101
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Argov-Argaman N, Eshel O, Moallem U, Lehrer H, Uni Z, Arieli A. Effects of dietary carbohydrates on rumen epithelial metabolism of nonlactating heifers. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3977-86. [PMID: 22720952 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ruminal wall metabolism was studied in nonlactating heifers by altering the carbohydrate (CHO) digestion site between rumen and intestine. The CHO digestion site was estimated from in situ and total-tract digestibility of control (CONT) diets and diets supplemented with corn (CRN), barley (BARL), or soy hulls (SOYH). Ruminal epithelial metabolism regulating gene expression, morphology, and nutrient delivery was assessed from a combination of rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, biopsies for papilla morphology, and expression of putative metabolic regulatory genes encoding enzymes that facilitate VFA utilization. Digestible dry matter and CHO intake were 25 and 45% higher, respectively, in the supplemented diets than in CONT diets. Fiber supplementation increased the intestinal and decreased ruminal CHO digestion. Ruminal nonfiber CHO digestibility was 10% lower in CRN than with the high rumen-degradable supplement. The CONT heifers had lowest total ruminal VFA and highest acetate concentration relative to the other treatments. Total VFA concentration in BARL and CRN diets tended to be higher than in SOYH. The SOYH diet tended to reduce papilla dimension relative to CRN and BARL. The CRN diet tended to increase papilla surface area relative to BARL and SOYH. Gene expression of propionyl-coenzyme A carboxylase was higher in CRN and BARL than in SOYH diets, and tended to be higher in CRN than in BARL and SOYH diets. Lactate dehydrogenase and butyryl coenzyme A synthase gene transcripts tended to be higher in CONT than in the supplemented treatments. Thus, rumen epithelial expression of genes involved in VFA metabolism and ruminal wall-structure development are influenced by other regulatory mechanism that is not directly affected by local signals. The in situ methods used are a useful tool for differentiating ruminal from extraruminal nutrient supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Argov-Argaman
- The Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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102
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Sheahan AJ, Gibbs SJ, Roche JR. Timing of supplementation alters grazing behavior and milk production response in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 96:477-83. [PMID: 23102952 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Offering feed supplements to grazing dairy cows results in substitution of pasture; however, previous data indicate that the time at which concentrate supplements are offered might affect the level of substitution. These data indicated that cows grazed more intensely presunset, regardless of the amount of supplement offered. It was, therefore, hypothesized that substitution rate would be less, and response to supplement greater if cows received their supplement at the p.m. rather than the a.m. milking. Forty-eight multiparous, nonpregnant, Holstein-Friesian cows, approximately 60 d in milk, were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments in an incomplete crossover arrangement. Treatments were pasture only, pasture + 3 kg of concentrate supplement dry matter (DM) offered during the a.m. milking (AM-SUP), and pasture + 3 kg of concentrate supplement DM offered during the p.m. milking (PM-SUP). Time spent grazing and calculated pasture DM intake did not differ between the AM-SUP and PM-SUP cows. However, a tendency (0.18 kg of milk/kg of concentrate DM) was observed for an increased marginal milk response (kg of milk/kg of DM supplement) for the AM-SUP cows when compared with PM-SUP cows. Irrespective of when supplements were offered, supplementation reduced total grazing time by a similar amount, and the reduction in time spent grazing was evident throughout the day. Cows in the PM-SUP group ruminated for longer and cows in the AM-SUP group spent more time idle compared with the pasture only groups. Cows in the AM-SUP group grazed for less time during the major a.m. grazing bout following a.m. milking compared with PM-SUP cows; in comparison, the major p.m. grazing bout following p.m. milking was unaffected by supplementation. The results indicated possible improvements in marginal milk response to supplements from altering the timing of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Sheahan
- DairyNZ, Private Bag 3221, 3240 Hamilton, New Zealand.
