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Vito CD, Hadi LA, Navone SE, Marfia G, Campanella R, Mancuso ME, Riboni L. Platelet-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate and inflammation: from basic mechanisms to clinical implications. Platelets 2016; 27:393-401. [PMID: 26950429 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2016.1144179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Beyond key functions in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are recognized as key players of inflammation, an underlying feature of a variety of diseases. In this regard, platelets act as a circulating source of several pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules, which are secreted from their intracellular stores upon activation. Among them, mounting evidence highlights a crucial role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a multifunctional sphingoid mediator. S1P-induced pleiotropic effects include those crucial in inflammatory processes, such as the maintenance of the endothelial barrier integrity, and leukocyte activation and recruitment at the injured site. This review outlines the peculiar features and molecular mechanisms that allow platelets for acting as a unique factory that produces and stores S1P in large quantities. A particular emphasis is placed on the autocrine and paracrine roles of S1P derived from the "inflamed" platelets, highlighting the role of its cross-talk with endothelial and blood cells involved in inflammation, and the mechanisms of its contribution to the development and progression of inflammatory diseases. Finally, potential clinical implications of platelet-derived S1P as diagnostic tool of inflammatory severity, and as therapeutic target in inflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Di Vito
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Loubna Abdel Hadi
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefania Elena Navone
- b Neurosurgery Unit, Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Giovanni Marfia
- b Neurosurgery Unit, Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Rolando Campanella
- c Division of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria Elisa Mancuso
- d Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Laura Riboni
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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Skindersoe ME, Krogfelt KA, Blom A, Jiang G, Prestwich GD, Mansell JP. Dual Action of Lysophosphatidate-Functionalised Titanium: Interactions with Human (MG63) Osteoblasts and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143509. [PMID: 26605796 PMCID: PMC4659682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) is a widely used material for surgical implants; total joint replacements (TJRs), screws and plates for fixing bones and dental implants are forged from Ti. Whilst Ti integrates well into host tissue approximately 10% of TJRs will fail in the lifetime of the patient through a process known as aseptic loosening. These failures necessitate revision arthroplasties which are more complicated and costly than the initial procedure. Finding ways of enhancing early (osseo)integration of TJRs is therefore highly desirable and continues to represent a research priority in current biomaterial design. One way of realising improvements in implant quality is to coat the Ti surface with small biological agents known to support human osteoblast formation and maturation at Ti surfaces. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and certain LPA analogues offer potential solutions as Ti coatings in reducing aseptic loosening. Herein we present evidence for the successful bio-functionalisation of Ti using LPA. This modified Ti surface heightened the maturation of human osteoblasts, as supported by increased expression of alkaline phosphatase. These functionalised surfaces also deterred the attachment and growth of Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium often associated with implant failures through sepsis. Collectively we provide evidence for the fabrication of a dual-action Ti surface finish, a highly desirable feature towards the development of next-generation implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Elena Skindersoe
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department for Infection and Microbiology Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Karen A. Krogfelt
- Department for Infection and Microbiology Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ashley Blom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Guowei Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States of America
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States of America
| | - Jason Peter Mansell
- Department of Biological, Biomedical & Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Venkatraman G, Bekele RT, Brindley DN. Recent advances in targeting the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate-lipid phosphate phosphatase axis in vivo. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:272-84. [PMID: 27533936 PMCID: PMC4946318 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular lysophosphatidate (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid that signals through six G-protein-coupled receptors. This signaling is required for embryogenesis, tissue repair and remodeling processes. LPA is produced from circulating lysophosphatidylcholine by autotaxin (ATX), and is degraded outside cells by a family of three enzymes called the lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). In many pathological conditions, particularly in cancers, LPA concentrations are increased due to high ATX expression and low LPP activity. In cancers, LPA signaling drives tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and decreased efficacy of radiotherapy. Hence, targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis is an attractive strategy for introducing novel adjuvant therapeutic options. In this review, we will summarize current progress in targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis with inhibitors of autotaxin activity, LPA receptor antagonists, LPA monoclonal antibodies, and increasing low LPP expression. Some of these agents are already in clinical trials and have applications beyond cancer, including chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Raie T Bekele
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Ohashi T, Yamamoto T. Antifibrotic effect of lysophosphatidic acid receptors LPA1and LPA3antagonist on experimental murine scleroderma induced by bleomycin. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:698-702. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takenobu Ohashi
- Department of Dermatology; Fukushima Medical University; Fukushima Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology; Fukushima Medical University; Fukushima Japan
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Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite BC, Postlethwaite AE. Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:272. [PMID: 26106387 PMCID: PMC4459100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic scleroderma (SSc) is one of the most complex systemic autoimmune diseases. It targets the vasculature, connective tissue-producing cells (namely fibroblasts/myofibroblasts), and components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Clinical and pathologic manifestations of SSc are the result of: (1) innate/adaptive immune system abnormalities leading to production of autoantibodies and cell-mediated autoimmunity, (2) microvascular endothelial cell/small vessel fibroproliferative vasculopathy, and (3) fibroblast dysfunction generating excessive accumulation of collagen and other matrix components in skin and internal organs. All three of these processes interact and affect each other. The disease is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation that likely reflects different genetic or triggering factor (i.e., infection or environmental toxin) influences on the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells. The roles played by other ubiquitous molecular entities (such as lysophospholipids, endocannabinoids, and their diverse receptors and vitamin D) in influencing the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells are just beginning to be realized and studied and may provide insights into new therapeutic approaches to treat SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debendra Pattanaik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Monica Brown
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Bradley C Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Arnold E Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
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Territo PR, Maluccio M, Riley AA, McCarthy BP, Fletcher J, Tann M, Saxena R, Skill NJ. Evaluation of 11C-acetate and 18F-FDG PET/CT in mouse multidrug resistance gene-2 deficient mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Med Imaging 2015; 15:15. [PMID: 25981587 PMCID: PMC4493966 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-015-0058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global health problem with unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, including difficulties in identifying the highest risk patients. Previous work from our lab has established the murine multidrug resistance-2 mouse (MDR2) model of HCC as a reasonable preclinical model that parallels the changes seen in human inflammatory associated HCC. The purpose of this study is to evaluate modalities of PET/CT in MDR2(-/-) mice in order to facilitate therapeutic translational studies from bench to bedside. METHODS 18F-FDG and 11C-acetate PET/CT was performed on 12 m MDR2(-/-) mice (n = 3/tracer) with HCC and 12 m MDR2(-/+) control mice (n = 3/tracer) without HCC. To compare PET/CT to biological markers of HCC and cellular function, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), cAMP and hepatic tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were quantified in 3-12 m MDR2(-/-) (n = 10) mice using commercially available ELISA analysis. To translate results in mice to patients 11C-acetate PET/CT was also performed in 8 patents suspected of HCC recurrence following treatment and currently on the liver transplant wait list. RESULTS Hepatic18F-FDG metabolism was not significantly increased in MDR2(-/-) mice. In contrast, hepatic 11C-acetate metabolism was significantly elevated in MDR2(-/-) mice when compared to MDR2(-/+) controls. Serum AFP and LPA levels increased in MDR2(-/-) mice contemporaneous with the emergence of HCC. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in serum cAMP levels and an increase in hepatic TNFα. In patients suspected of HCC recurrence there were 5 true positives, 2 true negatives and 1 suspected false 11C-acetate negative. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic 11C-acetate PET/CT tracks well with HCC in MDR2(-/-) mice and patients with underlying liver disease. Consequently 11C-acetate PET/CT is well suited to study (1) HCC emergence/progression in patients and (2) reduce animal numbers required to study new chemotherapeutics in murine models of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Territo
- Department of Surgery, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Mary Maluccio
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, C519 Walthur Cancer Research Building (R3), 980 W Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46077, USA.
