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Hanu C, Wong R, Sur RK, Hayward JE, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Low-dose non-targeted radiation effects in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 93:165-173. [PMID: 27653785 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1237057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate non-targeted radiation effects in esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines (OE19 and OE33) using human keratinocyte and colorectal cancer cell reporters following γ-ray exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both clonogenic assays and ratiometric calcium endpoints were used to check for the occurrence of bystander signals in reporter cells. RESULTS We report data suggesting that γ-irradiation increases cell killing over the expected linear quadratic (LQ) model levels in the OE19 cell line exposed to doses below 1 Gy, i.e. which may be suggestive to be a low hyper-radiosensitive (HRS) response to direct irradiation. Both EAC cell lines (OE19 and OE33) have the ability to produce bystander signals when irradiated cell conditioned medium (ICCM) is placed onto human keratinocyte reporters, but do not seem to be capable of responding to bystander signals when placed on their autologous reporters. Further work with human keratinocyte reporter models showed statistically significant intracellular calcium fluxes following exposure of the reporters to ICCM harvested from both EAC cell lines exposed to 0.5 Gy. CONCLUSION These experiments suggest that the OE19 and OE33 cell lines produce bystander signals in human keratinocyte reporter cells. However, the radiosensitivity of the EAC cell lines used in this study cannot be enhanced by the bystander response since both cell lines could not respond to bystander signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hanu
- a Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Raimond Wong
- b Department of Oncology and McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Ranjan K Sur
- b Department of Oncology and McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Joseph E Hayward
- a Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada.,c Department of Radiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- a Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- a Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
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Pinto AT, Pinto ML, Velho S, Pinto MT, Cardoso AP, Figueira R, Monteiro A, Marques M, Seruca R, Barbosa MA, Mareel M, Oliveira MJ, Rocha S. Intricate Macrophage-Colorectal Cancer Cell Communication in Response to Radiation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160891. [PMID: 27513864 PMCID: PMC4981353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both cancer and tumour-associated host cells are exposed to ionizing radiation when a tumour is subjected to radiotherapy. Macrophages frequently constitute the most abundant tumour-associated immune population, playing a role in tumour progression and response to therapy. The present work aimed to evaluate the importance of macrophage-cancer cell communication in the cellular response to radiation. To address this question, we established monocultures and indirect co-cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages with RKO or SW1463 colorectal cancer cells, which exhibit higher and lower radiation sensitivity, respectively. Mono- and co-cultures were then irradiated with 5 cumulative doses, in a similar fractionated scheme to that used during cancer patients' treatment (2 Gy/fraction/day). Our results demonstrated that macrophages sensitize RKO to radiation-induced apoptosis, while protecting SW1463 cells. Additionally, the co-culture with macrophages increased the mRNA expression of metabolism- and survival-related genes more in SW1463 than in RKO. The presence of macrophages also upregulated glucose transporter 1 expression in irradiated SW1463, but not in RKO cells. In addition, the influence of cancer cells on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage markers, upon radiation exposure, was also evaluated. In the presence of RKO or SW1463, irradiated macrophages exhibit higher levels of pro-inflammatory TNF, IL6, CCL2 and CCR7, and of anti-inflammatory CCL18. However, RKO cells induce an increase of macrophage pro-inflammatory IL1B, while SW1463 cells promote higher pro-inflammatory CXCL8 and CD80, and also anti-inflammatory VCAN and IL10 levels. Thus, our data demonstrated that macrophages and cancer cells mutually influence their response to radiation. Notably, conditioned medium from irradiated co-cultures increased non-irradiated RKO cell migration and invasion and did not impact on angiogenesis in a chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay. Overall, the establishment of primary human macrophage-cancer cell co-cultures revealed an intricate cell communication in response to ionizing radiation, which should be considered when developing therapies adjuvant to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T. Pinto
- i3s-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP-Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta L. Pinto
- i3s-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgia Velho
