Post-traumatic stress disorder in women: epidemiological and treatment issues

Measuring dimensions of body connection: body awareness and bodily dissociation

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to test the preliminary psychometric properties of the Scale of Body Connection (SBC), a 20-item self-report measure, designed to assess body awareness and bodily dissociation in mind-body intervention research.

METHODS

The SBC items were based on common expressions of awareness in body therapy. Content validity was established by a panel of experts. The validity and reliability of the scale was examined with an undergraduate sample. To assess the scale's discriminant validity, the respondents were asked to indicate exposure to specific traumas.

RESULTS

Confirmatory factor analysis, used to examine the scale's construct validity, indicated acceptable goodness-of-fit indices, and revealed uncorrelated subscales, reflecting independent dimensions. Cronbach's alpha revealed equal internal consistency reliability for each subscale for both men and women. Body awareness scores did not differ between individuals with and without reported trauma exposure. Bodily dissociation scores differed between individuals with and without past experience with physical trauma, suggesting the applicability of this subscale for use with populations with trauma histories.

CONCLUSIONS

The results provide preliminary evidence of the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the SBC.

Adverse events in an integrated trauma-focused intervention for women in community substance abuse treatment

A substantial number of women who enter substance abuse treatment have a history of trauma and meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fear regarding the extent to which PTSD treatment can evoke negative consequences remains a research question. This study explored adverse events related to the implementation of an integrated treatment for women with trauma and substance use disorder (Seeking Safety) compared with a nontrauma-focused intervention (Women's Health Education). Three hundred fifty-three women enrolled in community substance abuse treatment were randomized to 1 of the 2 study groups and monitored weekly for adverse events. There were no differences between the two intervention groups in the number of women reporting study-related adverse events (28 [9.6%] for the Seeking Safety group and 21[7.2%] for the Women's Health Education group). Implementing PTSD treatment in substance abuse treatment programs appears to be safe, with minimal impact on intervention-related adverse psychiatric and substance abuse symptoms. More research is needed on the efficacy of such interventions to improve outcomes of PTSD and substance use.

Psychological trauma and PTSD symptoms as predictors of substance dependence treatment outcomes

Psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may complicate and reduce the effectiveness of treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). This study assessed trauma history and symptoms of simple and complex PTSD at baseline in a randomized trial of contingency management (CM) compared to standard treatment (ST) with 142 cocaine- or heroin-dependent outpatients. History of exposure to each of eight types of psychological trauma was unrelated to treatment outcome, except for witnessed assaults and emotional abuse. Complex PTSD symptoms were inversely associated with short-term treatment outcomes, and PTSD symptoms were positively related to long-term outcome, independent of the effects of demographics, psychological distress, baseline substance use status, and treatment modality. Complex PTSD symptoms warrant further study as a potential negative prognostic factor in SUD interventions.

Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical intensive care unit patients: assessing the magnitude of the problem

Introduction

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a potentially serious psychiatric disorder that has traditionally been associated with traumatic stressors such as participation in combat, violent assault, and survival of natural disasters. Recently, investigators have reported that the experience of critical illness can also lead to PTSD, although details of the association between critical illness and PTSD remain unclear.

Methods

We conducted keyword searches of MEDLINE and Psych Info and investigations of secondary references for all articles pertaining to PTSD in medical intensive care unit (ICU) survivors.

Results

From 78 screened papers, 16 studies (representing 15 cohorts) and approximately 920 medical ICU patients met inclusion criteria. A total of 10 investigations used brief PTSD screening tools exclusively as opposed to more comprehensive diagnostic methods. Reported PTSD prevalence rates varied from 5% to 63%, with the three highest prevalence estimates occurring in studies with fewer than 30 patients. Loss to follow-up rates ranged from 10% to 70%, with average loss to follow-up rates exceeding 30%.

Conclusion

Exact PTSD prevalence rates cannot be determined due to methodological limitations such as selection bias, loss to follow-up, and the wide use of screening (as opposed to diagnostic) instruments. In general, the high prevalence rates reported in the literature are likely to be overestimates due to the limitations of the investigations conducted to date. Although PTSD may be a serious problem in some survivors of critical illness, data on the whole population are inconclusive. Because the magnitude of the problem posed by PTSD in survivors of critical illness is unknown, there remains a pressing need for larger and more methodologically rigorous investigations of PTSD in ICU survivors.