| | - Amanda A Riley
- Department of Surgery, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Brian P McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - James Fletcher
- Department of Surgery, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Mark Tann
- Department of Surgery, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Romil Saxena
- Department of Surgery, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Skill
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, C519 Walthur Cancer Research Building (R3), 980 W Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46077, USA.
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Tsuboi K, Okamoto Y, Rahman IAS, Uyama T, Inoue T, Tokumura A, Ueda N. Glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 as a novel lysophospholipase D: a possible involvement in bioactive N-acylethanolamine biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:537-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fong WWS, Yoong JKC. Interstitial Lung Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/201010581502400106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of diffuse parenchymal lung disorders that are classified according to different clinical, radiological and histopathological features. Interstitial lung disease can be primary or it can be due to a secondary cause, such as an underlying connective tissue disease (CTD). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common CTD, and ILD can be found in a quarter of RA patients. Interstitial lung disease has a significant impact on RA patients in terms of their burden of disease and quality of life. Despite this it remains largely understudied and pathogenesis is unclear. Newer imaging techniques include ultrasound and 18F-FDG PET/CT. Therapeutics that show promise include mycophenolate mofetil and rituximab. Paradoxically, some of the agents that are good in treating articular manifestations in RA patients can result in the worsening or development of ILD.
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Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses a large and diverse group of pathological conditions that share similar clinical, radiological and pathological manifestations, despite potentially having quite different aetiologies and comorbidities. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) represents probably the most aggressive form of ILD and systemic sclerosis is a multiorgan fibrotic disease frequently associated with ILD. Although the aetiology of these disorders remains unknown, in this review we analyse the pathogenic mechanisms by cell of interest (fibroblast, fibrocyte, myofibroblast, endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells and immune competent cells). New insights into the complex cellular contributions and interactions will be provided, comparing the role of cell subsets in the pathogenesis of IPF and systemic sclerosis. Distinct cell populations contribute to the complex pathogenesis of IPF and systemic sclerosis-associated ILDhttp://ow.ly/AjFaz
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Tsutsumi T, Yamakawa S, Ishihara A, Yamamoto A, Tanaka T, Tokumura A. Reduced kidney levels of lysophosphatidic acids in rats after chronic administration of aristolochic acid: Its possible protective role in renal fibrosis. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:121-129. [PMID: 28962344 PMCID: PMC5598376 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) is considered to be a causative agent for progressive interstitial renal fibrosis, leading to AA nephropathy. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a mediator in the onset of renal fibrosis. In this study, we analyzed the molecular species of LPA and its precursor lysophospholipids in kidney tissue from rats exposed to AA. Daily intraperitoneal injections of AA for 35 days to rats gave rise to fibrosis in kidney, decreased the kidney levels of LPA, lysophosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylinositol. In rat renal cell lines (NRK52E and NRK49F), AA-induced cytotoxicity was potentiated by Ki16425, LPA1,3 receptor antagonist. The level of mRNA encording α-smooth muscle actin was significantly increased by AA-treatment only in NRK52E cells, while the mRNA level of collagen III was decreased in both NRK52E and NRK49F cells. These results suggest that endogenous LPA in rat kidney prevents AA-induced renal fibrosis.
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Key Words
- 18S, ribosomal protein S18
- AA, aristolochic acid
- AZ, azan Mallory
- Aristolochic acid
- Chronic kidney disease
- Fibrosis
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HE, hematoxylin/eosin
- LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- LPA, lysophosphatidic acid
- LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine
- LPG, lysophosphatidylglycerol
- LPI, lysophosphatidylinositol
- LPL, lysophospholipid
- LPS, lysophosphatidylserine
- Lysophosphatidic acid
- Lysophospholipid
- Nephrotoxicity
- PLA1, phospholipase A1
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- lysoPLD, lysophospholipase D
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tsutsumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Syougo Yamakawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
| | - Akira Ishihara
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Aimi Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Japan
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Shlyonsky V, Naeije R, Mies F. Possible role of lysophosphatidic acid in rat model of hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling. Pulm Circ 2015; 4:471-81. [PMID: 25621161 DOI: 10.1086/677362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by cellular and structural changes in the vascular wall of pulmonary arteries. We hypothesized that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid, is implicated in this vascular remodeling in a rat model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Exposure of Wistar rats to 10% O2 for 3 weeks induced an increase in the mean serum levels of LPA, to 40.9 (log-detransformed standard deviations: 23.4-71.7) μM versus 21.6 (11.0-42.3) μM in a matched control animal group (P = 0.037). We also observed perivascular LPA immunohistochemical staining in lungs of hypoxic rats colocalized with the secreted lysophospholipase D autotaxin (ATX). Moreover, ATX colocalized with mast cell tryptase, suggesting implication of these cells in perivascular LPA production. Hypoxic rat lungs expressed more ATX transcripts (2.4-fold) and more transcripts of proteins implicated in cell migration: β2 integrin (1.74-fold), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1; 1.84-fold), and αM integrin (2.70-fold). Serum from the hypoxic group of animals had significantly higher chemoattractant properties toward rat primary lung fibroblasts, and this increase in cell migration could be prevented by the LPA receptor 1 and 3 antagonists. LPA also increased adhesive properties of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells as well as those of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, via the activation of LPA receptor 1 or 3 followed by the stimulation of gene expression of ICAM-1, β-1, E-selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule integrins. In conclusion, chronic hypoxia increases circulating and tissue levels of LPA, which might induce fibroblast migration and recruitment of mononuclear cells in pulmonary vasculature, both of which contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Shlyonsky
- Department of Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Naeije
- Department of Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédérique Mies
- Department of Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Experimentally-derived fibroblast gene signatures identify molecular pathways associated with distinct subsets of systemic sclerosis patients in three independent cohorts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114017. [PMID: 25607805 PMCID: PMC4301872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide expression profiling in systemic sclerosis (SSc) has identified four ‘intrinsic’ subsets of disease (fibroproliferative, inflammatory, limited, and normal-like), each of which shows deregulation of distinct signaling pathways; however, the full set of pathways contributing to this differential gene expression has not been fully elucidated. Here we examine experimentally derived gene expression signatures in dermal fibroblasts for thirteen different signaling pathways implicated in SSc pathogenesis. These data show distinct and overlapping sets of genes induced by each pathway, allowing for a better understanding of the molecular relationship between profibrotic and immune signaling networks. Pathway-specific gene signatures were analyzed across a compendium of microarray datasets consisting of skin biopsies from three independent cohorts representing 80 SSc patients, 4 morphea, and 26 controls. IFNα signaling showed a strong association with early disease, while TGFβ signaling spanned the fibroproliferative and inflammatory subsets, was associated with worse MRSS, and was higher in lesional than non-lesional skin. The fibroproliferative subset was most strongly associated with PDGF signaling, while the inflammatory subset demonstrated strong activation of innate immune pathways including TLR signaling upstream of NF-κB. The limited and normal-like subsets did not show associations with fibrotic and inflammatory mediators such as TGFβ and TNFα. The normal-like subset showed high expression of genes associated with lipid signaling, which was absent in the inflammatory and limited subsets. Together, these data suggest a model by which IFNα is involved in early disease pathology, and disease severity is associated with active TGFβ signaling.