- i3s-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta T. Pinto
- i3s-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Cardoso
- i3s-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Figueira
- Radiotherapy Service, Centro Hospitalar S. João, EPE, Porto, Portugal
| | - Armanda Monteiro
- Radiotherapy Service, Centro Hospitalar S. João, EPE, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Marques
- Radiotherapy Service, Centro Hospitalar S. João, EPE, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seruca
- i3s-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário A. Barbosa
- i3s-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marc Mareel
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria J. Oliveira
- i3s-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Sónia Rocha
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Mueller AK, Lindner K, Hummel R, Haier J, Watson DI, Hussey DJ. MicroRNAs and Their Impact on Radiotherapy for Cancer. Radiat Res 2016; 185:668-677. [PMID: 27223830 DOI: 10.1667/rr14370.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to radiation is considered to be an important reason for local failure after radiotherapy and tumor recurrence. However, the exact mechanisms of tumor resistance remain poorly understood. Current investigations of microRNAs as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools for cancer treatment have shown promising results. With respect to radiotherapy resistance and response, there is now emerging evidence that microRNAs modulate key cellular pathways that mediate response to radiation. These data suggest that microRNAs might have significant potential as targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies to overcome radioresistance in cancer. This review summarizes the current literature pertinent to the influence of microRNAs in the response to radiotherapy for cancer treatment, with an emphasis on microRNAs as novel diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as their potential to alter radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Hummel
- a University Hospital of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jörg Haier
- b Comprehensive Cancer Centre Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; and
| | - David I Watson
- c Flinders Medical Centre, Bedfork Park SA 5042, Australia
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Lynam-Lennon N, Bibby BA, Mongan AM, Marignol L, Paxton CN, Geiersbach K, Bronner MP, O'Sullivan J, Reynolds J, Maher SG. Low miR-187 expression promotes resistance to chemoradiation therapy in vitro and correlates with treatment failure in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Mol Med 2016; 22:molmed.2016.00020. [PMID: 27254108 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has a poor prognosis and is increasing in incidence in many western populations. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) followed by surgery is increasingly the standard of care for locally advanced EAC; however, resistance to treatment is a significant clinical problem. The identification of both novel biomarkers predicting response to treatment and novel therapeutic targets to enhance the efficacy of CRT are key to improving survival rates in EAC. In this study we performed global microRNA (miRNA) profiling of pre-treatment EAC biopsies and identified 67 miRNA significantly altered in patients who are resistant to CRT. One of these miRNA, miR-187, was significantly decreased in pre-treatment EAC tumors from patients having a poor response to neoadjuvant CRT, highlighting downregulation of miR-187 as a potential mechanism of treatment resistance in EAC. In vitro, miR-187 was demonstrated to play a functional role in modulating sensitivity to X-ray radiation and cisplatin in EAC and its dysregulation was demonstrated to be due to chromosomal alterations. In vitro, miR-187 altered expression of a diverse array of pathways, including the immune regulator complement component 3 (C3), serum levels of which we have previously demonstrated to predict patient response to CRT. In vivo, expression of C3 was significantly increased in tumors from patients having a poor response to CRT. This study highlights for the first time a role for miR-187 as a novel biomarker of response to CRT and a potential therapeutic target for enhancing the efficacy of CRT in EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Becky A Bibby
- University of Hull, Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Katherine Geiersbach
- University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, United States.,Arup Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, United States
| | - Mary P Bronner
- University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, United States.,Arup Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, United States
| | | | - John Reynolds
- University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen G Maher