Emotional numbing weakens abused inner-city women's resiliency resources

Conservation of resources theory (S. E. Hobfoll, 1988, 1999) hypothesizes that loss of resiliency resources can contribute to abused women's posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, which, in turn, contribute to a further loss of resources, which can make abused women even more vulnerable to future stressors. This study investigates the impact of PTSD symptoms on abused women's future loss of resources-resources that women both value and need to aid their ongoing adjustment. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms contributed to future resource loss in abused women, even when controlling for the effects of prior resource loss and depression. Emotional numbing symptoms of PTSD accounted most for women's resource loss. Findings highlight the importance of research and intervention that more directly examines the link between emotions and resource loss.

Assistência multiprofissional à vítima de violência sexual: a experiência da Universidade Federal de São Paulo

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a importância da assistência multiprofissional às vítimas da violência sexual para redução dos agravos físicos, psíquicos e sociais que podem advir desta violência. Para tanto se faz uma breve descrição das atividades realizadas pelos diferentes profissionais que prestam assistência na Casa de Saúde da Mulher Professor Domingos Deláscio da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, e são apresentados alguns dos resultados deste trabalho nos seus cinco anos de existência. O artigo traça o perfil sócio-demográfico das mulheres vítimas de estupros que foram atendidas desde o início do serviço, detalhando quantas engravidaram e fizeram o aborto e o número de processos judiciais que foram abertos.

The Psychosocial Effects of Combat: The Frequently Unseen Injury

The psychosocial issues related to deployment and combat duty are complex. Deployment may result in psychiatric casualties that are either the result of inadequate coping with the stressors of deployment or acute stress reactions caused by the trauma of battle, that is, combat stress reactions. Combat duty is associated with traumatic events, deprivation, and exposure to war atrocities that may result in acute, delayed or chronic psychosocial issues during and afer returning from deployment. Although protective and mediating factors ar in place, 11% to 17% of combat veterans are at risk for mental disorders in 3 to 4 months after return from combat duty. Combat veterans include service members directly involved in combat as well as those providing support to combatants, that is, nurses. All combat veterans are at risk for experiencing the negative effects of deployment. Frequent deployments of active duty, reserve, and National Guard members have become commonplace. This translates into a disruption of live for anyone associated with the military, as well as an increased focus on the psychosocial impact of combat across the nation. Modern warfare has resulted in multiple changes in policy that govern military operations. Initiatives that focus on the stabilization of service members and their families may impact mental health outcomes of service members returning from combat duty. An initiative toward decreasing the stigma of receiving mental health care is warranted. Mental health issues must be addressed before and during deployment to ensure optimum individual and unit functioning. Early identification and treatment of mental health problems may decrease the psychosocial impact of combat and thus prevent progression to more chronic and severe psychopathology such as depression and PTSD.

Subclass opioid receptors associated with the cardiovascular depression after traumatic shock and the antishock effects of its specific receptor antagonists

The present available opioid receptor antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone are not highly receptor selective. They may antagonize mu opioid receptors to affect the pain threshold of the patients with traumatic shock while they exert antishock effects. Therefore, they are not suitable for traumatic shock. It is very important to elucidate the subclass of opioid receptors that are closely associated with cardiovascular depression of traumatic shock and then choose their specific receptor antagonists to treat it. Traumatic shock was used in pentobarbital-anesthetized Wistar rats by right femur fracture plus hemorrhage (fixed hemorrhage at a rate of 20 mL/kg in experiment 1 or hemorrhage to 40 mmHg mean arterial blood pressure for 60 min in experiments 2 and 3), and the changes of myocardial and brain opioid receptors after traumatic shock, the antagonizing effects of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor antagonists on the cardiovascular depression of traumatic shock and the antishock effects of delta and kappa opioid receptor antagonists ICI174,864 and Nor-binaltorphimine (Nor-BNI) were observed. The results indicate that after traumatic shock, the number of myocardial and brain delta and kappa opioid receptors were significantly increased that were significantly associated with the decreased cardiovascular functions. mu Opioid receptors in the heart and brain did not change significantly. Intracerebral ventricular administration of ICI174,864 and Nor-BNI significantly antagonized the decreased cardiovascular function after traumatic shock and increased the survival rate of traumatic shock rats, but mu opioid receptor antagonist beta-funaltrexamine did not. Meanwhile, intravenous administration of delta and kappa opioid receptor antagonists ICI174,864 and Nor-BNI also significantly increased the mean arterial blood pressure, improved the hemodynamic parameters, and prolonged the survival rate of traumatic shock rats. These findings suggest that opioid receptors are involved in the cardiovascular depression of traumatic shock, and the subclass receptors are mainly delta and kappa opioid receptors. delta and kappa opioid receptor antagonists have good beneficial effects on traumatic shock.