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103
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Sterk A, Vlaeminck B, van Vuuren AM, Hendriks WH, Dijkstra J. Effects of feeding different linseed sources on omasal fatty acid flows and fatty acid profiles of plasma and milk fat in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3149-65. [PMID: 22612951 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of feeding different linseed sources on omasal fatty acid (FA) flows, and plasma and milk FA profiles in dairy cows. Four ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a 4×4 Latin square design. Dietary treatments consisted of supplementing crushed linseed (CL), extruded whole linseed (EL), formaldehyde-treated linseed oil (FL) and linseed oil in combination with marine algae rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DL). Each period in the Latin square design lasted 21 d, with the first 16 d for adaptation. Omasal flow was estimated by the omasal sampling technique using Cr-EDTA, Yb-acetate, and acid detergent lignin as digesta flow markers. The average DM intake was 20.6 ± 2.5 kg/d, C18:3n-3 intake was 341 ± 51 g/d, and milk yield was 32.0 ± 4.6 kg/d. Milk fat yield was lower for the DL treatment (0.96 kg/d) compared with the other linseed treatments (CL, 1.36 kg/d; EL, 1.49 kg/d; FL, 1.54 kg/d). Omasal flow of C18:3n-3 was higher and C18:3n-3 biohydrogenation was lower for the EL treatment (33.8 g/d; 90.9%) compared with the CL (21.8 g/d; 94.0%), FL (15.5 g/d; 95.4%), and DL (4.6 g/d; 98.5%) treatments, whereas whole-tract digestibility of crude fat was lower for the EL treatment (64.8%) compared with the CL (71.3%), FL (78.5%), and DL (80.4%) treatments. The proportion of C18:3n-3 (g/100 g of FA) was higher for the FL treatment compared with the other treatments in plasma triacylglycerols (FL, 3.60; CL, 1.22; EL, 1.35; DL, 1.12) and milk fat (FL, 3.19; CL, 0.87; EL, 0.83; DL, 0.46). Omasal flow and proportion of C18:0 in plasma and milk fat were lower, whereas omasal flow and proportions of biohydrogenation intermediates in plasma and milk fat were higher for the DL treatment compared with the other linseed treatments. The results demonstrate that feeding EL did not result in a higher C18:3n-3 proportion in plasma and milk fat despite the higher omasal C18:3n-3 flow. This was related to the decreased total-tract digestibility of crude fat. Feeding FL resulted in a higher C18:3n-3 proportion in plasma and milk fat, although the omasal C18:3n-3 flow was similar or lower than for the CL and EL treatment, respectively. Feeding DL inhibited biohydrogenation of trans-11,cis-15-C18:2 to C18:0, as indicated by the increased omasal flows and proportions of biohydrogenation intermediates in plasma and milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sterk
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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104
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Effects of phytogenic substances on rumen fermentation and methane emissions: A proposal for a research process. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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105
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Mirghaffari SS, Karkoodi K, Mirza-Aghazadeh A, Maheri-Sis N. Effect of wheat processing on rumen characteristics and rumen parameters in Holstein-Friesian calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:911-8. [PMID: 22882188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this experiment, effect of wheat processing on rumen conditions and development were investigated. Fifty-six neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves (22 male and 34 female) were fed calf starters and post-weaning diets containing 35 (pre-weaning) and 21.90% (post-weaning) popped wheat (PW), steam-flaked wheat (SFW), dry-rolled wheat (DRW) or ground wheat (GW) till 12 weeks of age. Calves were weaned at the end of 9th week, and a post-weaning-specific starter diets were fed for 1 month. Rumen liquor was analysed in days 30, 60 and 90 of the experiment to determine volatile fatty acids (VFA), pH and ammonia nitrogen concentrations. Twelve male calves (three calves/treatment) were slaughtered, and digestive tract was emptied. Forestomach empty weight and rumen parameters were assessed. Results indicated that calves received PW had the highest total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, ammonia nitrogen, rumen wall thickness, papilla width and density. Calves fed DRW experienced the lowest rumen pH throughout the experiment probably because high proportion of fine particles in GW. Calves consuming PW apparently had more functional rumen in comparison with other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Mirghaffari
- Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - K Karkoodi
- Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - A Mirza-Aghazadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - N Maheri-Sis
- Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Department of Animal Science, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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106
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Ellis JL, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Kebreab E, Hook SE, Archibeque S, France J. Quantifying the effect of monensin dose on the rumen volatile fatty acid profile in high-grain-fed beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2717-26. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Ellis
