated with the BCR but dissociates on signalosome formation. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether CD20 dissociation from the BCR during early B-cell activation might contribute to the development of CVID disorders. METHODS We evaluated BCR signalosome formation, internalization, and signaling in primary B cells of pediatric patients with CVID disorders and healthy control subjects. RESULTS In many pediatric patients with CVID disorders, B cells exhibit significant deficits in BCR triggering-mediated calcium entry in the cytosol, which correlates with impaired plasmablast differentiation in vitro. These alterations did not originate from upregulation of CD22 or defects in calcium channels and did not involve gene mutations in phospholipase Cγ2 or Bruton tyrosine kinase. Instead, B cells from patients with CVID disorders exhibited reduced BCR dissociation from CD20. BCR or CD20 cross-linking induced less BCR internalization, and antibody-mediated CD20 triggering elicited less BCR downstream signaling, as measured based on secondary fluxes. CONCLUSIONS We propose that CD20 dissociation from the BCR signalosome is pivotal to BCR-mediated calcium mobilization in the cytosol. Defects in CD20/BCR signalosome conformation might predispose to the spectrum of CVID disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick A J M van de Ven
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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90
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Taaffe JE, Bosinger SE, Del Prete GQ, Else JG, Ratcliffe S, Ward CD, Migone T, Paiardini M, Silvestri G. CCR5 blockade is well tolerated and induces changes in the tissue distribution of CCR5+ and CD25+ T cells in healthy, SIV-uninfected rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2011; 41:24-42. [PMID: 22077380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCR5 is a main co-receptor for HIV, but also homes lymphocytes to sites of inflammation. We hypothesized that inhibition of CCR5 signaling would reduce HIV-associated chronic immune activation. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we administered an antagonistic anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody (HGS101) to five uninfected rhesus macaques (RMs) and monitored lymphocyte dynamics in blood and tissue. RESULTS CCR5 blockade resulted in decreased levels of CCR5+ T cells in blood and, at later timepoints, in lymph nodes. Additionally, the levels of CD25+ T cells increased in lymph nodes, but decreased in blood, bone marrow, and rectal mucosa. Finally, a profile of gene expression from HGS101-treated RMs revealed a subtle, but consistent, in vivo signature of CCR5 blockade that suggests a mild immune-modulatory effect. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with anti-CCR5 antibody induces changes in the tissue distribution of CCR5+ and CD25+ T cells that may impact on the overall levels of immune activation during HIV and SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Taaffe
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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91
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The B-cell antigen receptor signals through a preformed transducer module of SLP65 and CIN85. EMBO J 2011; 30:3620-34. [PMID: 21822214 PMCID: PMC3181483 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase Syk and its substrate SLP65 (also called BLNK) are proximal signal transducer elements of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). Yet, our understanding of signal initiation and processing is limited owing to the incomplete list of SLP65 interaction partners and our ignorance of their association kinetics. We have now determined and quantified the in vivo interactomes of SLP65 in resting and stimulated B cells by mass spectrometry. SLP65 orchestrated a complex signal network of about 30 proteins that was predominantly based on dynamic interactions. However, a stimulation-independent and constant association of SLP65 with the Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa (CIN85) was requisite for SLP65 phosphorylation and its inducible plasma membrane translocation. In the absence of a steady SLP65/CIN85 complex, BCR-induced Ca(2+) and NF-κB responses were abrogated. Finally, live cell imaging and co-immunoprecipitation experiments further confirmed that both SLP65 and CIN85 are key components of the BCR-associated primary transducer module required for the onset and progression phases of BCR signal transduction.
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92
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Devallière J, Charreau B. The adaptor Lnk (SH2B3): an emerging regulator in vascular cells and a link between immune and inflammatory signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1391-402. [PMID: 21723852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A better knowledge of the process by which inflammatory extracellular signals are relayed from the plasma membrane to specific intracellular sites is a key step to understand how inflammation develops and how it is regulated. This review focuses on Lnk (SH2B3) a member, with SH2B1 and SH2B2, of the SH2B family of adaptor proteins that influences a variety of signaling pathways mediated by Janus kinase and receptor tyrosine kinases. SH2B adaptor proteins contain conserved dimerization, pleckstrin homology, and SH2 domains. Initially described as a regulator of hematopoiesis and lymphocyte differentiation, Lnk now emerges as a key regulator in hematopoeitic and non hematopoeitic cells such as endothelial cells (EC) moderating growth factor and cytokine receptor-mediated signaling. In EC, Lnk is a negative regulator of TNF signaling that reduce proinflammatory phenotype and prevent EC from apoptosis. Lnk is a modulator in integrin signaling and actin cytoskeleton organization in both platelets and EC with an impact on cell adhesion, migration and thrombosis. In this review, we discuss some recent insights proposing Lnk as a key regulator of bone marrow-endothelial progenitor cell kinetics, including the ability to cell growth, endothelial commitment, mobilization, and recruitment for vascular regeneration. Finally, novel findings also provided evidences that mutations in Lnk gene are strongly linked to myeloproliferative disorders but also autoimmune and inflammatory syndromes where both immune and vascular cells display a role. Overall, these studies emphasize the importance of the Lnk adaptor molecule not only as prognostic marker but also as potential therapeutic target.
