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Bates JT, Fang T, Verma V, Zeng L, Weber RJ, Tolbert PE, Abrams JY, Sarnat SE, Klein M, Mulholland JA, Russell AG. Review of Acellular Assays of Ambient Particulate Matter Oxidative Potential: Methods and Relationships with Composition, Sources, and Health Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4003-4019. [PMID: 30830764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a potential mechanism of action for particulate matter (PM) toxicity and can occur when the body's antioxidant capacity cannot counteract or detoxify harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to an excess presence of ROS. ROS are introduced to the body via inhalation of PM with these species present on and/or within the particles (particle-bound ROS) and/or through catalytic generation of ROS in vivo after inhaling redox-active PM species (oxidative potential, OP). The recent development of acellular OP measurement techniques has led to a surge in research across the globe. In this review, particle-bound ROS techniques are discussed briefly while OP measurements are the focus due to an increasing number of epidemiologic studies using OP measurements showing associations with adverse health effects in some studies. The most common OP measurement techniques, including the dithiothreitol assay, glutathione assay, and ascorbic acid assay, are discussed along with evidence for utility of OP measurements in epidemiologic studies and PM characteristics that drive different responses between assay types (such as species composition, emission source, and photochemistry). Overall, most OP assays respond to metals like copper than can be found in emission sources like vehicles. Some OP assays respond to organics, especially photochemically aged organics, from sources like biomass burning. Select OP measurements have significant associations with certain cardiorespiratory end points, such as asthma, congestive heart disease, and lung cancer. In fact, multiple studies have found that exposure to OP measured using the dithiothreitol and glutathione assays drives higher risk ratios for certain cardiorespiratory outcomes than PM mass, suggesting OP measurements may be integrating the health-relevant fraction of PM and will be useful tools for future health analyses. The compositional impacts, including species and emission sources, on OP could have serious implications for health-relevant PM exposure. Though more work is needed, OP assays show promise for health studies as they integrate the impacts of PM species and properties on catalytic redox reactions into one measurement, and current work highlights the importance of metals, organic carbon, vehicles, and biomass burning emissions to PM exposures that could impact health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine T Bates
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Ting Fang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , Illinois 61820 , United States
| | - Linghan Zeng
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Rodney J Weber
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Paige E Tolbert
- Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Joseph Y Abrams
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta , Georgia 30329 , United States
| | - Stefanie E Sarnat
- Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Mitchel Klein
- Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - James A Mulholland
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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102
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Shukla A, Bunkar N, Kumar R, Bhargava A, Tiwari R, Chaudhury K, Goryacheva IY, Mishra PK. Air pollution associated epigenetic modifications: Transgenerational inheritance and underlying molecular mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:760-777. [PMID: 30530146 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the leading causes of deaths in Southeast Asian countries including India. Exposure to air pollutants affects vital cellular mechanisms and is intimately linked with the etiology of a number of chronic diseases. Earlier work from our laboratory has shown that airborne particulate matter disturbs the mitochondrial machinery and causes significant damage to the epigenome. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species possess the ability to trigger redox-sensitive signaling mechanisms and induce irreversible epigenomic changes. The electrophilic nature of reactive metabolites can directly result in deprotonation of cytosine at C-5 position or interfere with the DNA methyltransferases activity to cause alterations in DNA methylation. In addition, it also perturbs level of cellular metabolites critically involved in different epigenetic processes like acetylation and methylation of histone code and DNA hypo or hypermethylation. Interestingly, these modifications may persist through downstream generations and result in the transgenerational epigenomic inheritance. This phenomenon of subsequent transfer of epigenetic modifications is mainly associated with the germ cells and relies on the germline stability of the epigenetic states. Overall, the recent literature supports, and arguably strengthens, the contention that air pollution might contribute to transmission of epimutations from gametes to zygotes by involving mitochondrial DNA, parental allele imprinting, histone withholding and non-coding RNAs. However, larger prospective studies using innovative, integrated epigenome-wide metabolomic strategy are highly warranted to assess the air pollution induced transgenerational epigenetic inheritance and associated human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushi Shukla
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Neha Bunkar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajat Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Irina Y Goryacheva
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Pradyumna K Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
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103
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Loxham M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Health effects of particulate matter air pollution in underground railway systems - a critical review of the evidence. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:12. [PMID: 30841934 PMCID: PMC6404319 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient airborne particulate matter is a major risk factor for mortality and morbidity, associated with asthma, lung cancer, heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke, and more recently type 2 diabetes, dementia and loss of cognitive function. Less is understood about differential effects of particulate matter from different sources. Underground railways are used by millions of people on a daily basis in many cities. Poor air exchange with the outside environment means that underground railways often have an unusually high concentration of airborne particulate matter, while a high degree of railway-associated mechanical activity produces particulate matter which is physicochemically highly distinct from ambient particulate matter. The implications of this for the health of exposed commuters and employees is unclear. MAIN BODY A literature search found 27 publications directly assessing the potential health effects of underground particulate matter, including in vivo exposure studies, in vitro toxicology studies, and studies of particulate matter which might be similar to that found in underground railways. The methodology, findings, and conclusions of these studies were reviewed in depth, along with further publications directly relevant to the initial search results. In vitro studies suggest that underground particulate matter may be more toxic than exposure to ambient/urban particulate matter, especially in terms of endpoints related to reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress. This appears to be predominantly a result of the metal-rich nature of underground particulate matter, which is suggestive of increased health risks. However, while there are measureable effects on a variety of endpoints following exposure in vivo, there is a lack of evidence for these effects being clinically significant as may be implied by the in vitro evidence. CONCLUSION There is little direct evidence that underground railway particulate matter exposure is more harmful than ambient particulate matter exposure. This may be due to disparities between in vivo exposures and in vitro models, and differences in exposure doses, as well as statistical under powering of in vivo studies of chronic exposure. Future research should focus on outcomes of chronic in vivo exposure, as well as further work to understand mechanisms and potential biomarkers of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Loxham
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 888, Level F, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK. .,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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104
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Weichenthal S, Shekarrizfard M, Traub A, Kulka R, Al-Rijleh K, Anowar S, Evans G, Hatzopoulou M. Within-City Spatial Variations in Multiple Measures of PM 2.5 Oxidative Potential in Toronto, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2799-2810. [PMID: 30735615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have characterized within-city spatial variations in the oxidative potential of fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5). In this study, we evaluated multiple measures of PM2.5 oxidative potential across Toronto, Canada (2016-2017), including glutathione/ascorbate-related oxidative potential (OPGSH and OPAA) and dithiothreitol depletion (OPDTT). Integrated 2-week samples were collected from 67 sites in summer and 42 sites in winter. Multivariable linear models were developed to predict OP based on various land use/traffic factors, and PM2.5 metals and black carbon were also examined. All three measures of PM2.5 oxidative potential varied substantially across Toronto. OPAA and OPDTT were primarily associated with traffic-related components of PM2.5 (i.e., Fe, Cu, and black carbon) whereas OPGSH was not a strong marker for traffic during either season. During summer, multivariable models performed best for OPAA ( RCV2 = 0.48) followed by OPDTT ( RCV2 = 0.32) and OPGSH ( RCV2 = 0.22). During winter, model performance was best for OPDTT ( RCV2 = 0.55) followed by OPGSH ( RCV2 = 0.50) and OPAA ( RCV2 = 0.23). Model parameters varied between seasons, and between-season differences in PM2.5 mass concentrations were weakly/moderately correlated with seasonal differences in OP. Our findings highlight substantial within-city variations in PM2.5 oxidative potential. More detailed information is needed on local sources of air pollution to improve model performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Weichenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1A2 , Canada
- Air Health Science Division , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Maryam Shekarrizfard
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A4 , Canada
| | - Alison Traub
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Ryan Kulka
- Air Health Science Division , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Kenan Al-Rijleh
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A4 , Canada
| | - Sabreena Anowar
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A4 , Canada
| | - Greg Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Marianne Hatzopoulou
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A4 , Canada
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105
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Mousavi A, Sowlat MH, Hasheminassab S, Polidori A, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C. Impact of emissions from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach on the oxidative potential of ambient PM 0.25 measured across the Los Angeles County. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:638-647. [PMID: 30245420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, weekly samples of ambient PM0.25 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <0.25 μm) were collected in three contrasting locations, including central Los Angeles (USC), north Long Beach (NLB), and the Port of Long Beach (PRT), during June and July of 2017 to evaluate the chemical composition of ambient PM0.25 and identify the sources that contribute to the oxidative potential of ambient PM0.25 in these locations. Special focus was given in exploring the impact of emissions from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach on the oxidative potential of ambient PM0.25 measured across these sites. The oxidative potential of the collected samples was quantified by means of an in vitro cell-based alveolar macrophage (AM) assay. We used multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis to link individual measured species, used as source markers, to the oxidative potential of the ambient PM0.25 across the monitoring sites. Results from the MLR analysis indicated that vehicular emissions and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) were the major contributors to the oxidative potential of ambient PM0.25 across the three sites, with corresponding contributions of 40 ± 2% and 39 ± 3%, respectively. Emissions of PM0.25 related to port activities, including emissions from ships, locomotives, and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) operating at the port, accounted for 16 ± 3% of the overall oxidative potential of the ambient PM0.25 samples. The concentrations of the marker species at the three different sites suggested that the contributions of port-related emissions to the oxidative potential of PM0.25 decreased from the port area to central Los Angeles, underscoring the greater impact of these emissions on the PM0.25 toxicity in the communities near the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, whereas we observed larger impact of SOA formation and vehicular emissions on the oxidative potential of ambient PM0.25 in the receptor sites located further inland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Mousavi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mohammad H Sowlat
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - Andrea Polidori
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA, USA.