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WD, the Netherlands
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J. Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WD, the Netherlands
| | - A. Bannink
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen University Research Centre, Lelystad 8200 AB, the Netherlands
| | - E. Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - S. E. Hook
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S. Archibeque
- Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - J. France
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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107
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Storm A, Kristensen N, Hanigan M. A model of ruminal volatile fatty acid absorption kinetics and rumen epithelial blood flow in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2919-34. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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108
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Ellis JL, Dijkstra J, France J, Parsons AJ, Edwards GR, Rasmussen S, Kebreab E, Bannink A. Effect of high-sugar grasses on methane emissions simulated using a dynamic model. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:272-85. [PMID: 22192207 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High-sugar grass varieties have received considerable attention for their potential ability to decrease N excretion in cattle. However, feeding high-sugar grasses alters the pattern of rumen fermentation, and no in vivo studies to date have examined this strategy with respect to another environmental pollutant: methane (CH(4)). Modeling allows us to examine potential outcomes of feeding strategies under controlled conditions, and can provide a useful framework for the development of future experiments. The purpose of the present study was to use a modeling approach to evaluate the effect of high-sugar grasses on simulated CH(4) emissions in dairy cattle. An extant dynamic, mechanistic model of enteric fermentation and intestinal digestion was used for this evaluation. A simulation database was constructed and analysis of model behavior was undertaken to simulate the effect of (1) level of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) increase in dietary dry matter, (2) change in crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of the plant with an increased WSC content, (3) level of N fertilization, and (4) presence or absence of grain feeding. Simulated CH(4) emissions tended to increase with increased WSC content when CH(4) was expressed as megajoules per day or percent of gross energy intake, but when CH(4) was expressed in terms of grams per kilogram of milk, results were much more variable due to the potential increase in milk yield. As a result, under certain conditions, CH(4) (g/kg of milk) decreased. The largest increases in CH(4) emissions (MJ/d or % gross energy intake) were generally seen when WSC increased at the expense of CP in the diet and this can largely be explained by the representation in the model of the type of volatile fatty acid produced. Effects were lower when WSC increased at the expense of NDF, and intermediary when WSC increased at the expense of a mixture of CP and NDF. When WSC increased at the expense of NDF, simulated milk yield increased and, therefore, CH(4) (g/kg of milk) tended to decrease. Diminished increases of CH(4) (% gross energy intake or g/kg of milk) were simulated when DMI was increased with elevated WSC content. Simulation results suggest that high WSC grass, as a strategy to mitigate N emission, may increase CH(4) emissions, but that results depend on the grass composition, DMI, and the units chosen to express CH(4). Overall, this project demonstrates the usefulness of modeling for hypothesis testing in the absence of observed experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ellis
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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109
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Shen Z, Martens H, Schweigel-Röntgen M. Na+transport across rumen epithelium of hay-fed sheep is acutely stimulated by the peptide IGF-1in vitro. Exp Physiol 2012; 97:497-505. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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110
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111
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Variation in rumen fermentation and the rumen wall during the transition period in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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112
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Martens H, Rabbani I, Shen Z, Stumpff F, Deiner C. Changes in rumen absorption processes during transition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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113