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Kihara Y, Mizuno H, Chun J. Lysophospholipid receptors in drug discovery. Exp Cell Res 2014; 333:171-177. [PMID: 25499971 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPs), including lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), sphingosine 1-phospate (S1P), lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), and lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS), are bioactive lipids that transduce signals through their specific cell-surface G protein-coupled receptors, LPA1-6, S1P1-5, LPI1, and LysoPS1-3, respectively. These LPs and their receptors have been implicated in both physiological and pathophysiological processes such as autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, fibrosis, pain, cancer, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, bone formation, fertility, organismal development, and other effects on most organ systems. Advances in the LP receptor field have enabled the development of novel small molecules targeting LP receptors for several diseases. Most notably, fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya, Novartis), an S1P receptor modulator, became the first FDA-approved medicine as an orally bioavailable drug for treating relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. This success is currently being followed by multiple, mechanistically related compounds targeting S1P receptor subtypes, which are in various stages of clinical development. In addition, an LPA1 antagonist, BMS-986020 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), is in Phase 2 clinical development for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, as a distinct compound, SAR100842 (Sanofi) for the treatment of systemic sclerosis and related fibrotic diseases. This review summarizes the current state of drug discovery in the LP receptor field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, DNC-118, 10550 N, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hirotaka Mizuno
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, DNC-118, 10550 N, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Exploratory Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, DNC-118, 10550 N, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Potentials of the Circulating Pruritogenic Mediator Lysophosphatidic Acid in Development of Allergic Skin Inflammation in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1593-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ho YY, Lagares D, Tager AM, Kapoor M. Fibrosis--a lethal component of systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 10:390-402. [PMID: 24752182 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by excessive accumulation of connective tissue components in an organ or tissue. Fibrosis is produced by deregulated wound healing in response to chronic tissue injury or chronic inflammation, the hallmarks of rheumatic diseases. Progressive fibrosis, which distorts tissue architecture and results in progressive loss of organ function, is now recognized to be one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in individuals with one of the most lethal rheumatic disease, systemic sclerosis (SSc). In this Review, we discuss the pathological role of fibrosis in SSc. We discuss the involvement of endothelium and pericyte activation, aberrant immune responses, endoplasmic reticulum stress and chronic tissue injury in the initiation of fibrosis in SSc. We then discuss fibroblast activation and myofibroblast differentiation that occurs in response to these initiating processes and is responsible for excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. Finally, we discuss the chemical and mechanical signals that drive fibroblast activation and myofibroblast differentiation, which could serve as targets for new therapies for fibrosis in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Yee Ho
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Division of Surgical Research, McGill University, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC H3G1A6, Canada
| | - David Lagares
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Centre for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Centre for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- The Toronto Western Research Institute, Division of Orthopaedics, Toronto Western Hospital, The University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
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Tsou PS, Haak AJ, Khanna D, Neubig RR. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 8. Current and future drug targets in fibrosis: focus on Rho GTPase-regulated gene transcription. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C2-13. [PMID: 24740541 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00060.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis occurs with excessive extracellular matrix deposition from myofibroblasts, resulting in tissue scarring and inflammation. It is driven by multiple mediators, such as the G protein-coupled receptor ligands lysophosphatidic acid and endothelin, as well as signaling by transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, and integrins. Fibrosis contributes to 45% of deaths in the developed world. As current therapeutic options for tissue fibrosis are limited and organ transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage disease, there is an imminent need for efficacious antifibrotic therapies. This review discusses the various molecular pathways involved in fibrosis. It highlights the Rho GTPase signaling pathway and its downstream gene transcription output through myocardin-related transcription factor and serum response factor as a convergence point for targeting this complex set of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Yung YC, Stoddard NC, Chun J. LPA receptor signaling: pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1192-214. [PMID: 24643338 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r046458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small ubiquitous lipid found in vertebrate and nonvertebrate organisms that mediates diverse biological actions and demonstrates medicinal relevance. LPA's functional roles are driven by extracellular signaling through at least six 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are named LPA1-6 and signal through numerous effector pathways activated by heterotrimeric G proteins, including Gi/o, G12/13, Gq, and Gs LPA receptor-mediated effects have been described in numerous cell types and model systems, both in vitro and in vivo, through gain- and loss-of-function studies. These studies have revealed physiological and pathophysiological influences on virtually every organ system and developmental stage of an organism. These include the nervous, cardiovascular, reproductive, and pulmonary systems. Disturbances in normal LPA signaling may contribute to a range of diseases, including neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, pain, cardiovascular disease, bone disorders, fibrosis, cancer, infertility, and obesity. These studies underscore the potential of LPA receptor subtypes and related signaling mechanisms to provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun C Yung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nicole C Stoddard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Balood M, Zahednasab H, Siroos B, Mesbah-Namin SA, Torbati S, Harirchian MH. Elevated serum levels of lysophosphatidic acid in patients with multiple sclerosis. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:411-3. [PMID: 24530753 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies have shown that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is involved both in inflammation and T cell apoptosis evasion. The aim of this study was to measure the concentrations of LPA in serum of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Twenty MS patients along with 20age-sex matched healthy individuals were recruited for this investigation. By employment of ELISA method, we demonstrated that MS patients had higher levels of LPA in serum than control group (P=0.006). This study is the first report of LPA elevation in MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Balood
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Zahednasab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahaaddin Siroos
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Mesbah-Namin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Torbati
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Extracellular metabolism-dependent uptake of lysolipids through cultured monolayer of differentiated Caco-2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:121-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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71
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Tsutsumi T, Ishihara A, Yamamoto A, Asaji H, Yamakawa S, Tokumura A. The potential protective role of lysophospholipid mediators in nephrotoxicity induced by chronically exposed cadmium. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 65:52-62. [PMID: 24361405 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a hazardous metal whose chronic exposure induces renal failure due to fibrosis, but the mechanisms are not well known. In this study we analyzed the molecular species of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and related phospholipids, together with their metabolic enzyme activity, in plasma from Wistar rats exposed up to 300ppm Cd(2+) in drinking water for 114days. Exposure of 300ppm Cd(2+) for 114days enhanced autotoxin (ATX)/lysophospholipase D activity, but significantly lowered the total levels of LPA and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Interestingly, the total level of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was elevated dose-dependently by Cd(2+). Cultured rat kidney-derived interstitial fibroblast cells, NRK49F cells and proximal epithelial cells, NRK52E cells, were both responsive to the protective action of LPA or S1P against Cd(2+) toxicity. The former cell expresses ATX RNA. In conclusion, the elevation of LPA-producing enzyme activity and S1P concentrations in plasma after exposure of rats to Cd(2+) would protect from the renal toxicity of Cd(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tsutsumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Akira Ishihara
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Aimi Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
| | - Hiroki Asaji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
| | - Syougo Yamakawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan.