| | - Martin M Shafer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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106
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Berg KE, Turner LR, Benka-Coker ML, Rajkumar S, Young BN, Peel JL, Clark ML, Volckens J, Henry CS. Electrochemical Dithiothreitol Assay for Large-Scale Particulate Matter Studies. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2019; 53:268-275. [PMID: 31588161 PMCID: PMC6777574 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2018.1560391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is associated with human morbidity and mortality. Measuring PM oxidative potential has been shown to provide a predictive measurement between PM exposure and adverse health impacts. The dithiothreitol (DTT) assay is commonly used to measure the oxidative potential of PM2.5 (PM less than 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter). In the common, kinetic form of this assay, the decay of DTT is quantified over time (indirectly) using 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB, Ellman's reagent) via UV/vis absorbance spectroscopy. The loss of DTT can also be quantified directly using electrochemical detection. The objectives of this work were (1) to evaluate the electrochemical assay, using commercially available equipment, relative to the UV/vis absorbance assay, and (2) to apply the electrochemical method to a large (>100) number of PM2.5 aerosol filter samples. Also presented here is the comparison an end-point assay to the kinetic assay, in an attempt to reduce the time, labor, and materials neccssary to quantify PM oxidative potential. The end-point, electrochemical assay gave comparable results to the UV/vis absorbance assay for PM filter sample analysis. Finally, high filter mass loadings (higher than about 0.5 μg PM per mm2 filter) lead to sub-optimal DTT assay performance, which suggests future studies should limit particle mass loadings on filters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Megan L. Benka-Coker
- Dept of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University
| | - Sarah Rajkumar
- Dept of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University
| | - Bonnie N. Young
- Dept of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Dept of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University
| | - Maggie L. Clark
- Dept of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University
| | - John Volckens
- Dept of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University
- Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Dept of Chemistry, Colorado State University
- Dept of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado State University
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107
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Roper C, Delgado LS, Barrett D, Massey Simonich SL, Tanguay RL. PM 2.5 Filter Extraction Methods: Implications for Chemical and Toxicological Analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:434-442. [PMID: 30507171 PMCID: PMC6652177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Toxicology research into the global public health burden of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures frequently requires extraction of PM2.5 from filters. A standardized method for these extractions does not exist, leading to inaccurate interlaboratory comparisons. It is largely unknown how different filter extraction methods might impact the composition and bioactivity of the resulting samples. We characterized the variation in these metrics by using equal portions of a single PM2.5 filter, with each portion undergoing a different extraction method. Significant differences were observed between extraction methods for concentrations of elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the PM2.5 tested following its preparation for biological response studies. Importantly, the chemical profiles differed from those observed when we used standard protocols for chemical characterization of the ambient sample, demonstrating that extraction can alter both chemical component amounts and species profiles of the extracts. The impact of these chemical differences on sensitive end points of zebrafish development was investigated. Significant differences in the percent incidence and timing of mortality were associated with the PM2.5 extraction method. This research highlights the importance of and rationale for considering the extraction method when interlaboratory comparisons of PM2.5 toxicology research are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Roper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Lisandra Santiago Delgado
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Damien Barrett
- Department of Microbiology , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
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108
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Khurshid SS, Emmerich S, Persily A. Oxidative Potential of Particles at a Research House: Influencing Factors and Comparison with Outdoor Particles. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2019; 163:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106275. [PMID: 34092901 PMCID: PMC8174402 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative potential (OP) of particles can be represented by the ability of particles to generate hydroxyl radicals in an aqueous solution which can be measured with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry. The oxidative potential of particles may be a more health-relevant metric than other physicochemical properties of particles. While OPEPR has been measured in several outdoor locations, it remains largely unstudied in indoor environments. Total suspended particle samples were collected at an unoccupied research house in eighteen four-day sampling events. The OPEPR of indoor particles was found to be 59 % ± 30 % of the OPEPR of outdoor particles on a sampling volume basis during normal indoor conditions in eight sampling events. However, OPEPR per particle mass was 3.5 ± 0.62 times higher indoors than outdoors, indicating that reactions taking place indoors likely increase OPEPR of indoor particles. In ten sampling events, indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), air change rate (λ), and cooking activities were varied. OPEPR of indoor particles was found to be significantly influenced (in order of importance) by indoor RH, λ, and temperature. OPEPR of indoor particles was higher than OPEPR for outdoor particles when indoor RH and λ were increased. The presence of cooking activities did not appear to consistently increase OPEPR of indoor particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahana S. Khurshid
- Energy and Environment Division, Engineering Laboratory, NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8633, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8633, USA
| | - Steven Emmerich
- Energy and Environment Division, Engineering Laboratory, NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8633, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8633, USA
| | - Andrew Persily
- Energy and Environment Division, Engineering Laboratory, NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8633, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8633, USA
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109
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Patel A, Rastogi N. Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:1268-1276. [PMID: 30743839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of particulate matter (PM) has been well documented in causing cardiopulmonary diseases because they are redox active and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ in the human body. Capacity of PM to catalyze in situ formation of ROS is known as their oxidative potential (OP). However, studies on OP of PM over different regions are scarce. PM10 samples were collected over Mount Abu (24.6°N, 72.7°E, 1680 m asl), India, from March 2014 to May 2016. These samples were analyzed for carbonaceous aerosol, major ions and dithiothreitol (DTT)-based OP. All the data were classified into four seasons (winter, spring, pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon) based on prevailing meteorological conditions. Seasonally averaged (±1σ) volume-normalized OP (OPv) were 0.76 ± 0.52, 1.44 ± 0.48, 1.04 ± 0.57, and 1.69 ± 0.80 nmol DTT min-1 m-3, and mass-normalized OP (OPm) were 14 ± 8, 14 ± 7, 10 ± 7, and 23 ± 9 pmol DTT min-1 μg-1 during winter, spring, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, respectively. Observed OPv (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) values (0.09-3.04) are somewhat higher than those documented over Los Angeles (0.10-0.16) and Beijing (0.10-0.49), and similar to those reported over Orinda (0.37-2.50) and Patiala (1.3-7.2). The highest OPm and OPv values found during post-monsoon were attributed to long-range transport of anthropogenically emitted pollutants brought by the northeasterly (NE) air-masses. It is inferred that the source(s) emitting elemental carbon also emit other species, which are more DTT-active than those species which are emitted along with anthropogenically derived inorganic species. Our results also infer that OPv varies but OPm do not vary drastically from region to region. This observation has broader implications in assessing the effects of aerosol on human health on regional/global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Patel
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India.