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Hulshof RBA, Berndt A, Gerrits WJJ, Dijkstra J, van Zijderveld SM, Newbold JR, Perdok HB. Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces methane emission in beef cattle fed sugarcane-based diets. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2317-23. [PMID: 22287674 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary nitrate on methane emission and rumen fermentation parameters in Nellore × Guzera (Bos indicus) beef cattle fed a sugarcane based diet. The experiment was conducted with 16 steers weighing 283 ± 49 kg (mean ± SD), 6 rumen cannulated and 10 intact steers, in a cross-over design. The animals were blocked according to BW and presence or absence of rumen cannula and randomly allocated to either the nitrate diet (22 g nitrate/kg DM) or the control diet made isonitrogenous by the addition of urea. The diets consisted of freshly chopped sugarcane and concentrate (60:40 on DM basis), fed as a mixed ration. A 16-d adaptation period was used to allow the rumen microbes to adapt to dietary nitrate. Methane emission was measured using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Dry matter intake (P = 0.09) tended to be less when nitrate was present in the diet compared with the control, 6.60 and 7.05 kg/d DMI, respectively. The daily methane production was reduced (P < 0.01) by 32% when steers were fed the nitrate diet (85 g/d) compared with the urea diet (125 g/d). Methane emission per kilogram DMI was 27% less (P < 0.01) on the nitrate diet (13.3 g methane/kg DMI) than on the control diet (18.2 g methane/kg DMI). Methane losses as a fraction of gross energy intake (GEI) were less (P < 0.01) on the nitrate diet (4.2% of GEI) than on the control diet (5.9% of GEI). Nitrate mitigated enteric methane production by 87% of the theoretical potential. The rumen fluid ammonia-nitrogen (NH(3)-N()) concentration was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for the nitrate diet. The total concentration of VFA was not affected (P = 0.61) by nitrate in the diet, while the proportion of acetic acid tended to be greater (P = 0.09), propionic acid less (P = 0.06) and acetate/propionate ratio tended to be greater (P = 0.06) for the nitrate diet. Dietary nitrate reduced enteric methane emission in beef cattle fed sugarcane based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B A Hulshof
- Provimi Holding B.V., Research Centre De Viersprong, Veilingweg 23, 5334 LD, Velddriel, the Netherlands.
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114
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Yang W, Shen Z, Martens H. An energy-rich diet enhances expression of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 and 3 messenger RNA in rumen epithelium of goat1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:307-17. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W. Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Z. Shen
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - H. Martens
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University Berlin, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
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115
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van Zijderveld SM, Gerrits WJJ, Dijkstra J, Newbold JR, Hulshof RBA, Perdok HB. Persistency of methane mitigation by dietary nitrate supplementation in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:4028-38. [PMID: 21787938 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feeding nitrate to dairy cows may lower ruminal methane production by competing for reducing equivalents with methanogenesis. Twenty lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (33.2±6.0 kg of milk/d; 104±58 d in milk at the start of the experiment) were fed a total mixed ration (corn silage-based; forage to concentrate ratio 66:34), containing either a dietary urea or a dietary nitrate source [21 g of nitrate/kg of dry matter (DM)] during 4 successive 24-d periods, to assess the methane-mitigating potential of dietary nitrate and its persistency. The study was conducted as paired comparisons in a randomized design with repeated measurements. Cows were blocked by parity, lactation stage, and milk production at the start of the experiment. A 4-wk adaptation period allowed the rumen microbes to adapt to dietary urea and nitrate. Diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Methane production, energy balance, and diet digestibility were measured in open-circuit indirect calorimetry chambers. Cows were limit-fed during measurements. Nitrate persistently decreased methane production by 16%, whether expressed in grams per day, grams per kilogram of dry matter intake (DMI), or as percentage of gross energy intake, which was sustained for the full experimental period (mean 368 vs. 310±12.5 g/d; 19.4 vs. 16.2±0.47 g/kg of DMI; 5.9 vs.4.9±0.15% of gross energy intake for urea vs. nitrate, respectively). This decrease was smaller than the stoichiometrical methane mitigation potential of nitrate (full potential=28% methane reduction). The decreased energy loss from methane resulted in an improved conversion of dietary energy intake into metabolizable energy (57.3 vs. 58.6±0.70%, urea vs. nitrate, respectively). Despite this, milk energy output or energy retention was not affected by dietary nitrate. Nitrate did not affect milk yield or apparent digestibility of crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and starch. Milk protein content (3.21 vs. 3.05±0.058%, urea vs. nitrate respectively) but not protein yield was lower for dietary nitrate. Hydrogen production between morning and afternoon milking was measured during the last experimental period. Cows fed nitrate emitted more hydrogen. Cows fed nitrate displayed higher blood methemoglobin levels (0.5 vs. 4.0±1.07% of hemoglobin, urea vs. nitrate respectively) and lower hemoglobin levels (7.1 vs. 6.3±0.11 mmol/L, urea vs. nitrate respectively). Dietary nitrate persistently decreased methane production from lactating dairy cows fed restricted amounts of feed, but the reduction in energy losses did not improve milk production or energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van Zijderveld
