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Leen-Feldner EW, Reardon LE, Zvolensky MJ. Pubertal status and emotional reactivity to a voluntary hyperventilation challenge predicting panic symptoms and somatic complaints: a laboratory-based multi-informant test. Behav Modif 2007; 31:8-31. [PMID: 17179529 DOI: 10.1177/0145445506295058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main and interactive effects of pubertal status and emotional reactivity to bodily sensations elicited by a voluntary hyperventilation challenge were examined in relation to panic symptoms and self- and parent-reported somatic complaints among 123 (56 females) adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 years (M(age) = 15.05; SD = 1.50). As expected, after controlling for baseline anxiety, age, and gender, there was a significant interaction between pubertal status and challenge response in predicting the outcome variables. Specifically, adolescents reporting more advanced pubertal status and greater reactivity to the challenge evidenced greater levels of panic symptoms and somatic complaints, whereas pubertal status had relatively less of an effect on these variables among adolescents who did not respond as fearfully to the challenge. Results are discussed in terms of extant theory and research on anxiety vulnerability among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Leen-Feldner
- University of Arkansas, Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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52
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Hunt C, Keogh E, French CC. Anxiety sensitivity, conscious awareness and selective attentional biases in children. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45:497-509. [PMID: 16740250 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated whether physical anxiety sensitivity (AS) is associated with selective attentional biases to affective stimuli in children. The dot-probe paradigm was used to examine the deployment of attention towards words pertaining to anxiety symptomatology, socially threatening words, and positive words, in samples of 8-10-year-old children. Word pairs were presented under both masked and unmasked conditions. Irrespective of masking, children high in physical AS displayed an attentional vigilance for emotional words relative to neutral words, whereas those low in physical AS displayed a relative avoidance of such material. The results of this study are interesting as they not only suggest the presence of automatic AS-related biases in childhood, but that this is a general emotionality bias rather than one related to specific anxiety-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hunt
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths College, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
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53
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Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ, Maner JK. Anxiety sensitivity: prospective prediction of panic attacks and Axis I pathology. J Psychiatr Res 2006; 40:691-9. [PMID: 16956622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that anxiety sensitivity (AS) predicts subsequent development of anxiety symptoms and panic attacks. However, evidence regarding whether AS serves as a premorbid risk factor for the development of clinical syndromes is lacking. The primary aim of the present study was to determine whether AS acts as a vulnerability factor in the pathogenesis of psychiatric diagnoses. A large nonclinical sample of young adults (N=404) was prospectively followed over two years. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI: Reiss S, Peterson RA, Gursky DM, McNally RJ. Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1986; 24: 1-8.) and trait anxiety served as predictors. Consistent with prior reports, AS predicted the development of spontaneous panic attacks in those with no history of panic. Importantly, AS was found to predict the incidence of anxiety disorder diagnoses and overall Axis I diagnoses in those with no history of Axis I diagnoses at study entry. These are the first data to provide strong prospective evidence for AS as a risk factor in the development of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman B Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306, USA.
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54
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Leen-Feldner EW, Reardon LE, McKee LG, Feldner MT, Babson KA, Zvolensky MJJ. The interactive role of anxiety sensitivity and pubertal status in predicting anxious responding to bodily sensations among adolescents. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2006; 34:799-812. [PMID: 17115272 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-006-9079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the interaction between pubertal status and anxiety sensitivity (AS) in predicting anxious and fearful responding to a three-minute voluntary hyperventilation challenge among 124 (57 females) adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 years (Mage = 15.04; SD = 1.49). As predicted, after controlling for baseline anxiety, age, and gender, there was a significant interaction between pubertal status and AS in predicting anxious responding to bodily sensations to the hyperventilation challenge. Specifically, adolescents reporting more advanced pubertal status and higher levels of AS reported the greatest post-challenge self-reported anxiety focused on bodily sensations, whereas pubertal status had relatively less of an effect on low AS adolescents. A test of specificity also was conducted; as expected, the interaction between AS and pubertal status was unrelated to generalized negative affectivity, suggesting the predictor variables interact to confer specific risk for anxious responding to bodily sensations. Finally, exploratory analyses of psychophysiological reactivity to the challenge indicated AS, but not pubertal status, moderated the relation between challenge-related change in heart-rate and post-challenge anxiety such that high AS youth who had experienced a relatively greater heart-rate change reported the most anxious reactivity to the challenge. Results are discussed in relation to theory regarding vulnerability to anxious responding to bodily sensations among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Leen-Feldner
- Department of Psychology, University of Arkansas, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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55
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Zvolensky MJ, Schmidt NB, Bernstein A, Keough ME. Risk-factor research and prevention programs for anxiety disorders: A translational research framework. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44:1219-39. [PMID: 16867299 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present essay is to discuss the interconnection between risk-factor research and prevention program development for panic-spectrum psychopathology. We argue that prevention of panic-spectrum psychopathology specifically, and anxiety disorders more generally, is likely to be best advanced through active, systematic translation of basic, risk-factor research. After operationalizing key terminology, we present some exemplar risk-factor candidates for panic-spectrum psychopathology, summarize research related to their role as risk-factors for panic problems, and link this discussion to risk-factor nomenclature. We then present a translational framework for extrapolating extant knowledge on these and other potential risk-factors for panic-spectrum psychopathology with respect to the development of preventative interventions. The proposed translational framework is intended to describe a forward-feeding process by which risk-factor research could be used by clinical researchers to inform prevention programs; and reciprocally, how such prevention knowledge could be most effectively utilized to drive new, clinically focused risk-factor research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, The University of Vermont, Colchester Avenue, John Dewey Hall, Burlington, VT 05405-0134, USA.