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110
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Borlaza LJS, Cosep EMR, Kim S, Lee K, Joo H, Park M, Bate D, Cayetano MG, Park K. Oxidative potential of fine ambient particles in various environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1679-1688. [PMID: 30300873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative potential (OP) and chemical characteristics of fine particles collected from urban, roadside, rural, and industrial sites in Korea during spring, summer, fall, and winter seasons and an urban site in the Philippines during dry and wet seasons were examined. Significant differences in the OP of fine particles among sites and seasons were found. The industrial site yielded the highest OP activity (both mass and volume-normalized OP) among the sites, suggesting the strongest reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating capability of industry source-dominant PM2.5. Seasonal data show that OP activities increased during the spring and summer possibly due to increased heavy metals caused by dust events and secondary organic aerosols formed by strong photochemical activity, respectively. The strength of the OP association with the chemical components highlights the influence of organic carbon and transition metals on the OP of ambient fine particles. The two OP assays (dithiothreitol (DTT) and electron spin resonance (ESR)) having different ROS-generating mechanisms were found to have different sensitivities to the chemical components facilitating a complementary analysis of the OP of ambient fine particles. Multiple linear regression model equations (OP as a function of chemical components) which were dependent on the sites were derived. A comparison of the daily OP and hazard index (HI) (the ratio of the measured mass concentration to the reference mass concentration of fine particles) suggests that the HI may not be sufficient to accurately estimate the health effects of fine particles, and a direct or indirect measurement of toxicity such as OP should be required in addition to the concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Joanna S Borlaza
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Enrique Mikhael R Cosep
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seojong Kim
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyul Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hungsoo Joo
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Anyang University, Anyang, Gyeonggi, 14028, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Daphne Bate
- Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon Ave., 1100, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Mylene G Cayetano
- Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines in Diliman, 1101, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Kihong Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Rezaei S, Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Nabizadeh R, Yunesian M, Ghanbarian M, Atafar Z, Faraji M, Nazmara S, Mahmoudi B, Ghozikali MG, ghanbarian M, Gholampour A. Physiochemical characteristics and oxidative potential of ambient air particulate matter (PM 10) during dust and non-dust storm events: a case study in Tehran, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2018; 16:147-158. [PMID: 30728987 PMCID: PMC6277329 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-0303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the characteristics of metal(loid)s, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxidative potential (OP) in PM10 during dust and non-dust days in a rural and an urban area in Tehran. Water-soluble ions, metal(loid)s, PAHs, and OP were measured using ion chromatography (IC), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and dithiothreitol (DTT) assay respectively. The results showed that the average concentrations of ambient PM10 were 284 ± 90.4 and 123 ± 31.4 μg m-3 on dusty and regular days in urban areas respectively, and were 258 ± 48.3 and 124 ± 41.4 μg m-3 on dusty and regular days in rural areas, respectively; these values were 95% above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline level. The crustal elements Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al, Si, Fe and Ti were the dominant for PM10 on dusty days, and NO- 3 and SO4 2- were dominant for PM10 on regular days. The average ± SD concentrations of total PAHs were 34.3 ± 22.5 and 55.1 ± 28.3 ng m-3 on dusty and regular days, respectively, with the maximum value occurring on inversion days. The average OP was 8.90 ± 7.15 and 1.41 ± 0.35 and was 11.4 ± 3.97 and 19.9 ± 8.67 (nmol min-1 μg PM10 -1) for water and methanol extracts on dusty and regular days, respectively, with the lowest value occurring on dusty days. The OP was highly associated with Cu and Mn. Briefly; the results of this study demonstrate that OP is mass independent and consequence a promising proxy for PM mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Rezaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Methodology and Data Analysis Department, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghanbarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Atafar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Faraji
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghanbari Ghozikali
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, East Azerbaijan Province Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Akbar Gholampour
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Minguillón MC, Reche C, Martins V, Amato F, de Miguel E, Capdevila M, Centelles S, Querol X, Moreno T. Aerosol sources in subway environments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:314-328. [PMID: 30092454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people use rail subway public transport around the world, despite the relatively high particulate matter (PM) concentrations in these underground environments, requiring the identification and quantification of the aerosol source contributions to improve the air quality. An extensive aerosol monitoring campaign was carried out in eleven subway stations in the Barcelona metro system, belonging to seven subway lines. PM2.5 samples were collected during the metro operating hours and chemically analysed to determine major and trace elements, inorganic ions, and total carbon. The chemical compositions of subway components such as brake pads, rail tracks and pantographs were also determined. The mean PM2.5 concentrations varied widely among stations, ranging from 26 µg m-3 to 86 µg m-3. Subway PM2.5 was mainly constituted by Fe2O3 (30-66%), followed by carbonaceous matter (18-37%) for the old stations, while for new stations equipped with Platform Screen Doors (PSD) these percentages go down to 21-44% and 15-30%, respectively. Both the absolute concentrations and the relative abundance of key species differed for each subway station, although with common patterns within a given subway line. This is a result of the different emission chemical profiles in different subway lines (using diverse types of brakes and/or pantographs). The co-emission of different sources poses a problem for their separation by receptor models. Nevertheless, receptor modelling (Positive Matrix Factorization) was applied resulting in ten sources, five of them subway-specific: RailWheel, RailWheel+Brake, Brake_A, Brake_B, Pb. The sum of their contributions accounted for 43-91% of bulk PM2.5 for the old stations and 21-52% for the stations with PSD. The decrease of the activity during the weekends resulted in a decrease (up to 56%) in the subway-specific sources contribution to the -already lower- bulk PM2.5 concentrations compared to weekdays. The health-related elements are mainly apportioned (> 60%) by subway sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Martins