- University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,University of Hull, Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Gong P, Zhang T, He D, Hsieh JT. MicroRNA-145 Modulates Tumor Sensitivity to Radiation in Prostate Cancer. Radiat Res 2015; 184:630-8. [PMID: 26632856 DOI: 10.1667/rr14185.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy prior to surgery has increasingly become the standard of care for locally advanced prostate cancer, however tumor radioresistance remains a major clinical problem. While restoration of microRNA-145 (miR-145) expression reduces chemoradioresistance in glioblastoma and suppress prostate cancer proliferation, migration and invasion, the role of miR-145 in response to radiation therapy for prostate cancer is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-145 in determining the tumor response to radiation treatment in prostate cancer. Human prostate cancer cells LNCAP and PC3 were transfected with miR-145 mimic. Clonogenic assay was used to determine whether overexpression of miR-145 could alter radiation response in vitro. Immunofluorescence of γ-H2AX and flow cytometric analysis of phosphorylated histone H3 were performed to investigate the potential mechanisms contributing to the enhanced radiation-induced cell killing induced by miR-145. In addition, a qPCR-based array was used to detect the possible miR-145-mediated regulated genes involved. Tumor growth delay assays and survival curves were then analyzed in an animal model to investigate whether miR-145 induced radiosensitivity in vivo. Furthermore, miR-145 expression was assessed in 30 prostate tumor tissue biopsies taken prior to neoadjuvant radiotherapy using miRNA arrays. Our current study suggested that ectopic expression of miR-145 significantly sensitized prostate cancer cells to radiation and we used γ-H2AX phosphorylation as a surrogate marker of radiotherapy response versus miR-145 expression levels. We observed significantly more foci per cell in the group treated with miR-145 and radiation. In addition, mitotic catastrophe was significantly increased in cells receiving miR-145 and radiation. The above results suggest that miR-145 appears to reduced the efficiency of the repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in cells. A detailed examination of the involvement of the DNA repair pathway showed that miR-145 reduced the expression of 10 genes involved in DNA repair according to a qPCR-based array data. Irradiation of subcutaneous PC3 tumors in mice treated with R11-miR-145 (a cellular permeable peptide, previously reported) resulted in an increase in radiation-induced tumor growth delay and lived the longest after combination treatment. Moreover, miR-145 expression was significantly increased in patients demonstrating good response (PSA < 2.0 ng/ml/year) to neoadjuvant radiotherapy, while expression of the miR-145-regulated DNA repair genes was significantly decreased. In conclusion, these data suggest a possible mechanism for miR-145 radiosensitivity, potentially through down regulating of DNA repair. This novel study shows a role for miR-145 in modulating radiosensitivity in vivo and highlights the need for further study investigating the potential role of miR-145 as both a predictive marker of response and a novel therapeutic agent with which to enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijun Gong
- a Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- a Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dalin He
- b Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
- c Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong university, Ii'an, China; and
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- d Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Mongan AM, Lynam-Lennon N, Casey R, Maher S, Pidgeon G, Reynolds JV, O'Sullivan J. Visceral obesity stimulates anaphase bridge formation and spindle assembly checkpoint dysregulation in radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 18:632-40. [PMID: 26474871 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oesophageal adenocarcinoma is an exemplar model of obesity-associated cancer. Locally advanced disease is treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, and survival rates are highest in patients demonstrating a pathological response following neoadjuvant therapy. Given that 55 % of oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients are obese, uncovering the effect of adipose tissue on radioresponse is clinically relevant. This study investigates if adipose tissue activates genomic instability events in radioresponsive (OE33P) and radioresistant (OE33R) oesophageal cancer cell lines and tumour samples. METHODS OE33R and OE33P were cultured with adipose-conditioned media derived from oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients (n = 10). Anaphase bridges, a marker of genomic instability, were enumerated in both cell lines following treatment with adipose media, and normalised to cell number. Genomic instability is regulated by the spindle assembly complex. Expression of two spindle assembly complex genes (MAD2L2, BUB1B) was assessed using qPCR, and validated in patient tumour specimens from viscerally obese (n = 46) and nonobese patients (n = 41). RESULTS Adipose-conditioned media increased anaphase bridging in OE33R (p < 0.0001), with a threefold increase in OE33R compared to OE33P (p < 0.01). Levels of anaphase bridges in OE33R cells correlated with visceral obesity status as measured by waist circumference (R = 0.709, p = 0.03) and visceral fat area (R = 0.794, p = 0.006). Adipose tissue altered expression of MAD2L2 in vitro. In vivo, MAD2L2 expression was higher in viscerally obese oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients compared with nonobese patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Anaphase bridge levels are influenced by obesity and radiosensitivity status in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, visceral adipose-conditioned media stimulates dysregulation of the spindle assembly complex in oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mongan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - N Lynam-Lennon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - R Casey