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56
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Leen-Feldner EW, Zvolensky MJ, van Lent J, Vujanovic AA, Bleau T, Bernstein A, Bielawski-Branch A, Feldner MT. Anxiety Sensitivity Moderates Relations Among Tobacco Smoking, Panic Attack Symptoms, and Bodily Complaints in Adolescents. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-006-9028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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57
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Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ, Kotov R, Arrindell WA, Taylor S, Sandin B, Cox BJ, Stewart SH, Bouvard M, Cardenas SJ, Eifert GH, Schmidt NB. Taxonicity of anxiety sensitivity: a multi-national analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2006; 20:1-22. [PMID: 16325111 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Taxometric coherent cut kinetic analyses were used to test the latent structure of anxiety sensitivity in samples from North America (Canada and United States of America), France, Mexico, Spain, and The Netherlands (total n = 2741). Anxiety sensitivity was indexed by the 36-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index--Revised (ASI-R; [J. Anxiety Disord. 12(5) (1998) 463]). Four manifest indicators of anxiety sensitivity were constructed using the ASI-R: fear of cardiovascular symptoms, fear of respiratory symptoms, fear of publicly observable anxiety reactions, and fear of mental incapacitation. Results from MAXCOV-HITMAX, internal consistency tests, analyses of simulated Monte Carlo data, and a MAMBAC external consistency test indicated that the latent structure of anxiety sensitivity was taxonic in each of the samples. The estimated base rate of the anxiety sensitivity taxon differed slightly between nations, ranging from 11.5 to 21.5%. In general, the four ASI-R based manifest indicators showed high levels of validity. Results are discussed in relation to the conceptual understanding of anxiety sensitivity, with specific emphasis on theoretical refinement of the construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bernstein
- The University of Vermont, Department of Psychology, 2 Colchester Avenue, John Dewey Hall, Burlington, VT 05405-0134, USA.
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58
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Melfsen S, Alpers GW, Walitza S, Warnke A. Angstsensitivität bei Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung. VERHALTENSTHERAPIE 2006. [DOI: 10.1159/000091595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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59
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Leen-Feldner EW, Feldner MT, Tull MT, Roemer L, Zvolensky MJ. An examination of worry in relation to anxious responding to voluntary hyperventilation among adolescents. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44:1803-9. [PMID: 16500618 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association between worry and fearful responding to a 3-min voluntary hyperventilation procedure. Participants were 160 adolescents (71 females) between the ages of 12 and 17 years (M=14.92 years). After accounting for the significant effects of state anxiety and anxiety sensitivity, results indicated that pre-challenge levels of worry indexed by the Penn State Worry Questionnaire-Child Version predicted post-challenge anxiety and intensity of panic symptoms. Results are discussed in terms of the role of worry in relation to panic-relevant emotional vulnerability among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Leen-Feldner
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, John Dewey Hall, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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60
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Parent and Child Anxiety Sensitivity: Relationship in a Nonclinical Sample. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-005-2406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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61
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Leen-Feldner EW, Feldner MT, Bernstein A, McCormick JT, Zvolensky MJ. Anxiety Sensitivity and Anxious Responding to Bodily Sensations: A Test among Adolescents Using a Voluntary Hyperventilation Challenge. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-005-3510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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62
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Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ, Weems C, Stickle T, Leen-Feldner EW. Taxonicity of anxiety sensitivity: an empirical test among youth. Behav Res Ther 2005; 43:1131-55. [PMID: 16005702 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Taxometric coherent cut kinetic analyses were used to test the latent structure of anxiety sensitivity (AS) among 371 youth. Anxiety sensitivity was indexed by the 18-item Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI; Silverman et al., J. Clin. Child Psychol. (1991), 20, 162-168). Two sets of manifest indicators of AS were constructed using the CASI: (1) three item-parcel manifest indicators: disease concerns, unsteady concerns, and mental illness concerns; and (2) nine single-item indicators representing each of these three facets of AS. Results from standard and short-scale MAXCOV procedures, internal consistency tests, analyses of simulated Monte Carlo data, and MAMBAC external consistency tests indicated that the latent structure of anxiety sensitivity among youth was taxonic. Estimated base rate of the observed AS taxon ranged between 13.6 and 16.5%. The present findings are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for the study of AS and vulnerability for anxiety psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bernstein
- University of Vermont, 2 Colchester, John Dewey Hall, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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63