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E de Miguel
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - M Capdevila
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - S Centelles
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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113
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He RW, Shirmohammadi F, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Sioutas C, Cassee FR. Pro-inflammatory responses to PM 0.25 from airport and urban traffic emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:997-1003. [PMID: 30021333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Air traffic is rapidly growing, raising concerns about the air pollution in the surroundings of airports and its impact on public health. However, little is known about the impact of air pollution sources on air quality and health in the vicinity of airports. In this study, the sources and adverse health effects of airport-related particulate matter (PM) were investigated and compared to those of urban traffic emissions. Ambient PM0.25 were collected at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and at a central Los Angeles site (USC campus), along with PM2.5 collected directly from turbine and diesel engines. The particle chemical composition, oxidative potential (OP) (ascorbic acid (AA), and electron spin resonance (ESR) assay) as well as their reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity, inflammatory potential (interleukin (IL) 6 and 8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and cytotoxicity on human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells were assessed. Chemical composition measurements confirmed that aircraft emissions were the major source to LAX PM0.25, while the sources of the USC samples were more complex, including traffic emissions, suspended road and soil dust, and secondary aerosols. The traffic-related transition metals (Fe and Cu) in LAX and USC samples mainly affected OP values of particles, while multiple factors such as composition, size distribution and internalized amount of particles contributed to the promotion of ROS generation in 16HBE cells during 4 h exposure. Internalized particles in cells might also play an important role in activating inflammatory responses during cell recovery period, with LAX particles being more potent. Our results demonstrated considerable toxicity of airport-related particles, even at low exposure concentrations, suggesting that airport emission as source of PM0.25 may also contribute to the adverse effects on public health attributable to PM. The potency of such particles is in the same range as those collected at a site in urban area impacted heavily by traffic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Wen He
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box, 2720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Farimah Shirmohammadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3620 S Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Miriam E Gerlofs-Nijland
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box, 2720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3620 S Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box, 2720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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115
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Sahlén A, Ljungman P, Erlinge D, Chan MY, Yap J, Hausenloy DJ, Yeo KK, Jernberg T. Air pollution in relation to very short-term risk of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Case-crossover analysis of SWEDEHEART. Int J Cardiol 2018; 275:26-30. [PMID: 30509372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have related air pollution to myocardial infarction (MI) events over days or weeks, with few data on very short-term risks. We studied risk of ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) within hours of exposure to air pollution while adjusting for weather. METHODS We performed a case-crossover study of STEMI cases in Stockholm, Sweden (Jan 2000-June 2014) based on SWEDEHEART. Exposures during hazard periods up to 24 h prior to admission were compared to bidirectionally sampled control periods. Risks attributable to sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone and particulate pollutants (PM2.5, PM10) were studied in conditional logistic regression models for interquartile range increments. RESULTS Risk of STEMI (n = 14,601) was associated with NO2 (strongest at 15-h lag) and with PM2.5 (strongest at 20-h lag), in single-pollutant models adjusting for air temperature and humidity (NO2: odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval) 1.065 (1.031-1.101); PM2.5: 1.026 (1.001-1.054)). After adjusting models for atmospheric pressure (significantly associated with STEMI risk at 14-24-h lags), NO2 remained highly statistically significant (1.057 (1.022-1.094)) but not PM2.5 (1.024 (0.997-1.052)). No associations were seen for SO2, ozone or PM10. CONCLUSION Risk of STEMI rises within hours of exposure to air pollutants, with strongest impact of NO2. These findings are complementary to earlier reports which have not acknowledged widely the importance of very short-term fluctuations in air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Sahlén
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Petter Ljungman
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Erlinge
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark Y Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore; National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Yap
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK; The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Research & Development, London, UK; Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Tomas Jernberg
- Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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116
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Rönkkö TJ, Jalava PI, Happo MS, Kasurinen S, Sippula O, Leskinen A, Koponen H, Kuuspalo K, Ruusunen J, Väisänen O, Hao L, Ruuskanen A, Orasche J, Fang D, Zhang L, Lehtinen KEJ, Zhao Y, Gu C, Wang Q, Jokiniemi J, Komppula M, Hirvonen MR. Emissions and atmospheric processes influence the chemical composition and toxicological properties of urban air particulate matter in Nanjing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:1290-1310. [PMID: 29929296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ambient inhalable particulate matter (PM) is a serious health concern worldwide, but especially so in China where high PM concentrations affect huge populations. Atmospheric processes and emission sources cause spatial and temporal variations in PM concentration and chemical composition, but their influence on the toxicological characteristics of PM are still inadequately understood. In this study, we report an extensive chemical and toxicological characterization of size-segregated urban air inhalable PM collected in August and October 2013 from Nanjing, and assess the effects of atmospheric processes and likely emission sources. A549 human alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to day- and nighttime PM samples (25, 75, 150, 200, 300 μg/ml) followed by analyses of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, cell cycle, and inflammatory response. PM10-2.5 and PM0.2 caused the