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - S Maher
- Cancer Biology & Therapeutics Lab, School of Biological, Biomedical & Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham road, Hull, HU6 76X, UK
| | - G Pidgeon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - J V Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - J O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Bibby BAS, Reynolds JV, Maher SG. MicroRNA-330-5p as a Putative Modulator of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Sensitivity in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26221725 PMCID: PMC4519309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) is the sixth most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and the 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with the disease is approximately 17%. The standard of care for locally advanced disease is neoadjuvant chemotherapy or, more commonly, combined neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (neo-CRT) prior to surgery. Unfortunately, ~60-70% of patients will fail to respond to neo-CRT. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers indicative of patient response to treatment has significant clinical implications in the stratification of patient treatment. Furthermore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning tumour response and resistance to neo-CRT will contribute towards the identification of novel therapeutic targets for enhancing OAC sensitivity to CRT. MicroRNAs (miRNA/miR) function to regulate gene and protein expression and play a causal role in cancer development and progression. MiRNAs have also been identified as modulators of key cellular pathways associated with resistance to CRT. Here, to identify miRNAs associated with resistance to CRT, pre-treatment diagnostic biopsy specimens from patients with OAC were analysed using miRNA-profiling arrays. In pre-treatment biopsies miR-330-5p was the most downregulated miRNA in patients who subsequently failed to respond to neo-CRT. The role of miR-330 as a potential modulator of tumour response and sensitivity to CRT in OAC was further investigated in vitro. Through vector-based overexpression the E2F1/p-AKT survival pathway, as previously described, was confirmed as a target of miR-330 regulation. However, miR-330-mediated alterations to the E2F1/p-AKT pathway were insufficient to significantly alter cellular sensitivity to chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-flurouracil). In contrast, silencing of miR-330-5p enhanced, albeit subtly, cellular resistance to clinically relevant doses of radiation. This study highlights the need for further investigation into the potential of miR-330-5p as a predictive biomarker of patient sensitivity to neo-CRT and as a novel therapeutic target for manipulating cellular sensitivity to neo-CRT in patients with OAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky A. S. Bibby
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United States of America
| | - John V. Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen G. Maher
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Boonstra JJ, Tilanus HW, Dinjens WNM. Translational research on esophageal adenocarcinoma: from cell line to clinic. Dis Esophagus 2015; 28:90-6. [PMID: 23795680 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) cell lines have made a substantial contribution to elucidating mechanisms of carcinogenesis and drug discovery. Model research on EAC relies almost entirely on a relatively small set of established tumor cell lines because appropriate animal models are lacking. Nowadays, more than 20% of all fundamental translational research studies regarding EAC are partially or entirely based on these cell lines. The ready availability of these cell lines to investigators worldwide have resulted in more than 250 publications, including many examples of important biomedical discoveries. The high genomic similarities (but certainly not completely identical) between the EAC cell lines and their original tumors provide rational for their use. Recently, in a collaborative effort all available EAC cell lines have been verified resulting in the establishment of a reliable panel of 10 EAC cell lines. It could be expected that the value of these cell lines increases as unlimited source of tumor material because new biomedical techniques require more tumor cells and the supply of viable tumor cells is diminishing because of neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy of patients with EAC. Here, we review the history of the EAC cell lines and their utility in translational research and biomedical discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Boonstra
