Molecular single-bond covalent radii for elements 1-118

Review: gas-phase ion chemistry of the noble gases: recent advances and future perspectives

This review article surveys recent experimental and theoretical advances in the gas-phase ion chemistry of the noble gases. Covered issues include the interaction of the noble gases with metal and non-metal cations, the conceivable existence of covalent noble-gas anions, the occurrence of ion-molecule reactions involving singly-charged xenon cations, and the occurrence of bond-forming reactions involving doubly-charged cations. Research themes are also highlighted, that are expected to attract further interest in the future.

A suggested periodic table up to Z≤ 172, based on Dirac-Fock calculations on atoms and ions

Extended Average Level (EAL) Dirac-Fock calculations on atoms and ions agree with earlier work in that a rough shell-filling order for the elements 119-172 is 8s < 5g≤ 8p(1/2) < 6f < 7d < 9s < 9p(1/2) < 8p(3/2). The present Periodic Table develops further that of Fricke, Greiner and Waber [Theor. Chim. Acta 1971, 21, 235] by formally assigning the elements 121-164 to (nlj) slots on the basis of the electron configurations of their ions. Simple estimates are made for likely maximum oxidation states, i, of these elements M in their MX(i) compounds, such as i = 6 for UF(6). Particularly high i are predicted for the 6f elements.

On the molecular and electronic structures of AsP3 and P4

The molecular and electronic structures of AsP(3) and P(4) have been investigated. Gas-phase electron diffraction studies of AsP(3) have provided r(g) bond lengths of 2.3041(12) and 2.1949(28) A for the As-P interatomic distances and the P-P interatomic distances, respectively. The gas-phase electron diffraction structure of P(4) has been redetermined and provides an updated value of 2.1994(3) A for the P-P interatomic distances, reconciling conflicting literature values. Gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy provides experimental values for the energies of ionizations from the valence molecular orbitals of AsP(3) and P(4) and shows that electronically AsP(3) and P(4) are quite similar. Solid-state (75)As and (31)P NMR spectroscopy demonstrate the plastic nature of AsP(3) and P(4) as solids, and an extreme upfield (75)As chemical shift has been confirmed for the As atom in AsP(3). Finally, quantum chemical gauge-including magnetically induced current calculations show that AsP(3) and P(4) can accurately be described as strongly aromatic. Together these data provide a cohesive description of the molecular and electronic properties of these two tetraatomic molecules.

Multielectron redox activity facilitated by metal-metal interactions in early/late heterobimetallics: Co/Zr complexes supported by phosphinoamide ligands

To assess the effect of dative M-->M interactions on redox properties in early/late heterobimetallic complexes, a series of Co/Zr complexes supported by phosphinoamide ligands have been synthesized and characterized. Treatment of the Zr metalloligands (Ph(2)PN(i)Pr)(3)ZrCl (1), ((i)Pr(2)PNMes)(3)ZrCl (2), and ((i)Pr(2)PN(i)Pr)(3)ZrCl (3) with CoI(2) leads to reduction from Co(II) to Co(I) and isolation of the heterobimetallic complexes ICo(Ph(2)PN(i)Pr)(3)ZrCl (4), ICo((i)Pr(2)PNMes)(3)ZrCl (5), and ICo((i)Pr(2)PN(i)Pr)(3)ZrCl (6), respectively. Interestingly, treatment of CoI(2) with the phosphinoamine Ph(2)PNH(i)Pr in the absence of a bound Zr center leads to the disubstituted Co(II) complex (Ph(2)PNH(i)Pr)(2)CoI(2) (7). The tris(phosphinoamine) Co(I) complex (Ph(2)PNH(i)Pr)(3)CoI (8) can only be generated in the presence of an added reductant such as Zn(0), indicating that the reduction of Co(II) to Co(I) only occurs in the presence of Zr in the formation of complexes 4-6. Structural characterization of 4-6 reveals a Zr-Co interaction, with interatomic distances of 2.7315(5) A, 2.6280(5) A, and 2.6309(5) A, respectively. This distance appears to decrease as the phosphine donors on Co become more electron-releasing, strengthening the dative Co-->Zr interaction. Cyclic voltammetry of 4-6 shows that all three compounds can be further reduced by two electrons at relatively mild reduction potentials (-1.65 V to -2.07 V vs Fc/Fc(+)). The potentials at which these reductions occur in each of these complexes are largely governed by the extent to which electron-density is donated to Zr, as well as the electron-donating ability of the phosphine substituents. Moreover, cyclic voltammetry of complex 8 reveals that in the absence of Zr, the Co center is significantly more electron rich, and thus more difficult to reduce. Chemical reduction of 5 leads to the isolation of the two-electron reduced dinitrogen complex [N(2)Co((i)Pr(2)PNMes)(3)ZrX][Na(THF)(5)] (9). X-ray crystallography of 9 reveals that two-electron reduction is accompanied by a significant contraction of the Co-Zr interatomic distance from 2.6280(5) A to 2.4112(3) A. These heterobimetallic complexes have been studied computationally using density functional theory to examine the nature of the metal-metal interactions in these species.