greatest toxicological responses for different endpoints, illustrating that particles with differing size and chemical composition activate distinct toxicological pathways in A549 cells. PM10-2.5 displayed the greatest oxidative stress and genotoxic responses; both were higher for the August samples compared with October. In contrast, PM0.2 and PM2.5-1.0 samples displayed high cytotoxicity and substantially disrupted cell cycle; August samples were more cytotoxic whereas October samples displayed higher cell cycle disruption. Several components associated with combustion, traffic, and industrial emissions displayed strong correlations with these toxicological responses. The lower responses for PM1.0-0.2 compared to PM0.2 and PM2.5-1.0 indicate diminished toxicological effects likely due to aerosol aging and lower proportion of fresh emission particles rich in highly reactive chemical components in the PM1.0-0.2 fraction. Different emission sources and atmospheric processes caused variations in the chemical composition and toxicological responses between PM fractions, sampling campaigns, and day and night. The results indicate different toxicological pathways for coarse-mode particles compared to the smaller particle fractions with typically higher content of combustion-derived components. The variable responses inside PM fractions demonstrate that differences in chemical composition influence the induced toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Kasurinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Koponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari Kuuspalo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarno Ruusunen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Väisänen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Liqing Hao
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Ruuskanen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Die Fang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Kari E J Lehtinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yu Zhao
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Gu
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Soltani N, Keshavarzi B, Sorooshian A, Moore F, Dunster C, Dominguez AO, Kelly FJ, Dhakal P, Ahmadi MR, Asadi S. Oxidative potential (OP) and mineralogy of iron ore particulate matter at the Gol-E-Gohar Mining and Industrial Facility (Iran). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1785-1802. [PMID: 28281141 PMCID: PMC5610107 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of total suspended particulate matter, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), particulate matter <10 μm (PM10), and fallout dust were measured at the Iranian Gol-E-Gohar Mining and Industrial Facility. Samples were characterized in terms of mineralogy, morphology, and oxidative potential. Results show that indoor samples exceeded the 24-h PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentration limits (35 and 150 µg m-3, respectively) set by the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Calcite, magnetite, tremolite, pyrite, talc, and clay minerals such as kaolinite, vermiculite, and illite are the major phases of the iron ore PM. Accessory minerals are quartz, dolomite, hematite, actinolite, biotite, albite, nimite, laumontite, diopside, and muscovite. The scanning electron microscope structure of fibrous-elongated minerals revealed individual fibers in the range of 1.5 nm to 71.65 µm in length and 0.2 nm to 3.7 µm in diameter. The presence of minerals related to respiratory diseases, such as talc, crystalline silica, and needle-shaped minerals like amphibole asbestos (tremolite and actinolite), strongly suggests the need for detailed health-based studies in the region. The particulate samples show low to medium oxidative potential per unit of mass, in relation to an urban road side control, being more reactive with ascorbate than with glutathione or urate. However, the PM oxidative potential per volume of air is exceptionally high, confirming that the workers are exposed to a considerable oxidative environment. PM released by iron ore mining and processing activities should be considered a potential health risk to the mine workers and nearby employees, and strategies to combat the issue are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Soltani
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Christina Dunster
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ana Oliete Dominguez
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Prakash Dhakal
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Mohamad Reza Ahmadi
- Gol-E-Gohar Iron Ore and Steel Research Institute, Gol-E-Gohar Mining and Industrial Co., Sirjan, Iran
| | - Sina Asadi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
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Cha Y, Tu M, Elmgren M, Silvergren S, Olofsson U. Factors affecting the exposure of passengers, service staff and train drivers inside trains to airborne particles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:16-24. [PMID: 29859369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated train air conditioning filters, interior ventilation systems, tunnel environments and platform air quality as factors affecting the concentrations of airborne particles inside trains and provides information on the exposure of passengers, train drivers and service staff to particles. Particle sampling was done inside the passenger cabin, the driver cabin and the service staff cabin during on-board measurement campaigns in 2016 and 2017. The results show that interior ventilation plays a key role in maintaining cleaner in-train air. Noticeable increases in PM10 and PM2.5 levels were observed for all of the measured cabins when the train was running in the newly opened tunnel. The increases occurred when the doors of the passenger cabin and the service staff cabin were open at underground stations. The door to the driver cabin, which remained closed for the entire measurement period, acted as a filter for coarse particles (PM2.5-10). The highest particle exposure occurred in the passenger cabin, followed by the service staff cabin, while the driver had the lowest exposure. The highest deposition dose occurs for the service staff and the lowest for commuters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cha
- Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Minghui Tu
- Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max Elmgren
- SLB-analys, Environment and Health Administration, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- SLB-analys, Environment and Health Administration, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Olofsson
- Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sun J, Shen Z, Zeng Y, Niu X, Wang J, Cao J, Gong X, Xu H, Wang T, Liu H, Yang L. Characterization and cytotoxicity of PAHs in PM 2.5 emitted from residential solid fuel burning in the Guanzhong Plain, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:359-368. [PMID: 29852439 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emission factors (EFs) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 were measured from commonly used stoves and fuels in the rural Guanzhong Plain, China. The toxicity of the PM2.5 also was measured using in vitro cellular tests. EFs of PAHs varied from 0.18 mg kg-1 (maize straw charcoal burning in a clean stove) to 83.3 mg kg-1 (maize straw burning in Heated Kang). The two largest influencing factors on PAH EFs were air supply and volatile matter proportion in fuel. Improvements in these two factors could decrease not only EFs of PAHs but also the proportion of 3-ring to 5-ring PAHs. Exposure to PM2.5 extracts caused a concentration-dependent decline in cell viability but an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). PM2.5 emitted from maize burning in Heated Kang showed the highest cytotoxicity, and EFs of ROS and inflammatory factors were the highest as well. In comparison, maize straw charcoal burning in a clean stove showed the lowest cytotoxicity, which indicated a clean stove and fuel treatment were both efficient methods for reducing cytotoxicity of primary PM2.5. The production of these bioreactive factors were highly correlated with 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs. Specifically, pyrene, anthracene and benzo(a)anthracene had the highest correlations with ROS production (R = 0.85, 0.81 and 0.80, respectively). This study shows that all tested stoves emitted PM2.5 that was cytotoxic to human cells; thus, there may be no safe levels of exposure to PM2.5 emissions from cooking and heating stoves using solid fuels. The study may also provide a new approach for evaluating the cytotoxicity of primary emitted PM2.5 from solid fuel burning as well as other PM2.5 sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xuesong Gong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Taobo Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Spatial variations in the estimated production of reactive oxygen species in the epithelial lung lining fluid by iron and copper in fine particulate air pollution. Environ Epidemiol 2018; 2:e020. [PMID: 33210071 PMCID: PMC7662795 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Certain metals may play an important role in the adverse health effects of fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5), but few models are available to predict spatial variations in these pollutants. Methods: We conducted large-scale air monitoring campaigns during summer 2016 and winter 2017 in Toronto, Canada, to characterize spatial variations in iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) concentrations in PM2.5. Information on Fe and Cu concentrations at each site was paired with a kinetic multilayer model of surface and bulk chemistry in the lung epithelial lining fluid to estimate the possible impact of these metals on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in exposed populations. Land use data around each monitoring site were used to develop predictive models for Fe, Cu, and their estimated combined impact on ROS generation. Results: Spatial variations in Fe, Cu, and ROS greatly exceeded that of PM2.5 mass concentrations. In addition, Fe, Cu, and estimated ROS concentrations were 15, 18, and 9 times higher during summer compared with winter with little difference observed for PM2.5. In leave-one-out cross-validation procedures, final multivariable models explained the majority of spatial variations in annual mean Fe (R2 = 0.68), Cu (R2 =0.79), and ROS (R2 = 0.65). Conclusions: The combined use of PM2.5 metals data with a kinetic multilayer model of surface and bulk chemistry in the human lung epithelial lining fluid may offer a novel means of estimating PM2.5 health impacts beyond simple mass concentrations.
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121
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Lavigne É, Burnett RT, Stieb DM, Evans GJ, Godri Pollitt KJ, Chen H, van Rijswijk D, Weichenthal S. Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Effect Modification by Regional Nonvolatile Oxidative Potential. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:077012. [PMID: 30073952 PMCID: PMC6108848 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) has been associated with preterm delivery and low birth weight (LBW), but few studies have examined possible effect modification by oxidative potential. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate if regional differences in the oxidative potential of PM2.5 modify the relationship between PM2.5 and adverse birth outcomes. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using 196,171 singleton births that occurred in 31 cities in the province of Ontario, Canada, from 2006 to 2012. Daily air pollution data were collected from ground monitors, and city-level PM2.5 oxidative potential was measured. We used random-effects meta-analysis to combine the estimates of effect from regression models across cities on preterm birth, term LBW, and term birth weight and used meta-regression to evaluate the modifying effect of PM2.5 oxidative potential. RESULTS An interquartile increase (2.6 μg/m3) in first-trimester PM2.5 was positively associated with term LBW among women in the highest quartile of glutathione (GSH)-related oxidative potential [odds ratio (OR)=1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10, 1.48], but not the lowest quartile (OR=0.99; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.14; p-interaction=0.03). PM2.5 on the day of delivery also was associated with preterm birth among women in the highest quartile of GSH-related oxidative potential [hazard ratio (HR)=1.02; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.04], but not the lowest quartile [HR=0.97; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.00; p-interaction=0.04]. Between-city differences in ascorbate (AA)-related oxidative potential did not significantly modify associations with PM2.5. CONCLUSIONS Between-city differences in GSH-related oxidative potential may modify the impact of PM2.5 on the risk of term LBW and preterm birth. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2535.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Lavigne
- Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard T Burnett
- Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Stieb
- Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Hong Chen
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Scott Weichenthal
- Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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122
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Lyu Y, Guo H, Cheng T, Li X. Particle Size Distributions of Oxidative Potential of Lung-Deposited Particles: Assessing Contributions from Quinones and Water-Soluble Metals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6592-6600. [PMID: 29719143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active species in ambient particulate matter (PM) cause adverse health effects through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the human respiratory tract. However, respiratory deposition of these species and their relative contributions to oxidative potential (OP) have not been described. Size-segregated aerosols were collected during haze and nonhaze periods using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor sampler at an urban site in Shanghai to address this issue. Samples were analyzed for redox-active species content and PM OP. The average dithiothreitol (DTT) activity of haze samples was approximately 2.4-fold higher than that of nonhaze samples and significantly correlated with quinone and water-soluble metal concentrations. The size-specific distribution data revealed that both water-soluble OPvDTT (volume-normalized OP quantified by DTT assay) and OPmDTT (mass-normalized OP) were unimodal, peaking at 0.56-1 and 0.1-0.32 μm, respectively, due to contributions from accumulation-mode quinones and water-soluble metals. We further estimated that transition metals (mainly copper and manganese) contributed 55 ± 13% of the DTT activity while quinones accounted for only 8 ± 3%. Multiple-path particle dosimetry calculations estimated that OP deposition in the pulmonary region was mainly from accumulation-mode transition metals despite quinones having the highest DTT activity. This behavior is primarily attributed to the efficiency of deposition of transition metals in the pulmonary region being approximately 1.2-fold greater than that of quinones. These results reveal that accumulation-mode transition metals are significant contributors to the OP of deposited water-soluble particles in the pulmonary region of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lyu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , P. R. China