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Uyama T, Inoue M, Okamoto Y, Shinohara N, Tai T, Tsuboi K, Inoue T, Tokumura A, Ueda N. Involvement of phospholipase A/acyltransferase-1 in N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine generation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1690-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Huu DL, Matsushita T, Jin G, Hamaguchi Y, Hasegawa M, Takehara K, Fujimoto M. FTY720 ameliorates murine sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease by promoting expansion of splenic regulatory cells and inhibiting immune cell infiltration into skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1624-35. [PMID: 23508350 DOI: 10.1002/art.37933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) exerts a variety of activities in immune, inflammatory, and vascular systems. S1P plays an important role in systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis. Regulation of S1P in fibrotic diseases as well as in SSc was recently reported. FTY720, an oral S1P receptor modulator, has been shown to be a useful agent for the prevention of transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases. Murine sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a model for human sclerodermatous chronic GVHD and SSc. We undertook this study to investigate the effects of FTY720 in murine sclerodermatous chronic GVHD. METHODS FTY720 was orally administered to allogeneic recipient mice from day 0 to day 20 (short-term, early-treatment group), from day 0 to day 42 (full-term, early-treatment group), or from day 22 to day 42 (delayed-treatment group) after bone marrow transplantation. RESULTS Delayed administration of FTY720 attenuated, and early administration of FTY720 inhibited, the severity and fibrosis in murine sclerodermatous chronic GVHD. With early treatment, FTY720 induced expansion of splenic myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Treg cells, and Breg cells. Vascular damage in chronic GVHD was inhibited by FTY720 through down-regulating serum levels of S1P and soluble E-selectin. FTY720 inhibited infiltration of immune cells into skin. Moreover, FTY720 diminished the expression of messenger RNA for monocyte chemotactic protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, RANTES, tumor necrosis factor α, interferon-γ, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-17A, and transforming growth factor β1 in the skin. CONCLUSION FTY720 suppressed the immune response by promoting the expansion of regulatory cells and reducing vascular damage and infiltration of immune cells into the skin. Taken together, these results have important implications for the potential use of FTY720 in the treatment of sclerodermatous chronic GVHD and SSc in humans.
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74
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Nikitopoulou I, Kaffe E, Sevastou I, Sirioti I, Samiotaki M, Madan D, Prestwich GD, Aidinis V. A metabolically-stabilized phosphonate analog of lysophosphatidic acid attenuates collagen-induced arthritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70941. [PMID: 23923032 PMCID: PMC3726599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a destructive arthropathy with systemic manifestations, characterized by chronic synovial inflammation. Under the influence of the pro-inflammatory milieu synovial fibroblasts (SFs), the main effector cells in disease pathogenesis become activated and hyperplastic while releasing a number of signals that include pro-inflammatory factors and tissue remodeling enzymes. Activated RA SFs in mouse or human arthritic joints express significant quantities of autotaxin (ATX), a lysophospholipase D responsible for the majority of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production in the serum and inflamed sites. Conditional genetic ablation of ATX from SFs resulted in attenuation of disease symptoms in animal models, an effect attributed to diminished LPA signaling in the synovium, shown to activate SF effector functions. Here we show that administration of 1-bromo-3(S)-hydroxy-4-(palmitoyloxy)butyl-phosphonate (BrP-LPA), a metabolically stabilized analog of LPA and a dual function inhibitor of ATX and pan-antagonist of LPA receptors, attenuates collagen induced arthritis (CIA) development, thus validating the ATX/LPA axis as a novel therapeutic target in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Nikitopoulou
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Sevastou
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Ivi Sirioti
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Damian Madan
- Echelon Biosciences Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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75
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Alshaker H, Sauer L, Monteil D, Ottaviani S, Srivats S, Böhler T, Pchejetski D. Therapeutic potential of targeting SK1 in human cancers. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 117:143-200. [PMID: 23290780 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394274-6.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) is a lipid enzyme with oncogenic properties that converts the proapoptotic lipids ceramide and sphingosine into the antiapoptotic lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate and activates the signal transduction pathways that lead to cell proliferation, migration, the activation of the inflammatory response, and the impairment of apoptosis. There is compelling evidence that SK1 activation contributes to cancer progression leading to increased oncogenic transformation, tumor growth, resistance to therapies, tumor neovascularization, and metastatic spread. High levels of SK1 expression or activity have been associated with a poor prognosis in several human cancers. Recent studies using cancer cell and mouse models demonstrate a significant potential for SK1-targeting therapies to synergize with the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy; however, until recently the absence of clinically applicable SK1 inhibitors has limited the translation of these findings into patients. With the recent discovery of SK1 inhibiting properties of a clinically approved drug FTY720 (Fingolimod), SK1 has gained significant attention from both clinicians and the pharmaceutical industry and it is hoped that trials of newly developed SK1 inhibitors may follow soon. This review provides an overview of the SK1 signaling, its relevance to cancer progression, and the potential clinical significance of targeting SK1 for improved local or systemic control of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Alshaker
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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76
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Maurer B, Distler O. Emerging targeted therapies in scleroderma lung and skin fibrosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2013; 25:843-58. [PMID: 22265265 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystemic fibrotic disorder that affects the skin and internal organs. Despite an improved outcome probably reflecting a better management of disease complications, morbidity and mortality remain higher than those of patients with other connective tissue diseases. SSc is still considered incurable; however, during recent years, intensive research activities have deepened the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and have led to the identification of cellular and molecular anti-fibrotic targets. This review article will discuss potential future targeted therapeutic options based on data from in vitro studies, experimental models of fibrosis and first human trials with focus on scleroderma skin and lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Maurer
- Department of Rheumatology and Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
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77
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Interstitial lung disease: is interstitial lung disease the same as scleroderma lung disease? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 24:656-62. [PMID: 22955020 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3283588de4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Among the most common forms of lung fibrosis are idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD). Despite a wealth of literature regarding each of these diseases, studies that directly compare IPF and SSc-ILD are rare. RECENT FINDINGS This review compares the salient features of IPF and SSc-ILD. Clinical presentation and demographics will be presented, along with the newly released radiographic and pathologic criteria for IPF. Evolving concepts of pathogenesis including the role of structural cell injury, the pathogenic role of macrophages and lymphocytes, and the origin of fibroblasts are described. We conclude with new developments in the search for predictive biomarkers of disease progression, such as markers of epithelial injury, lymphocyte subsets, and circulating fibrocytes, will be presented. We conclude with a discussion of the results of recent clinical trials. SUMMARY It is found that despite differences in clinical presentation and response to treatment, similarities are noted in proposed pathogenesis and putative biomarkers. It is hoped that this information will lead to studies aimed at understanding the factors driving these difficult to treat and often deadly diseases.