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Dehon C, Weems CF, Stickle TR, Costa NM, Berman SL. A cross-sectional evaluation of the factorial invariance of anxiety sensitivity in adolescents and young adults. Behav Res Ther 2005; 43:799-810. [PMID: 15890170 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the cross-sectional factorial invariance of anxiety sensitivity in an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents (n = 173; mean age 15.5 years) and young adults (n = 291; mean age 20.1 years). Research in adult and youth samples suggests that anxiety sensitivity is best understood as a hierarchical construct with several lower-order factors. Factor models based on previous research using both adult and youth samples were compared and a hierarchical model with three lower-order factors provided the best fit to the data. Results supported the hypothesis that the factor structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index was invariant across age and gender. The factor scores also demonstrated differential correlations with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results are discussed with regard to construct validation and understanding the structure of anxiety sensitivity in youth.
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64
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Walsh TM, Stewart SH, McLaughlin E, Comeau N. Gender differences in Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI) dimensions. J Anxiety Disord 2004; 18:695-706. [PMID: 15275947 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-6185(03)00043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2002] [Revised: 04/16/2003] [Accepted: 05/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the hierarchical structure of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI) as a function of gender and examined the occurrence of gender differences in anxiety sensitivity (AS) dimensions in a large nonclinical sample of children and adolescents (N = 1698). Separate principal components analyses (PCAs) on the 18 CASI items for the total sample, boys, and girls revealed similar lower-order three-factor structures for all groups. The three factors reflected Physical, Social/Control, and Psychological Concerns. PCAs on the lower-order factor scores revealed similar unidimensional higher-order solutions for all groups. Girls scored higher than boys on the Physical and, to a lesser extent, Social/Control Concerns factors; girls scored higher on the Physical Concerns factor relative to their scores on the Social/Control and Psychological Concerns factors; and boys scored higher on the Social/Control and Psychological Concerns factors relative to their scores on the Physical Concerns factor. Girls also scored higher than boys on the higher-order factor representing the Global AS construct. The present study provides additional support for the theoretical hierarchical structure of AS and suggests that there is a difference in the manifestation of AS between girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudi M Walsh
- Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4J1.
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65
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Ginsburg GS, Lambert SF, Drake KL. Attributions of Control, Anxiety Sensitivity, and Panic Symptoms Among Adolescents. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-004-0664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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66
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Lambert SF, McCreary BT, Preston JL, Schmidt NB, Joiner TE, Ialongo NS. Anxiety sensitivity in African-American adolescents: evidence of symptom specificity of anxiety sensitivity components. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43:887-95. [PMID: 15213590 DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000128799.99225.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the specificity of components of anxiety sensitivity (phrenophobia, fear of cardiovascular sensations, and fear of unsteadiness) to anxiety and depression in a sample of African-American adolescents. METHOD Participants were 527 African-American adolescents (238 females, mean age 13.8 years) who were originally recruited as first graders in 1993 to 1994 for participation in the second-generation Johns Hopkins Prevention Intervention Research Center trials. Youths completed measures of anxiety sensitivity and anxious and depressive symptoms in the spring of 2001. Associations between anxiety sensitivity and depression and anxiety were examined using hierarchical linear regressions. RESULTS Anxiety sensitivity as a unitary construct was positively associated with symptoms of anxiety after adjusting for symptoms of depression. Fear of unsteadiness showed specificity to anxiety after adjusting for depression and phrenophobia. Phrenophobia was positively associated with anxiety and depression, after adjusting for the other symptom and fears of physical sensations. CONCLUSIONS Specificity of anxiety sensitivity to anxiety in a sample of African-American adolescents furthers understanding of the nature of anxiety sensitivity in this group and the potential roles of components of anxiety sensitivity in the development of psychopathology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon F Lambert
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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67
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Lambert SF, Cooley MR, Campbell KDM, Benoit MZ, Stansbury R. Assessing Anxiety Sensitivity in Inner-City African American Children: Psychometric Properties of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2004; 33:248-59. [PMID: 15136188 DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI; Silverman et al., 1991) in a sample of urban African American elementary school children. One hundred forty-four 4th- and 5th-grade children completed the CASI as part of a larger project. In contrast to prior research with community samples, CASI total scores were higher and means did not differ by sex. Internal consistency (alpha =.82), 2-week test-retest reliability (r =.80), and convergent and divergent validity were good and consistent with prior research. The factor structure of the CASI differed from the structure found with White children. Results of exploratory factor analyses suggest two factors: physical concerns and mental incapacitation concerns. Implications for assessing anxiety and anxiety sensitivity among African American children are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon F Lambert