- Provimi Holding B.V., Research Centre De Viersprong, Veilingweg 23, NL-5334LD, Velddriel, the Netherlands.
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116
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Proceedings of the 2011 Meeting of the Animal Science Modelling Group. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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117
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de Haas Y, Windig J, Calus M, Dijkstra J, de Haan M, Bannink A, Veerkamp R. Genetic parameters for predicted methane production and potential for reducing enteric emissions through genomic selection. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:6122-34. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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118
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119
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120
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A model of enteric fermentation in dairy cows to estimate methane emission for the Dutch National Inventory Report using the IPCC Tier 3 approach. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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121
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Morvay Y, Bannink A, France J, Kebreab E, Dijkstra J. Evaluation of models to predict the stoichiometry of volatile fatty acid profiles in rumen fluid of lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3063-80. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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122
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Aguerre M, Wattiaux M, Powell J, Broderick G, Arndt C. Effect of forage-to-concentrate ratio in dairy cow diets on emission of methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, lactation performance, and manure excretion. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3081-93. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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123
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Ellis J, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Parsons A, Rasmussen S, Edwards G, Kebreab E, France J. The effect of high-sugar grass on predicted nitrogen excretion and milk yield simulated using a dynamic model. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3105-18. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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124
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Alemu AW, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, France J, Kebreab E. Rumen stoichiometric models and their contribution and challenges in predicting enteric methane production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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125
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Penner GB, Steele MA, Aschenbach JR, McBride BW. RUMINANT NUTRITION SYMPOSIUM: Molecular adaptation of ruminal epithelia to highly fermentable diets1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1108-19. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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126
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Flachowsky G. Carbon-footprints for food of animal origin, reduction potentials and research need. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2011.570047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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127
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In vivo production and molar percentages of volatile fatty acids in the rumen: a quantitative review by an empirical approach. Animal 2011; 5:403-14. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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128
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Aschenbach JR, Penner GB, Stumpff F, Gäbel G. Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Role of fermentation acid absorption in the regulation of ruminal pH. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:1092-107. [PMID: 20952531 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly fermentable diets are rapidly converted to organic acids [i.e., short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and lactic acid] within the rumen. The resulting release of protons can constitute a challenge to the ruminal ecosystem and animal health. Health disturbances, resulting from acidogenic diets, are classified as subacute and acute acidosis based on the degree of ruminal pH depression. Although increased acid production is a nutritionally desired effect of increased concentrate feeding, the accumulation of protons in the rumen is not. Consequently, mechanisms of proton removal and their quantitative importance are of major interest. Saliva buffers (i.e., bicarbonate, phosphate) have long been identified as important mechanisms for ruminal proton removal. An even larger proportion of protons appears to be removed from the rumen by SCFA absorption across the ruminal epithelium, making efficiency of SCFA