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78
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lipid mediators including the lysophospholipids, sphingolipids and eicosanoids have long been implicated in inflammation, cancer and numerous other diseases. Over the last decade, new research suggests a role for these mediators in fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent developments in the study of fibrotic mediators have centered on lysophospholipids and eicosanoids. New research is evaluating metabolic-profiling strategies to quantitatively measure lipid mediators in human plasma. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor antagonists are currently under development with early phase trials scheduled for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and scleroderma dermal fibrosis. Eicosanoids have long been implicated in maintaining tissue homeostasis, and the balance of profibrotic and antifibrotic effects has drawn attention in recent years. Targeting the prostanoids, specifically PGE2 and PGI2, as well as the leukotrienes is now being considered for antifibrotic therapies. SUMMARY Lipid mediators have significant roles in many disease processes. Significant research now suggests a critical role for these mediators in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Targeting these mediators is a promising area of drug discovery.
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79
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Morishige J, Uto Y, Hori H, Satouchi K, Yoshiomoto T, Tokumura A. Lysophosphatidic acid produced by hen egg white lysophospholipase D induces vascular development on extraembryonic membranes. Lipids 2013; 48:251-62. [PMID: 23381130 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (lysoPtdOH), a lysophospholipid mediator, exerts diverse physiological effects, including angiogenesis, through its specific G-protein-coupled receptors. Previously, we showed that unfertilized hen egg white contains polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich lysoPtdOH and lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD). Here, we examined whether lysoPtdOH was produced by lysoPLD in the presence and absence of a hen fertilized ovum and what the physiological role of lysoPtdOH in hen egg white is. Mass spectrometry showed that fertilized hen egg white contained about 8 μM lysoPtdOH before incubation with an ovum, mainly comprised of 18:1- (12.6 %), 18:2- (37.8 %) and 20:4-molecular species (41.5 %). In an early gestation period, the lysoPtdOH was increased up to 9.6 μM, concomitant with a decrease in the level of polyunsaturated lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPtdCho). Moreover, lysoPtdOH-degrading activities were found in egg white and the vitelline membrane, showing that these enzymes control lysoPtdOH levels in egg white. In an egg yolk angiogenesis assay, two lysoPtdOH receptor antagonists, Ki16425 and N-palmitoyl serine phosphoric acid (NASP), inhibited blood vessel formation induced by exogenously added 18:1-lysoPtdOH and its precursor lysoPtdCho on the hen yolk sac. Ki16425 and NASP also inhibited blood vessel formation in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Furthermore, the relatively higher levels of LPA₁, LPA₂, LPA₄ and LPA₆ mRNA were present in the yolk sac and CAM. These results suggest that lysoPtdOH produced from lysoPtdCho by the action of lysoPLD in hen egg white is involved in the formation of blood vessel networks through several lysoPtdOH receptors on various extraembryonic membranes, including the yolk sac membrane and CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Morishige
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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Takuwa N, Okamoto Y, Yoshioka K, Takuwa Y. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling and cardiac fibrosis. Inflamm Regen 2013. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.33.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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81
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Sumida H, Nakamura K, Yanagida K, Ohkawa R, Asano Y, Kadono T, Tamaki K, Igarashi K, Aoki J, Sato S, Ishii S, Shimizu T, Yatomi Y. Decrease in circulating autotaxin by oral administration of prednisolone. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 415:74-80. [PMID: 23063960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autotaxin (ATX), secreted mainly from adipose tissue, functions as a lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) to hydrolyze lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX-LPA signaling is implicated in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes including immune response. METHODS The present study measured serum ATX antigen levels in patients with various autoimmune diseases using a recently developed automated enzyme immunoassay. In addition, serum lysoPLD activity was assessed by measuring choline liberation from the substrate LPC. Moreover, the effect of prednisolone (PSL) on mRNA expression of ATX was evaluated using cultured adipose tissue from mice. RESULTS Decreased serum ATX antigen levels were observed after the initiation of treatment with PSL. The decreased levels recovered during tapering of PSL dose in a dose-dependent manner without exacerbation of disease activity. Moreover, decreased ATX mRNA expression in PSL-treated cultured murine adipose tissue suggested that the effect of PSL on serum ATX may have resulted from changes in adipose tissue ATX expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that measurement of serum ATX antigen level may be clinically useful for the assessment of steroid treatment effect and drug compliance with steroids. Furthermore, our findings provide many novel insights into the biosynthesis, physiological functions, pathological roles, and clinical significance of circulating ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayakazu Sumida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Schwalm S, Pfeilschifter J, Huwiler A. Sphingosine-1-phosphate: a Janus-faced mediator of fibrotic diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:239-50. [PMID: 22889995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a pleiotropic lipid mediator that acts either on G protein-coupled S1P receptors on the cell surface or via intracellular target sites. In addition to the well established effects of S1P in angiogenesis, carcinogenesis and immunity, evidence is now continuously accumulating which demonstrates that S1P is an important regulator of fibrosis. The contribution of S1P to fibrosis is of a Janus-faced nature as S1P exhibits both pro- and anti-fibrotic effects depending on its site of action. Extracellular S1P promotes fibrotic processes in a S1P receptor-dependent manner, whereas intracellular S1P has an opposite effect and dampens a fibrotic reaction by yet unidentified mechanisms. Fibrosis is a result of chronic irritation by various factors and is defined by an excess production of extracellular matrix leading to tissue scarring and organ dysfunction. In this review, we highlight the general effects of extracellular and intracellular S1P on the multistep cascade of pathological fibrogenesis including tissue injury, inflammation and the action of pro-fibrotic cytokines that stimulate ECM production and deposition. In a second part we summarize the current knowledge about the involvement of S1P signaling in the development of organ fibrosis of the lung, kidney, liver, heart and skin. Altogether, it is becoming clear that targeting the sphingosine kinase-1/S1P signaling pathway offers therapeutic potential in the treatment of various fibrotic processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schwalm
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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83