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Sato K, Imai T, Okayasu R, Shimokawa T. Heterochromatin domain number correlates with X-ray and carbon-ion radiation resistance in cancer cells. Radiat Res 2014; 182:408-19. [PMID: 25229975 DOI: 10.1667/rr13492.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that cancer cells can develop radiation resistance after repeated exposures to X rays, the underlying mechanisms and characteristics of this radiation-induced resistance of cancer cells are not well understood. Additionally, it is not known whether cells that develop X-ray resistance also would develop resistance to other types of radiation such as heavy-ions including carbon ions (C-ion). In this study, we established X-ray resistant cancer cell lines by delivering repeated exposures to X rays, and then assessed whether the cells were resistant to carbon ions. The mouse squamous cell carcinoma cell line, NR-S1, was X irradiated six times with 10 Gy, and the X-ray resistant cancer cells named X60 and ten subclones were established. Significant X-ray resistance was induced in four of the subclones (X60, X60-H2, X60-A3 and X60-B12). The X60 cells and all of the subclones were resistant to carbon ions. The correlation analysis between radioresistance and morphological characteristics of these cells showed that X-ray (R=0.74) and C-ion (R=0.79) resistance correlated strongly with the number of heterochromatin domains. Moreover, the numbers of γ-H2AX foci remaining in irradiated X60 cells and radioresistant subclones X60-A3 and X60-H2 were lower than in the NR-S1 cells after X-ray or C-ion irradiation, indicating that X60 cells and the radioresistant subclones rapidly repaired the DNA double-strand breaks compared with NR-S1 cells. Our findings suggest that the underlying causal mechanisms of X-ray and C-ion radiation resistance may overlap, and that an increase in heterochromatin domain number may be an indicator of X-ray and C-ion resistance.
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Lynam-Lennon N, Maher SG, Maguire A, Phelan J, Muldoon C, Reynolds JV, O’Sullivan J. Altered mitochondrial function and energy metabolism is associated with a radioresistant phenotype in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100738. [PMID: 24968221 PMCID: PMC4072695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) is increasingly the standard of care for locally advanced oesophageal cancer. A complete pathological response to CRT is associated with a favourable outcome. Radiation therapy is important for local tumour control, however, radioresistance remains a substantial clinical problem. We hypothesise that alterations in mitochondrial function and energy metabolism are involved in the radioresistance of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). To investigate this, we used an established isogenic cell line model of radioresistant OAC. Radioresistant cells (OE33 R) demonstrated significantly increased levels of random mitochondrial mutations, which were coupled with alterations in mitochondrial function, size, morphology and gene expression, supporting a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the radioresistance of this model. OE33 R cells also demonstrated altered bioenergetics, demonstrating significantly increased intracellular ATP levels, which was attributed to enhanced mitochondrial respiration. Radioresistant cells also demonstrated metabolic plasticity, efficiently switching between the glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation energy metabolism pathways, which were accompanied by enhanced clonogenic survival. This data was supported in vivo, in pre-treatment OAC tumour tissue. Tumour ATP5B expression, a marker of oxidative phosphorylation, was significantly increased in patients who subsequently had a poor pathological response to neoadjuvant CRT. This suggests for the first time, a role for specific mitochondrial alterations and metabolic remodelling in the radioresistance of OAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen G. Maher
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Lab, School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Aoife Maguire
- Department of Pathology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Phelan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cian Muldoon
- Department of Pathology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Lee JC, Lee WH, Min YJ, Cha HJ, Han MW, Chang HW, Kim SA, Choi SH, Kim SW, Kim SY. Development of TRAIL resistance by radiation-induced hypermethylation of DR4 CpG island in recurrent laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 88:1203-11. [PMID: 24661673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are limited therapeutic options for patients with recurrent head and neck cancer after radiation therapy failure. To assess the use of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as a salvage chemotherapeutic agent for recurrent cancer after radiation failure, we investigated the effect of clinically relevant cumulative irradiation on TRAIL-induced apoptosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS Using a previously established HN3 cell line from a laryngeal carcinoma patient, we generated a chronically irradiated HN3R isogenic cell line. Viability and apoptosis in HN3 and HN3R cells treated with TRAIL were analyzed with MTS and PI/annexin V-FITC assays. Western blotting and flow cytometry were used to determine the underlying mechanism of TRAIL resistance. DR4 expression was semiquantitatively scored in a tissue microarray with 107 laryngeal cancer specimens. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and bisulfite sequencing for DR4 were performed for genomic DNA isolated from each cell line. RESULTS HN3R cells were more resistant than HN3 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis because of significantly reduced levels of the DR4 receptor. The DR4 staining score in 37 salvage surgical specimens after radiation failure was lower in 70 surgical specimens without radiation treatment (3.03 ± 2.75 vs 5.46 ± 3.30, respectively; P<.001). HN3R cells had a methylated DR4 CpG island that was partially demethylated by the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. CONCLUSION Epigenetic silencing of the TRAIL receptor by hypermethylation of a DR4 CpG island might be an underlying mechanism for TRAIL resistance in recurrent laryngeal carcinoma treated with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Cheol Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyeok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Min
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Cha
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Woul Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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McDermott N, Meunier A, Lynch TH, Hollywood D, Marignol L. Isogenic radiation resistant cell lines: development and validation strategies. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:115-26. [PMID: 24350914 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.873557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The comparison of cell lines with differing radiosensitivities and their molecular response to radiation exposure has been used in a number of human cancer models to study the molecular response to radiation. This review proposes to analyze and compare the protocols used by investigators for the development and validation of these isogenic models of radioresistance. CONCLUSION There is large variability in the strategies used to generate and validate isogenic models of radioresistance. Further characterization of these models is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh McDermott
- Radiation and Urologic Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity and Prostate Molecular Oncology Research Group, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity College Dublin , Ireland
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Nicolay NH, Sommer E, Lopez R, Wirkner U, Trinh T, Sisombath S, Debus J, Ho AD, Saffrich R, Huber PE. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Retain Their Defining Stem Cell Characteristics After Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 87:1171-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Goodwin JF, Schiewer MJ, Dean JL, Schrecengost RS, de Leeuw R, Han S, Ma T, Den RB, Dicker AP, Feng FY, Knudsen KE. A hormone-DNA repair circuit governs the response to genotoxic insult. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:1254-71. [PMID: 24027197 PMCID: PMC3823813 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alterations in DNA repair promote tumor development, but the impact on tumor progression is poorly understood. Here, discovery of a biochemical circuit linking hormone signaling to DNA repair and therapeutic resistance is reported. Findings show that androgen receptor (AR) activity is induced by DNA damage and promotes expression and activation of a gene expression program governing DNA repair. Subsequent investigation revealed that activated AR promotes resolution of double-strand breaks and resistance to DNA damage both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNAPKcs) was identified as a key target of AR after damage, controlling AR-mediated DNA repair and cell survival after genotoxic insult. Finally, DNAPKcs was shown to potentiate AR function, consistent with a dual role in both DNA repair and transcriptional regulation. Combined, these studies identify the AR-DNAPKcs circuit as a major effector of DNA repair and therapeutic resistance and establish a new node for therapeutic intervention in advanced disease. SIGNIFICANCE The present study identifies for the fi rst time a positive feedback circuit linking hormone action to the DNA damage response and shows the significant impact of this process on tumor progression and therapeutic response. These provocative findings provide the foundation for development of novel nodes of therapeutic intervention for advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F. Goodwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew J. Schiewer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffry L. Dean
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Randy S. Schrecengost
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renee de Leeuw
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sumin Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert B. Den
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam P. Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Felix Y. Feng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan*