Structural and theoretical insights into the perturbation of uranium-rhenium bonds by dative Lewis base ancillary ligands

Amine-elimination gave the two uranium-rhenium complexes [(Ts(Xy))(THF)(n)URe(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(2)] [Ts(Xy) = HC(SiMe(2)N-3,5-Me(2)C(6)H(3))(3); n = 0 or 1]; structural and theoretical analyses, and comparison to [(Tren(TMS))URe(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(2)] [Tren(TMS) = N(CH(2)CH(2)NSiMe(3))(3)], reveal an increasing σ-component to the U-Re bond upon removal of dative ancillary ligands from uranium with the π-component remaining essentially invariant.

A consistent and accurate ab initio parametrization of density functional dispersion correction (DFT-D) for the 94 elements H-Pu

The method of dispersion correction as an add-on to standard Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT-D) has been refined regarding higher accuracy, broader range of applicability, and less empiricism. The main new ingredients are atom-pairwise specific dispersion coefficients and cutoff radii that are both computed from first principles. The coefficients for new eighth-order dispersion terms are computed using established recursion relations. System (geometry) dependent information is used for the first time in a DFT-D type approach by employing the new concept of fractional coordination numbers (CN). They are used to interpolate between dispersion coefficients of atoms in different chemical environments. The method only requires adjustment of two global parameters for each density functional, is asymptotically exact for a gas of weakly interacting neutral atoms, and easily allows the computation of atomic forces. Three-body nonadditivity terms are considered. The method has been assessed on standard benchmark sets for inter- and intramolecular noncovalent interactions with a particular emphasis on a consistent description of light and heavy element systems. The mean absolute deviations for the S22 benchmark set of noncovalent interactions for 11 standard density functionals decrease by 15%-40% compared to the previous (already accurate) DFT-D version. Spectacular improvements are found for a tripeptide-folding model and all tested metallic systems. The rectification of the long-range behavior and the use of more accurate C(6) coefficients also lead to a much better description of large (infinite) systems as shown for graphene sheets and the adsorption of benzene on an Ag(111) surface. For graphene it is found that the inclusion of three-body terms substantially (by about 10%) weakens the interlayer binding. We propose the revised DFT-D method as a general tool for the computation of the dispersion energy in molecules and solids of any kind with DFT and related (low-cost) electronic structure methods for large systems.

Intramolecular chalcogen-tin interactions in [(o-MeEC6H4)CH2]2SnPh(2-n)Cl(n) (E = S, O, CH2; n = 0, 1, 2) and intermolecular chlorine-tin interactions in the meta- and para-methoxy isomers