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Uyama T, Ikematsu N, Inoue M, Shinohara N, Jin XH, Tsuboi K, Tonai T, Tokumura A, Ueda N. Generation of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine by members of the phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLA/AT) family. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31905-19. [PMID: 22825852 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.368712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), including N-palmitoylethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine, and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), are formed from membrane glycerophospholipids in animal tissues. The pathway is initiated by N-acylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to form N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). Despite the physiological importance of this reaction, the enzyme responsible, N-acyltransferase, remains molecularly uncharacterized. We recently demonstrated that all five members of the HRAS-like suppressor tumor family are phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes with N-acyltransferase activity and are renamed HRASLS1-5 as phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLA/AT)-1-5. However, it was poorly understood whether these proteins were involved in the formation of NAPE in living cells. In the present studies, we first show that COS-7 cells transiently expressing recombinant PLA/AT-1, -2, -4, or -5, and HEK293 cells stably expressing PLA/AT-2 generated significant amounts of [(14)C]NAPE and [(14)C]NAE when cells were metabolically labeled with [(14)C]ethanolamine. Second, as analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the stable expression of PLA/AT-2 in cells remarkably increased endogenous levels of NAPEs and NAEs with various N-acyl species. Third, when NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D was additionally expressed in PLA/AT-2-expressing cells, accumulating NAPE was efficiently converted to NAE. We also found that PLA/AT-2 was partly responsible for NAPE formation in HeLa cells that endogenously express PLA/AT-2. These results suggest that PLA/AT family proteins may produce NAPEs serving as precursors of bioactive NAEs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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84
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Pyne NJ, Dubois G, Pyne S. Role of sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid in fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:228-38. [PMID: 22801038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights an emerging role for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in many different types of fibrosis. Indeed, both LPA and S1P are involved in the multi-process pathogenesis of fibrosis, being implicated in promoting the well-established process of differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and the more controversial epithelial-mesenchymal transition and homing of fibrocytes to fibrotic lesions. Therefore, targeting the production of these bioactive lysolipids or blocking their sites/mechanisms of action has therapeutic potential. Indeed, LPA receptor 1 (LPA(1)) selective antagonists are currently being developed for the treatment of fibrosis of the lung as well as a neutralising anti-S1P antibody that is currently in Phase 1 clinical trials for treatment of age related macular degeneration. Thus, LPA- and S1P-directed therapeutics may not be too far from the clinic. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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85
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First-in-class antifibrotic therapy targeting type 1 lysophosphatidic acid receptor. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:945-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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86
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Takuwa Y, Ikeda H, Okamoto Y, Takuwa N, Yoshioka K. Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a mediator involved in development of fibrotic diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:185-92. [PMID: 22735357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by massive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) such as type I/III collagens and fibronectin that are secreted by an expanded pool of myofibroblasts, which are phenotypically altered fibroblasts with more contractile, proliferative, migratory and secretory activities. Fibrosis occurs in various organs including the lung, heart, liver and kidney, resulting in loss of normal tissue architecture and functions. Myofibroblasts could originate from multiple sources including tissue-resident fibroblasts, epithelial and endothelial cells through mechanisms of epithelial/endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT/EndMT), and bone marrow-derived circulating progenitors called fibrocytes. Emerging evidence in recent years shows that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) acts on several types of target cells and is engaged in pro-fibrotic inflammatory process and fibrogenic process through multiple mechanisms, which include vascular permeability change, leukocyte infiltration, and migration, proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation of fibroblasts. Many of these S1P actions are receptor subtype-specific. In these actions, S1P has multiple cross-talks with other cytokines, particularly transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), which plays a major role in fibrosis. The cross-talks include the regulation of S1P production through altered expression and activity of sphingosine kinases in fibrotic lesions, altered expression of S1P receptors, and S1P receptor-mediated transactivation of TGFβ signaling pathway. These cross-talks may give rise to a feed-forward, amplifying loop between S1P and TGFβ, and possibly with other cytokines in stimulating fibrogenesis. Another lysophospholipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid has also been recently implicated in fibrosis. The lysophospholipid signaling pathways represent novel, promising therapeutic targets for treating refractory fibrotic diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Takuwa
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
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87
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Shaping the landscape: metabolic regulation of S1P gradients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:193-202. [PMID: 22735358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid that functions as a metabolic intermediate and a cellular signaling molecule. These roles are integrated when compartments with differing extracellular S1P concentrations are formed that serve to regulate functions within the immune and vascular systems, as well as during pathologic conditions. Gradients of S1P concentration are achieved by the organization of cells with specialized expression of S1P metabolic pathways within tissues. S1P concentration gradients underpin the ability of S1P signaling to regulate in vivo physiology. This review will discuss the mechanisms that are necessary for the formation and maintenance of S1P gradients, with the aim of understanding how a simple lipid controls complex physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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88
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Shea BS, Tager AM. Sphingolipid regulation of tissue fibrosis. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:123-9. [PMID: 22802910 PMCID: PMC3395890 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive sphingolipids, such as sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate (dhS1P) and ceramide, regulate a diverse array of cellular processes. Many of these processes are important components of wound-healing responses to tissue injury, including cellular apoptosis, vascular leak, fibroblast migration, and TGF-β signaling. Since over-exuberant or aberrant wound-healing responses to repetitive injury have been implicated in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis, these signaling sphingolipids have the potential to influence the development and progression of fibrotic diseases. Here we review accumulating in vitro and in vivo data indicating that these lipid mediators can in fact influence fibrogenesis in numerous organ systems, including the lungs, skin, liver, heart, and eye. Targeting these lipids, their receptors, or the enzymes involved in their metabolism consequently now appears to hold great promise for the development of novel therapies for fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Shea