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93
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Abstract
Expression of a BCR is critical for B-cell development and survival. We have identified 4 patients with agammaglobulinemia and markedly reduced but detectable B cells in the peripheral circulation. These B cells have an unusual phenotype characterized by increased expression of CD19 but no BCR. The cells are positive for CD20, CD22, and CD38, but not for Annexin 5 or activation markers, including CD69, CD83, or CD86. EBV lines derived from these B cells lack functionally rearranged immunoglobulin heavy-chain transcripts, as shown by PCR-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (PCR-RACE). Analysis of BM from 2 of the patients showed a severe reduction in the number of pro-B cells as well as pre-B cells. Functionally rearranged heavy-chain transcripts were identified, indicating that machinery to rearrange immunoglobulin genes was intact. Flow cytometry of B-lineage cells suggested accelerated acquisition of maturation markers in early B-cell precursors and increased phosphorylation of signal transduction molecules. Further, expression of TdT, a molecule that is normally down-regulated by a functional pre-BCR complex, was decreased. We hypothesize that the accelerated maturation, increased expression of CD19, and lack of a BCR were due to the constitutive activation of the BCR signal transduction pathway in these patients.
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94
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van der Burg M, van Zelm MC, Driessen GJ, van Dongen JJ. Dissection of B-Cell Development to Unravel Defects in Patients with a Primary Antibody Deficiency. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 697:183-96. [PMID: 21120727 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7185-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kurosaki T. Regulation of BCR signaling. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:1287-91. [PMID: 21195477 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B cells and antibodies are important elements of acquired humoral immunity in the fight against various pathogens, and signals through the B cell receptor (BCR) are crucial for the development, activation and differentiation of B cells. Our laboratory has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms of BCR-mediated signaling cascades that regulate these processes in B cells. In this review, I will briefly present our studies that have clarified the molecular components of signaling cascades, mainly focusing on data using DT40 B cells and their genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Merkenschlager M. Ikaros in immune receptor signaling, lymphocyte differentiation, and function. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4910-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ameratunga R, Woon ST, Neas K, Love DR. The clinical utility of molecular diagnostic testing for primary immune deficiency disorders: a case based review. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2010; 6:12. [PMID: 20529312 PMCID: PMC2903612 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immune deficiency disorders (PIDs) are a group of diseases associated with a genetic predisposition to recurrent infections, malignancy, autoimmunity and allergy. The molecular basis of many of these disorders has been identified in the last two decades. Most are inherited as single gene defects. Identifying the underlying genetic defect plays a critical role in patient management including diagnosis, family studies, prognostic information, prenatal diagnosis and is useful in defining new diseases. In this review we outline the clinical utility of molecular testing for these disorders using clinical cases referred to Auckland Hospital. It is written from the perspective of a laboratory offering a wide range of tests for a small developed country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Ameratunga
- Department of Clinical Immunology Auckland City Hospital, Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland New Zealand.
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98
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Clinical consequences of defects in B-cell development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:778-87. [PMID: 20371392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in humoral immunity typically reflect a generalized or selective failure of effective B-cell development. The developmental processes can be followed through analysis of cell-surface markers, such as IgM, IgD, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD21, and CD38. Early phases of B-cell development are devoted to the creation of immunoglobulin and testing of B-cell antigen receptor signaling. Failure leads to the absence of B cells and immunoglobulin in the blood from birth. As the developing B cells begin to express a surface B-cell receptor, they become subject to negative and positive selection pressures and increasingly depend on survival signals. Defective signaling can lead to selective or generalized hypogammaglobulinemia, even in the presence of normal numbers of B cells. In the secondary lymphoid organs some B cells enter the splenic marginal zone, where preactivated cells lie ready to rapidly respond to T-independent antigens, such as the polysaccharides that coat some microorganisms. Other cells enter the follicle and, with the aid of cognate follicular T cells, divide to help form a germinal center (GC) after their interaction with antigen. In the GC B cells can undergo the processes of class switching and somatic hypermutation. Failure to properly receive T-cell signals can lead to hyper-IgM syndrome. B cells that leave the GC can develop into memory B cells, short-lived plasma cells, or long-lived plasma cells. The latter ultimately migrate back to the bone marrow, where they can continue to produce protective antigen-specific antibodies for decades.
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100
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Mao W, Hunt HD, Cheng HH. Cloning and functional characterization of chicken stem cell antigen 2. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:360-368. [PMID: 19945479 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell antigen 2 (SCA2) is a Ly6 family member whose function is largely unknown. To characterize biological properties and tissue distribution of chicken SCA2, SCA2 was expressed in E. coli, purified, and a polyclonal antibody developed. Utilizing the polyclonal antibody, SCA2 is a 13 kDa cell surface protein anchored by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety. SCA2 is expressed in connective tissues of thymus and bursa based on immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, and western blots. In bursal follicles, SCA2 is specifically expressed on the cortical-medullary epithelial cells (CMEC) surrounded by MHC class II presenting cells. Expression profiles of bursal cells induced by contact with SCA2-expressing cells shows down-regulation of numerous genes including CD79B, B cell linker (BLNK), spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), and gamma 2-phospholipase C (PLCG2) that are involved in the B cell receptor (BCR) and immune response signaling pathways. These results suggest chicken SCA2 plays a role in regulating B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Mao
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, 3606 E. Mount Hope Rd., East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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