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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68
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Johnston C, Murray C. Incremental validity in the psychological assessment of children and adolescents. Psychol Assess 2004; 15:496-507. [PMID: 14692845 DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.15.4.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Incremental validity in the process of psychological assessment of children and adolescents is explored. The authors highlight the dependence of the incremental validity of assessment information on factors such as goal of assessment, other information available, base rate of the problem or outcome, age or gender of the child, and type of problem being assessed. The authors discuss the incremental validity of assessment information from alternate sources, methods, and constructs. In view of the limited number of studies directly relevant to incremental validity in child clinical assessments, the authors call for more clinically relevant research. To have the greatest impact on child and adolescent services, this research must be readily generalized and immediately relevant to actual clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Johnston
- Department of Psychology, 2136 West Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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69
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Fullana MA, Servera M, Weems CF, Tortella-Feliu M, Caseras X. Psychometric Properties of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index in A sample of Catalan School Children. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/1061580021000009647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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70
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Ginsbur GS, Drake KL. Anxiety sensitivity and panic attack symptomatology among low-income African-American adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 2003; 16:83-96. [PMID: 12171215 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the concurrent and prospective relation between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and panic attack symptomatology among a community sample of African-American adolescents (N = 107; mean age 15.6 years) from predominantly low-income, single-parent households. On two occasions, 6 months apart, youth completed self-report measures of AS, measured by the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CAS I), and panic symptomatology, measured by the Panic Attack Questionnaire (PAQ) and/or the Panic subscale of the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-P). Results indicated that adolescents with high levels of AS reported higher concurrent levels of panic symptomatology, compared to their less anxious peers. Earlier levels of AS were correlated with panic symptoms 6 months later but did not predict later panic symptoms once initial levels of panic were controlled. Panickers, compared to non-panickers, also reported significantly higher levels of AS at Time 2. Overall, these findings are consistent with research on AS and panic in adult and Caucasian populations and support the hypothesis that elevated levels of AS may be one of several risk factors implicated in the development of panic attack symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golda S Ginsbur
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-3325, USA.
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71
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Pollock RA, Carter AS, Avenevoli S, Dierker LC, Chazan-Cohen R, Merikangas KR. Anxiety sensitivity in adolescents at risk for psychopathology. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2002; 31:343-53. [PMID: 12149972 DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3103_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Examined the associations of adolescents' self-reported anxiety sensitivity with semi-structured, interview-based anxiety and depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders. The sample included 121 adolescents and their parents who participated in a larger epidemiological, high-risk family study of substance abuse and anxiety disorders (Merikangas, Dierker, & Szatmari, 1998). A series of hierarchical multiple regressions revealed the incremental validity of anxiety sensitivity, beyond the contribution of self-rated anxiety, to anxiety symptoms and comorbid anxiety disorders. Furthermore, familial risk for anxiety moderated the association between anxiety sensitivity and number of anxiety symptoms as well as number of comorbid anxiety disorders. Analyses of high- and low-risk groups demonstrated that the association between anxiety sensitivity and anxiety symptoms and disorders was evident in high-risk adolescents only. Although self-reported anxiety was associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety sensitivity was not. Results from this investigation further support the utility of assessing anxiety sensitivity in an adolescent population and suggest it as a trait marker of anxiety among at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Pollock
- Unit of Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, CNY Bldg 149, 13th Street, 10th Floor, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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72
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Deacon BJ, Valentiner DP, Gutierrez PM, Blacker D. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index for Children: factor structure and relation to panic symptoms in an adolescent sample. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40:839-52. [PMID: 12074377 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the factor structure underlying the Anxiety Sensitivity Index for Children (ASIC. J Anxiety Disord, 12 (1998) 307) in an adolescent sample. Three-hundred-and-eight adolescents, aged 12 to 18, completed the ASIC and measures of anxiety and depression. Factor analysis of the ASIC items resulted in a two-factor structure that is similar to that reported by Laurent et al. These two factors included a physical concerns dimension and a mental concerns dimension similar to those found in studies of adult anxiety sensitivity. Subscales measuring these two factors demonstrated concurrent validity, showing particularly close associations with measures of panic symptoms. In addition, both of these subscales showed incremental validity in predicting panic symptoms after controlling for the other anxiety sensitivity subscale and a measure of depression. These results provide evidence that the anxiety sensitivity construct is applicable during adolescence and support the use of the ASIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Deacon