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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89
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Tokumura A, Taira S, Kikuchi M, Tsutsumi T, Shimizu Y, Watsky MA. Lysophospholipids and lysophospholipase D in rabbit aqueous humor following corneal injury. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 97:83-9. [PMID: 22281604 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-like activity eliciting Cl(-) currents in Xenopus oocytes is increased in rabbit aqueous humor (AH) following corneal freeze wounds. The purpose of this study was to examine whether actual levels of LPA in AH from wounded eyes are higher than those from control eyes, and to determine the sources and enzymatic pathways of AH LPA in control and wounded conditions. Lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity was measured by the enzymatic determination of choline following incubation of AH samples with exogenous lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs). The molecular species compositions of LPA and LPC in fresh and incubated AH were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A high, but similar activity of lysoPLD in the samples from both control and freeze-wounded eyes was detected. Its enzymatic properties resemble those of plasma lysoPLD, identified as autotaxin. Levels of LPCs, predominant substrates of lysoPLD in AH, were several times higher in the AH samples from injured eyes than those from the control eyes. Our results suggest that lysoPLD is constitutively released from corneal tissues and/or ciliary body into the AH, with no injury-induced increase in release following freeze-wounding. They also suggest that wound-induced increases in LPA-like biological activity are due to linoleoyl species-rich molecular composition in AH from wounded eyes. A possible mechanism of the altered molecular composition is an increase in the AH concentrations of LPCs, linoleoyl species of which are preferentially converted to corresponding unsaturated LPA by the constitutively active lysoPLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Tokumura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
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90
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Tsuboi K, Okamoto Y, Ikematsu N, Inoue M, Shimizu Y, Uyama T, Wang J, Deutsch DG, Burns MP, Ulloa NM, Tokumura A, Ueda N. Enzymatic formation of N-acylethanolamines from N-acylethanolamine plasmalogen through N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D-dependent and -independent pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:565-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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91
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Castelino FV, Seiders J, Bain G, Brooks SF, King CD, Swaney JS, Lorrain DS, Chun J, Luster AD, Tager AM. Amelioration of dermal fibrosis by genetic deletion or pharmacologic antagonism of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 in a mouse model of scleroderma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1405-15. [PMID: 21305523 DOI: 10.1002/art.30262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]), is characterized by progressive multiorgan fibrosis. We recently implicated lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the roles of LPA and two of its receptors, LPA₁ and LPA₂, in dermal fibrosis in a mouse model of SSc. METHODS Wild type (WT), and LPA₁-knockout (KO) and LPA₂-KO mice were injected subcutaneously with bleomycin or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) once daily for 28 days. Dermal thickness, collagen content, and numbers of cells positive for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) or phospho-Smad2 were determined in bleomycin-injected and PBS-injected skin. In separate experiments, a novel selective LPA₁ antagonist AM095 or vehicle alone was administered by oral gavage to C57BL/6 mice that were challenged with 28 daily injections of bleomycin or PBS. AM095 or vehicle treatments were initiated concurrently with, or 7 or 14 days after, the initiation of bleomycin and PBS injections and continued to the end of the experiments. Dermal thickness and collagen content were determined in injected skin. RESULTS The LPA₁ -KO mice were markedly resistant to bleomycin-induced increases in dermal thickness and collagen content, whereas the LPA₂-KO mice were as susceptible as the WT mice. Bleomycin-induced increases in dermal α-SMA+ and phospho-Smad2+ cells were abrogated in LPA₁-KO mice. Pharmacologic antagonism of LPA₁ with AM095 significantly attenuated bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis when administered according to either a preventive regimen or two therapeutic regimens. CONCLUSION These results suggest that LPA/LPA₁ pathway inhibition has the potential to be an effective new therapeutic strategy for SSc, and that LPA₁ is an attractive pharmacologic target in dermal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia V Castelino
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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92
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Tsutsumi T, Adachi M, Nikawadori M, Morishige J, Tokumura A. Presence of bioactive lysophosphatidic acid in renal effluent of rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction. Life Sci 2011; 89:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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93
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Adachi M, Horiuchi G, Ikematsu N, Tanaka T, Terao J, Satouchi K, Tokumura A. Intragastrically administered lysophosphatidic acids protect against gastric ulcer in rats under water-immersion restraint stress. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:2252-61. [PMID: 21298479 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Lysophosphatidic acid exerts important physiological effects on many types of animal cells through its specific binding to several G protein-coupled receptors. In particular, its potent wound-healing effect has attracted much attention. To determine whether lysophosphatidic acids in a foodstuff and Chinese medicine are effective in protecting against gastric ulcer, we subjected rats to water-immersion restraint stress. METHODS AND RESULTS Three direct administrations of a solution of lysophosphatidic acid with a C18 fatty acyl group to the rat stomach in a concentration range of 0.001-0.1 mM resulted in a significant reduction in the number of gastric ulcers induced during water-immersion restraint stress, and the potencies were as follows: linoleoyl species=α-linolenoyl species>oleoyl species. Intragastric administrations of a solution of highly purified lysophosphatidic acid from soybean lecithin significantly protected against the stress-induced gastric ulcers at lower concentrations than partially purified lysophosphatidic acid from soybean lecithin did. In addition, administration of a decocted solution of antyu-san, and lysophosphatidic acid-rich Chinese medicine, to the stomach was more effective in protecting against stress-induced ulcer than decoctations of antyu-san lacking the corydalis tuber component that is rich in lysophosphatidic acid. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly show that lysophosphatidic acid is the effective component of soybean lecithin and antyu-san in protection against stress-induced gastric ulcer in the rat model, and suggest that daily intake of lysophosphatidic acid-rich foods or Chinese medicines may be beneficial for prevention of stress-induced gastric ulcer in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Adachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan.
