Treatment options for central retinal artery occlusion

Successful treatment of central retinal artery thromboembolism with ocular massage and intravenous acetazolamide

A 67-year-old woman presented with left-sided headache and blurred vision, worse during hypertensive episodes. CT angiography showed a 4 mm left internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm incorporating the ophthalmic artery. She passed a test balloon occlusion, so the aneurysm was coil occluded, without immediate complication. Four days postprocedure she experienced sudden loss of vision in the left eye and funduscopy showed central retinal artery occlusion secondary to emboli from the coiled aneurysm. She was treated promptly with intravenous acetazolamide and ocular massage and regained full visual acuity. Thromboembolism to the eye during or after neurointerventional treatment is a relatively rare but devastating complication. This report demonstrates the effectiveness of combined intravenous acetazolamide and ocular massage in dealing with this complication when delivered promptly.

Acute visual loss with ophthalmoplegia after spinal surgery: report of a case and review of the literature

We report a case of a 15-year-old boy who presented with profound visual loss and complete ophthalmoplegia after an uneventful spinal surgery for removal of cervical osteoblastoma. Postoperative visual loss following nonocular surgery is, fortunately rare, yet a devastating complication. The most common cause is ischemic optic neuropathy, but it can also be due to central retinal occlusion or cortical blindness. Visual loss in conjunction with ophthalmoplegia is rarely seen, and there are very few reports in the literature. We also review the related literature and highlight the mechanism and preventive measures.

Central retinal artery occlusion occurring intraoperatively during angiography for subarachnoid hemorrhage: a case report

PURPOSE

To report a case of central retinal artery occlusion that occurred during cerebral angiography for the treatment of vasospasm secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage.

RESULTS

Examination was notable for 20/Hand Motion vision and an afferent pupillary defect. Fundus examination at the time of the event revealed a cherry red spot typical of central retinal artery occlusion with surrounding edema of the retina and severe attenuation of the arterioles. There were no emboli noted. Review of the angiography confirmed flow to the ophthalmic artery and retina at the start of the procedure, with severely decreased flow noted at the end of the procedure. Five days after presentation, there were notable areas of potential choroidal infarction, indicating that the ophthalmic artery was also involved to some extent. The patient refused fluorescein angiography, which could have provided more insight to the extent of ischemia. Optical coherence tomography also showed diffuse retinal edema. She was monitored for complications resulting from this event with visual acuity remaining largely unchanged.

CONCLUSION

Ophthalmic and central retinal artery occlusions are devastating events that result in severe vision loss. Most patients have some underlying risk factors precluding the initial event. Undergoing angiography, or other invasive vascular procedure, may put the patient at risk for distal vascular occlusions. Our case is unique in that it shows intraoperative imaging of the acute event occurrence.

Low endogenous recanalization in embolic central retinal artery occlusion--the retrobulbar "spot sign"

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is most often indirectly diagnosed by lack of retinal perfusion. Direct embolus characterization may help to understand the natural course and low response to treatment. In a previous study we identified a hyperechoic signal within the optic nerve and in the central retinal artery ("spot sign").

METHODS

In this study we performed a follow-up investigation in 7 patients with CRAO and positive spot sign indicating the embolic cause of the occlusion after a median interval of 17 months (range 11-38 months) using a battery of tests (ocular color-coded sonography, optic coherence tomography [OCT], fundoscopy, amongst others).

RESULTS

The spot sign persisted in all patients, none had high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis, stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Four patients were completely blind, 3 patients were able to recognize hand movements. OCT demonstrated retinal atrophy, and fundoscopy revealed only minimal arterial perfusion.

CONCLUSIONS

The hyperechoic spot sign may be an important predictive prognostic marker for persistent loss of vision. Its persistence may indicate calcified or cholesterol emboli and may explain the low therapeutic success rate to thrombolysis. Further studies on their origin and significance in atherosclerotic disease are warranted.

Optic Canal Decompression and Direct Ophthalmic Artery Fibrinolysis for Traumatic Optic Neuropathy With Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

Central retinal artery occlusion is a rare association of traumatic optic neuropathy. Superselective fibrinolytic therapy is a management option for central artery occlusion that reduces systemic side effects of thrombolysis. A rare case of posttraumatic central retinal artery occlusion is described where optic nerve decompression was performed followed by restoration of central retinal flow by direct puncture of ophthalmic artery and institution of fibrinolytic therapy.

The central retinal artery occlusion in the right eye followed by a branch retinal artery occlusion in the left eye four days later

A 65-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with complaints of sudden, painless, decrease in vision, and sectoral visual field defect in the left eye and later presented to our clinic again with a history of sudden loss of vision in her right eye. In this case study we reported that the patient had branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) in the left eye and at the same time progressing central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in the right eye.

[Systemic conditions associated with central and branch retinal artery occlusions]

INTRODUCTION

Retinal artery occlusions (RAO) are severe conditions threatening vision, affecting the subsequent mortality of these patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the work-up performed in all patients diagnosed with retinal artery occlusions evaluated in two university hospitals in France (Tours and Angers).

RESULTS

A total of 131 patients (131 eyes) with RAO were included, with a mean age of 69.5years and male predominance (64 %). Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) resulted in poor initial visual acuity (90 % less than count fingers), whereas those with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) had better visual acuity (63.6 % better than 20/40). Systemic arterial hypertension (HTN) was the most common associated risk factor. Carotid stenosis was found in 50 % of cases, leading to endarterectomy in nine patients (6.9 %), while an underlying cardiac cause was implicated in 14 % of cases. Giant cell arteritis was diagnosed in five patients (3.8 %).

DISCUSSION

Work-up of RAO may detect treatable cardiovascular and systemic conditions, allowing prevention of further ocular recurrence or stroke.

CONCLUSION

Etiologic work-up of retinal arterial occlusion can diagnose potentially treatable underlying systemic conditions, such as giant cell arteritis, cardiac conditions and extracranial cerebrovascular disease. Giant cell arteritis has to be ruled out at the acute phase, while the role and timing of semi-urgent testing (supra-aortic Doppler echography, echocardiography, electrocardiography, lab work-up) or delayed testing (transesophageal echocardiography, brain imaging) have yet to be determined.

ND-yag laser arteriotomy for central retinal artery occlusion

PURPOSE

To report a case of central retinal artery occlusion treated with Nd-YAG arteriotomy with successful outcome.

METHODS

Interventional case report of a 61-year-old man with central retinal artery occlusion who underwent an arteriotomy with embolectomy/embolysis with Nd-YAG laser.

RESULTS

Best-corrected visual acuity improved to 9/200 immediately and 20/200 one day after the procedure. Two months later, the patient underwent pars plana vitrectomy for dispersed, nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage. Three months later, the patient had cataract surgery. Visual field significantly improved centrally at 5 months after Nd-YAG laser procedure. The final visual acuity was 20/40 at 15 months after the procedure.

CONCLUSION

Nd-YAG laser may be beneficial in selected cases of retinal artery occlusion by enhancing the restoration of blood flow in the retinal vessels.