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb 60115, USA
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73
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Muris P. An expanded childhood anxiety sensitivity index: its factor structure, reliability, and validity in a non-clinical adolescent sample. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40:299-311. [PMID: 11863240 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity refers to the fear of anxiety-related bodily sensations that are interpreted as having potentially harmful somatic, psychological, or social consequences. The current study examined the factor analytic structure of anxiety sensitivity in a large sample of normal adolescents (N=518) using the revised childhood anxiety sensitivity index (CASI-R). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that anxiety sensitivity as measured by the CASI-R can best be conceptualised as a hierarchical construct with four lower-order factors loading on a single higher-order factor. The lower-order factors were 'fear of cardiovascular symptoms', 'fear of publicly observable anxiety reactions', 'fear of cognitive dyscontrol', and 'fear of respiratory symptoms'. An additional aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the CASI-R. Results showed the CASI-R to be a reliable scale in terms of internal consistency. Furthermore, CASI-R scores were substantially related to levels of anxiety sensitivity as measured by the original index, trait anxiety, symptoms of anxiety disorders, in particular 'panic disorder and agoraphobia', and depression. Finally, some evidence was found for the validity of the CASI-R factor scores. That is, all factors convincingly loaded on symptoms of 'panic disorder and agoraphobia', whereas the factor 'fear of publicly observable anxiety reactions' was also strongly associated with symptoms of 'social phobia'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muris
- Department of Medical, Clinical, and Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, MD, The Netherlands.
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Weems CF, Hayward C, Killen J, Taylor CB. A longitudinal investigation of anxiety sensitivity in adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.111.3.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Calamari JE, Hale LR, Heffelfinger SK, Janeck AS, Lau JJ, Weerts MA, Taglione PA, Schisler RL. Relations between anxiety sensitivity and panic symptoms in nonreferred children and adolescents. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2001; 32:117-36. [PMID: 11934125 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7916(01)00026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity (AS), the fear of anxiety-related sensations, has been posited to be a cognitive risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders but has been understudied in youth. The purpose of the present investigations was to evaluate relations between AS and panic symptoms in nonreferred children and adolescents. In Study 1, (N = 113, mean age, 13.98). scores on the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI) predicted the experience of uncued panic attacks after controlling for general anxiety and depression, although the total variance accounted for was small. In Study 2 (N = 52; mean age, 9.48), the Panic/ Agoraphobia subscale of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale was used as the criterion variable. CASI score again predicted panic symptoms after controlling for trait anxiety and depression. Identification of a risk factor for panic attacks and panic disorder in youth will have important implications for etiologic theory, intervention, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Calamari
- Department of Psychology, Finch University of Health Sciences, The Chicago Medical School, IL 60064, USA.
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Abstract
We developed various factor models of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index [Silverman, W. K., Fleisig, W., Rabian, B. & Peterson, R. A. (1991). Childhood anxiety sensitivity index. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 162-168] and tested the goodness of fit of the models in an independent sample. Of primary interest was to examine the question that characterized the factor analytic studies conducted on the adult version of the anxiety sensitivity index, i.e. the ASI [Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M. & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1-8]: is anxiety sensitivity in children a unidimensional construct, an orthogonal multidimensional construct, or a hierarchical construct? Two independent samples (a clinic sample and a nonclinical sample) were used for development and replication of the factor models. The clinic sample consisted of 258 children (105 girls and 153 boys) who presented to a child anxiety disorders specialty clinic. The unselected, nonclinic sample consisted of 249 children (122 girls and 127 boys) enrolled in an elementary school. The results provided strong empirical support for a hierarchical multidimensional model with either three or four first-order factors. The two factors that emerged that appeared to be robust were Physical Concerns and Mental Incapacitation Concerns. What remains unresolved is whether Control of anxiety symptoms and Social Concerns are to be differentiated (as in the hierarchical model with four first-order factors) or not (as in the hierarchical model with three first-order factors). In addition to discussing this issue, the convergence of the present study's findings with past findings obtained with the ASI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Silverman
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, USA
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