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94
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Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite AE. Vascular involvement in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). J Inflamm Res 2011; 4:105-25. [PMID: 22096374 PMCID: PMC3218751 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s18145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an acquired multiorgan connective tissue disease with variable mortality and morbidity dictated by clinical subset type. The etiology of the basic disease and pathogenesis of the systemic autoimmunity, fibrosis, and fibroproliferative vasculopathy are unknown and debated. In this review, the spectrum of vascular abnormalities and the options currently available to treat the vascular manifestations of SSc are discussed. Also discussed is how the hallmark pathologies (ie, how autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and fibrosis of the disease) might be effected and interconnected with modulatory input from lysophospholipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debendra Pattanaik
- Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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95
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Inoue M, Adachi M, Shimizu Y, Tsutsumi T, Tokumura A. Comparison of lysophospholipid levels in rat feces with those in a standard chow. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7062-7067. [PMID: 21648420 DOI: 10.1021/jf200986k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although lysophospholipids have attracted much attention due to their diverse physiological activities through their specific receptors, little is known about their metabolic fates in mammalian digestive systems after their ingestion as a minor food component. In this study, we analyzed five lysophospholipids in lipid extracts of a standard rat chow and feces of rats fed the chow by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The most abundant lysophospholipid in the rat chow was lysophosphatidylcholine followed by lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) in an increasing order, but their concentrations were very low in rat feces. Among the molecular species of LPS in the chow, only saturated species were detected in the feces in significant amounts. In addition, several molecular species of LPA remained in the feces in variable portions (saturated > monounsaturated > polyunsaturated). These results suggest that a portion of ingested LPA and LPS reach the rat large intestine, affecting physiological colon functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Inoue
- Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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96
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Gupte R, Patil R, Liu J, Wang Y, Lee SC, Fujiwara Y, Fells J, Bolen AL, Emmons-Thompson K, Yates CR, Siddam A, Panupinthu N, Pham TCT, Baker DL, Parrill AL, Mills GB, Tigyi G, Miller DD. Benzyl and naphthalene methylphosphonic acid inhibitors of autotaxin with anti-invasive and anti-metastatic activity. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:922-35. [PMID: 21465666 PMCID: PMC3517046 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX, NPP2) is a member of the nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase enzyme family. ATX catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by lysophospholipase D activity, which leads to generation of the growth-factor-like lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX is highly upregulated in metastatic and chemotherapy-resistant carcinomas and represents a potential target to mediate cancer invasion and metastasis. Herein we report the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of ATX inhibitors based on the 4-tetradecanoylaminobenzylphosphonic acid scaffold, which was previously found to lack sufficient stability in cellular systems. The new 4-substituted benzylphosphonic acid and 6-substituted naphthalen-2-ylmethylphosphonic acid analogues block ATX activity with K(i) values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range against FS3, LPC, and nucleotide substrates through a mixed-mode inhibition mechanism. None of the compounds tested inhibit the activity of related enzymes (NPP6 and NPP7). In addition, the compounds were evaluated as agonists or antagonists of seven LPA receptor (LPAR) subtypes. Analogues 22 and 30 b, the two most potent ATX inhibitors, inhibit the invasion of MM1 hepatoma cells across murine mesothelial and human vascular endothelial monolayers in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The average terminal half-life for compound 22 is 10±5.4 h and it causes a long-lasting decrease in plasma LPA levels. Compounds 22 and 30 b significantly decrease lung metastasis of B16-F10 syngeneic mouse melanoma in a post-inoculation treatment paradigm. The 4-substituted benzylphosphonic acids and 6-substituted naphthalen-2-ylmethylphosphonic acids described herein represent new lead compounds that effectively inhibit the ATX-LPA-LPAR axis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Gupte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Renukadevi Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Jianxiong Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Yaohong Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Sue C. Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - James Fells
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Alyssa L. Bolen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Karin Emmons-Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - C. Ryan Yates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Anjaih Siddam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 (USA)
| | | | - Daniel L. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, TN 38152 (USA)
| | - Abby L. Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, TN 38152 (USA),Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, TN 38152 (USA)
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 (USA)
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
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97
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Rancoule C, Pradère JP, Gonzalez J, Klein J, Valet P, Bascands JL, Schanstra JP, Saulnier-Blache JS. Lysophosphatidic acid-1-receptor targeting agents for fibrosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:657-67. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.566864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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98
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Bolen AL, Naren AP, Yarlagadda S, Beranova-Giorgianni S, Chen L, Norman D, Baker DL, Rowland MM, Best MD, Sano T, Tsukahara T, Liliom K, Igarashi Y, Tigyi G. The phospholipase A1 activity of lysophospholipase A-I links platelet activation to LPA production during blood coagulation. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:958-70. [PMID: 21393252 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m013326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation initiates an upsurge in polyunsaturated (18:2 and 20:4) lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. The biochemical pathway(s) responsible for LPA production during blood clotting are not yet fully understood. Here we describe the purification of a phospholipase A(1) (PLA(1)) from thrombin-activated human platelets using sequential chromatographic steps followed by fluorophosphonate (FP)-biotin affinity labeling and proteomics characterization that identified acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (APT1), also known as lysophospholipase A-I (LYPLA-I; accession code O75608) as a novel PLA(1). Addition of this recombinant PLA(1) significantly increased the production of sn-2-esterified polyunsaturated LPCs and the corresponding LPAs in plasma. We examined the regioisomeric preference of lysophospholipase D/autotaxin (ATX), which is the subsequent step in LPA production. To prevent acyl migration, ether-linked regioisomers of oleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-PAF) were synthesized. ATX preferred the sn-1 to the sn-2 regioisomer of lyso-PAF. We propose the following LPA production pathway in blood: 1) Activated platelets release PLA(1); 2) PLA(1) generates a pool of sn-2 lysophospholipids; 3) These newly generated sn-2 lysophospholipids undergo acyl migration to yield sn-1 lysophospholipids, which are the preferred substrates of ATX; and 4) ATX cleaves the sn-1 lysophospholipids to generate sn-1 LPA species containing predominantly 18:2 and 20:4 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Bolen
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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99
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Hu PF, Chen Y, Cai PF, Jiang LF, Wu LD. Sphingosine-1-phosphate: a potential therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4225-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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100
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Yin Z, Carbone LD, Gotoh M, Postlethwaite A, Bolen AL, Tigyi GJ, Murakami-Murofushi K, Watsky MA. Lysophosphatidic acid-activated Cl- current activity in human systemic sclerosis skin fibroblasts. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:2290-7. [PMID: 20823096 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SSc (scleroderma) is an often fatal disease characterized by widespread tissue fibrosis. Fibroblasts play a key role in SSc-associated fibrosis. This study was designed to determine: (i) whether fibroblasts isolated from skin of patients with SSc have increased lysophosphatidic acid-activated Cl- current (IClLPA) activity vs healthy controls; (ii) whether myofibroblast differentiation is involved in SSc skin fibrosis; and (iii) whether SSc fibroblasts have different proliferation rates vs controls. METHODS Skin biopsies were taken from involved and uninvolved skin of SSc patients and controls. Whole-cell perforated patch-clamping was used to measure IClLPA activity in fibroblasts isolated and cultured from these biopsies. Western blotting was used to measure α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Proliferation was measured using a colorimetric assay. RESULTS Fibroblasts cultured from SSc skin show significantly increased IClLPA activity following LPA exposure compared with control skin fibroblasts. α-SMA protein was significantly increased in cultured SSc skin fibroblasts vs controls. No significant differences in proliferation rates were found. CONCLUSIONS Elevated IClLPA activity is a hallmark of SSc skin fibroblasts. Blocking IClLPA activation may be a new therapeutic approach for treating SSc-associated fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohong Yin
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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