Organotin(IV) compounds of the type [(o-MeEC(6)H(4))CH(2)](2)SnPh(2-n)Cl(n) were synthesized, E = O, n = 0 (1), n = 1 (2), and n = 2 (3); E = S, n = 0 (4), n = 1 (5), and n = 2 (6); and E = CH(2), n = 0 (7), n = 1 (8), and n = 2 (9). The dichloro compounds 3 and 6 have been investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and exhibit bicapped tetrahedral geometry at the tin atom as a consequence of significant intramolecular Sn...O (3) and Sn...S (6) secondary bonding, in monomolecular units. Compound 3, when crystallized from a hexane/THF solvent mixture, shows two different conformers, 3' and 3'', in the crystal structure; 3' has two equivalent Sn...O interactions, while 3'' has two nonequivalent Sn...O interactions. Upon the recrystallization of 3 from hexane, only a single structural form is observed, 3'. The Sn...E distances in 3', 3'', and 6 are 71.3, 73.5 and 72.9, and 76.3% of the SigmavdW radii, respectively. The meta- and para-substituted isomers of 3 (10, 11) exhibit a distortion at the tin atom due to self-association via intermolecular Sn...Cl interactions, resulting in polymeric structures. (119)Sn NMR spectroscopy suggests that the intramolecular Sn...E interactions persist in solution for the dichloride compounds 3 and 6.

Triple-bond reactivity of an AsP complex intermediate: synthesis stemming from molecular arsenic, As(4)

While P(4) is the stable molecular form of phosphorus, a recent study illustrated the possibility of P(2) generation for reactions in organic media under mild conditions. The heavier group 15 element arsenic can exist as As(4) molecules, but As(4) cannot be stored as a pure substance because it is both light-sensitive and reverts thermally to its stable, metallic gray form. Herein we report As(4) activation giving rise to a mu-As(2) diniobium complex, serving in turn as precursor to a terminal arsenide anion complex of niobium. Functionalization of the latter provides the new AsPNMes* ligand, which when complexed with tungsten pentacarbonyl elicits extrusion of the (AsP)W(CO)(5) molecule as a reactive intermediate. Trapping reactions of the latter with organic dienes are found to furnish double Diels-Alder adducts in which the AsP unit is embedded in a polycyclic organic framework. Thermal generation of (AsP)W(CO)(5) in the presence of the neutral terminal phosphide complex P identical withMo(N[(i)Pr]Ar)(3) leads to the cyclo-AsP(2) complex (OC)(5)W(cyclo-AsP(2))Mo(N[(i)Pr]Ar)(3). The (AsP)W(CO)(5) trapping products were crystallized and characterized by X-ray diffraction methods, and computational methods were applied for analysis of the As-As and As-P bonds in the complexes.

Homoleptic organoderivatives of high-valent nickel(III)

Homoleptic perhalophenyl derivatives of divalent nickel complexes with the general formula [NBu(4)](2)[Ni(II)(C(6)X(5))(4)] [X=F (1), Cl (2)] have been prepared by low-temperature treatment of the halo-complex precursor [NBu(4)](2)[NiBr(4)] with the corresponding organolithium reagent LiC(6)X(5). Compounds 1 and 2 are electrochemically related by reversible one-electron exchange processes with the corresponding organometallate(III) compounds [NBu(4)][Ni(III)(C(6)X(5))(4)] [X=F (3), Cl (4)]. The potentials of the [Ni(III)(C(6)X(5))(4)](-)/[Ni(II)(C(6)X(5))(4)](2-) couples are +0.07 and -0.11 V for X=F or Cl, respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 have also been prepared and isolated in good yield by chemical oxidation of 1 or 2 with bromine or the amminium salt [N(C(6)H(4)Br-4)(3)][SbCl(6)]. The [Ni(III)(C(6)X(5))(4)](-) species have SP-4 structures in the salts 3 and 4, as established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The [Ni(II)(C(6)F(5))(4)](2-) ion in the parent compound 1 has also been found to exhibit a rather similar SP-4 structure. According to their SP-4 geometry, the Ni(III) compounds (d(7)) behave as S=1/2 systems both at microscopic (EPR) and macroscopic levels (ac and dc magnetization measurements). The spin Hamiltonian parameters obtained from the analysis of the magnetic behavior of 3 and 4 within the framework of ligand field theory show that the unpaired electron is centered mainly on the metal atom, with >97 % estimated d(z(2) ) contribution. Thermal decomposition of 3 and 4 proceeds with formation of the corresponding C(6)X(5)--C(6)X(5) coupling compounds.