absorption a key determinant for the individual susceptibility to subacute ruminal acidosis. Proceeding initially from a model of exclusively diffusional absorption of fermentation acids, several protein-dependent mechanisms have been discovered over the last 2 decades. Although the molecular identity of these proteins is mostly uncertain, apical acetate absorption is mediated, to a major degree, via acetate-bicarbonate exchange in addition to another nitrate-sensitive, bicarbonate-independent transport mechanism and lipophilic diffusion. Propionate and butyrate also show partially bicarbonate-dependent transport modes. Basolateral efflux of SCFA and their metabolites has to be mediated primarily by proteins and probably involves the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) and anion channels. Although the ruminal epithelium removes a large fraction of protons from the rumen, it also recycles protons to the rumen via apical sodium-proton exchanger, NHE. The latter is stimulated by ruminal SCFA absorption and salivary Na(+) secretion and protects epithelial integrity. Finally, SCFA absorption also accelerates urea transport into the rumen, which via ammonium recycling, may remove protons from rumen to the blood. Ammonium absorption into the blood is also stimulated by luminal SCFA. It is suggested that the interacting transport processes for SCFA, urea, and ammonia represent evolutionary adaptations of ruminants to actively coordinate energy fermentation, protein assimilation, and pH regulation in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Mukodiningsih S, Budhi S, Agus A, Haryadi H, Ohh SJ. Effect of Molasses Addition Level to the Mixture of Calf Starter and Corn Fodder on Pellet Quality, Rumen Development and Performance of Holstein-Friesian Calves in Indonesia. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2010.52.3.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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130
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Carbohydrate quantitative digestion and absorption in ruminants: from feed starch and fibre to nutrients available for tissues. Animal 2010; 4:1057-74. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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131
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Van Vuuren AM, Hindle VA, Klop A, Cone JW. Effect of maize starch concentration in the diet on starch and cell wall digestion in the dairy cow. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 94:319-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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132
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Kebreab E, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, France J. Recent advances in modeling nutrient utilization in ruminants. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:E111-22. [PMID: 18820154 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modeling techniques have been applied to study various aspects of the ruminant, such as rumen function, postabsorptive metabolism, and product composition. This review focuses on advances made in modeling rumen fermentation and its associated rumen disorders, and energy and nutrient utilization and excretion with respect to environmental issues. Accurate prediction of fermentation stoichiometry has an impact on estimating the type of energy-yielding substrate available to the animal, and the ratio of lipogenic to glucogenic VFA is an important determinant of methanogenesis. Recent advances in modeling VFA stoichiometry offer ways for dietary manipulation to shift the fermentation in favor of glucogenic VFA. Increasing energy to the animal by supplementing with starch can lead to health problems such as subacute rumen acidosis caused by rumen pH depression. Mathematical models have been developed to describe changes in rumen pH and rumen fermentation. Models that relate rumen temperature to rumen pH have also been developed and have the potential to aid in the diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis. The effect of pH has been studied mechanistically, and in such models, fractional passage rate has a large impact on substrate degradation and microbial efficiency in the rumen and should be an important theme in future studies. The efficiency with which energy is utilized by ruminants has been updated in recent studies. Mechanistic models of N utilization indicate that reducing dietary protein concentration, matching protein degradability to the microbial requirement, and increasing the energy status of the animal will reduce the output of N as waste. Recent mechanistic P models calculate the P requirement by taking into account P recycled through saliva and endogenous losses. Mechanistic P models suggest reducing current P amounts for lactating dairy cattle to at least 0.35% P in the diet, with a potential reduction of up to 1.3 kt/yr. A model that integrates nutrient utilization and health has great potential benefit for ruminant nutrition research. Finally, whole-animal or farm level models are discussed. An example that used a multiple-criteria decision-making framework is reviewed, and the approach is considered to be appropriate in dealing with the multidimensional nature of agricultural systems and can be applied to assist the decision process in cattle operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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