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Arora H, Qureshi R, Park WY. miR-506 regulates epithelial mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64273. [PMID: 23717581 PMCID: PMC3661463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important parameter related to breast cancer survival. Among several microRNAs predicted to target EMT-related genes, miR-506 is a novel miRNA found to be significantly related to breast cancer patient survival in a meta-analysis. miR-506 suppressed the expression of mesenchymal genes such as Vimentin, Snai2, and CD151 in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. Moreover, NF-κB bound to the upstream promoter region of miR-506 to suppress transcription. Overexpression of miR-506 inhibited TGFβ-induced EMT and suppressed adhesion, invasion, and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. From these results, we concluded that miR-506 plays a key role in the process of EMT through posttranslational control of EMT-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Arora
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rehana Qureshi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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de Llobet LI, Baro M, Figueras A, Modolell I, Da Silva MV, Muñoz P, Navarro A, Mesia R, Balart J. Development and characterization of an isogenic cell line with a radioresistant phenotype. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 15:189-97. [PMID: 22855182 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiation resistance is a major cause of death in cancer patients. Cancer cells react during radiotherapy by re-programming specific cell functions that may confer resistance to radiation. The understanding of this complex process is hindered due to the lack of appropriate study models. We describe an experimental development of a radioresistant isogenic cancer cell line, and its molecular characterization. MATERIALS AND METHODS A431-cultured cells were irradiated for 7 month until 85 Gy. Then, a selected single cell was left to grow as stable A431-R cell line. Clonogenic assay was used to determine cell survival, the α and β parameters of the LQ model, and the mean inactivation dose. The DNA repair ability of cells was evaluated by pulsed-field electrophoresis method. Differential effect of fractionated radiation was ultimately tested in xenografts. Furthermore, we used a wound healing assay, Western blot for EGFR, AKT and ERK1/2 and ELISA test for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. Finally we explored CD44 marker and cell cycle distribution. RESULTS The established A431-R cell line showed radiation resistance in clonogenic assays, repair of radiation-induced DNA fragmentation and xenografted tumours. The radiation resistance was associated with in vitro higher cell growth and migration, increased levels of former oncoproteins, and secretion of VEGF. CONCLUSIONS In this model, the emergence of radiation resistance was associated with the acquisition of biological traits that support more aggressive behaviour of cancer cells. We have generated a model that will be useful for mechanistic studies and development of rational treatments against radiation resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara I de Llobet
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Avda Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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Lynam-Lennon N, Reynolds JV, Marignol L, Sheils OM, Pidgeon GP, Maher SG. MicroRNA-31 modulates tumour sensitivity to radiation in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:1449-58. [PMID: 22706599 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemoradiation therapy (CRT) prior to surgery is increasingly the standard of care for locally advanced oesophageal cancer. Radiation therapy is important for local tumour control; however, tumour resistance to radiation is a substantial clinical problem. The mechanism(s) of radioresistance are still poorly understood, however, mounting evidence supports a role for microRNA (miRNA) in modulating key cellular pathways mediating response to radiation. Global miRNA profiling of an established isogenic model of radioresistance in oesophageal adenocarcinoma demonstrated a significant downregulation of miR-31 in radioresistant cells, both basally and in response to radiation. Ectopic re-expression of miR-31 significantly re-sensitised radioresistant cells to radiation. miR-31 was demonstrated to alter the expression of 13 genes involved in DNA repair, which is a critical cellular defence against radiation-induced DNA damage. In oesophageal tumours, miR-31 expression was significantly reduced in patients demonstrating poor histomorphologic response to neoadjuvant CRT, whilst expression of the miR-31-regulated DNA repair genes was significantly increased. Our data suggest a possible mechanism for resistance to CRT, potentially via enhanced DNA repair. This study demonstrates, for the first time, a role for miR-31 in modulating radioresistance and highlights the need for further study investigating the potential role of miR-31 as both a predictive marker of response and a novel therapeutic agent with which to enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Lynam-Lennon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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