| | - Huibin Guo
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , P. R. China
| | - Tiantao Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
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123
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Forman HJ, Finch CE. A critical review of assays for hazardous components of air pollution. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:202-217. [PMID: 29407794 PMCID: PMC5845809 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased mortality and diverse morbidities are globally associated with exposure to ambient air pollution (AAP), cigarette smoke (CS), and household air pollution (HAP). The AAP-CS-HAP aerosols present heterogeneous particulate matter (PM) of diverse chemical and physical characteristics. Some epidemiological models have assumed the same health hazards by PM weight for AAP, CS, and HAP regardless of the composition. While others have recognized that biological activities and toxicity will vary with components, we focus particularly on oxidation because of its major role in assay outcomes. Our review of PM assays considers misinterpretations of some chemical measures used for oxidative activity. Overall, there is low consistency across chemical and cell-based assays for oxidative and inflammatory activity. We also note gaps in understanding how much airborne PM of various sizes enter cells and organs. For CS, the body burden per cigarette may be much below current assumptions. Synergies shown for health hazards of AAP and CS suggest crosstalk in detoxification pathways mediated by AHR, NF-κB, and Nrf2. These complex genomic and biochemical interactions frustrate resolution of the toxicity of specific AAP components. We propose further strategies based on targeted gene expression based on cell-type differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States.
| | - Caleb Ellicott Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Dornsife College, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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124
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Shafer MM, Hemming JDC, Antkiewicz DS, Schauer JJ. Oxidative potential of size-fractionated atmospheric aerosol in urban and rural sites across Europe. Faraday Discuss 2018; 189:381-405. [PMID: 27116365 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00196j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we applied several assays, an in vitro rat alveolar macrophage model, a chemical ROS probe (DTT, dithiothreitol), and cytokine induction (TNFα) to examine relationships between PM-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and PM composition, using a unique set of size-resolved PM samples obtained from urban and rural environments across Europe. From April-July 2012, we collected PM from roadside canyon, roadside motorway, and background urban sites in each of six European cities and from three rural sites spanning the continent. A Hi-Vol sampler was used to collect PM in three size classes (PM>7, PM7-3, PM3) and PM was characterized for total elements, and oxidative activity quantified in unfiltered and filtered PM extracts. We measured a remarkable uniformity in air concentrations of ROS and especially DTT activity across the continent. Only a 4-fold difference was documented for DTT across the urban sites and a similar variance was documented for ROS, implying that chemical drivers of oxidative activity are relatively similar between sites. The ROS and DTT specific activity was greater at urban background sites (and also rural sites) than at urban canyon locations. PM3 dominated the size distribution of both ROS activity (86% of total) and DTT activity (76% of total), reflecting both the large contribution of PM3 to total PM mass levels and importantly the higher specific oxidative activity of the PM3 in comparison with the larger particles. The soluble fraction of total activity was very high for DTT (94%) as well as for ROS (64%) in the PM3. However in the larger PM size fractions the contributions of the insoluble components became increasingly significant. The dominance of the insoluble PM drivers of activity was particularly evident in the TNFα data, where the insoluble contribution to cytokine production could be 100-fold greater than that from soluble components. ROS and DTT activity were strongly correlated in the PM3 (r = 0.93), however oxidative activity was not correlated with any measured inorganic element in this size cut. In contrast, significant correlations of both ROS and DTT oxidative activity with specific groups of chemical elements were documented in the larger PM size fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Shafer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA. and Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - Jocelyn D C Hemming
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - Dagmara S Antkiewicz
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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125
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Shirmohammadi F, Lovett C, Sowlat MH, Mousavi A, Verma V, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C. Chemical composition and redox activity of PM 0.25 near Los Angeles International Airport and comparisons to an urban traffic site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:1336-1346. [PMID: 28873663 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the relative impacts of emissions from Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), as well as the impacts of traffic emissions from freeways, on the oxidative potential of particulate matter (PM), PM0.25 were collected at two urban background locations in Los Angeles. Redox activity of the PM samples was measured by means of an in vitro alveolar macrophage assay that quantifies the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, and detailed chemical analyses were performed to determine the speciated chemical composition of collected PM. A molecular marker-based chemical mass balance (MM-CMB) model was applied to estimate the relative contributions from the following primary sources to the organic carbon (OC) component of PM: mobile sources (combined gasoline and diesel vehicles), wood smoke, vegetative detritus, road dust and ship emissions. A source profile of aircraft emissions was not included in the model; however its contribution was estimated from un-apportioned primary OC in the MM-CMB model ("other OC") after accounting for the contribution of secondary organic carbon (SOC) to OC. The contribution of mobile sources to OC was 82% and 28% at the central Los Angeles site (freeway emissions) and the LAX site, respectively. The estimated contribution of aircraft emissions to PM0.25 OC was 36% at the LAX site. ROS activity levels showed little spatial variability, with no statistically significant difference between the averages observed at LAX (24.75±4.01μgZymosan/m3) and central Los Angeles (27.77±2 0.32μgZymosan/m3), suggesting similar levels of inhalation exposure to redox active species of PM0.25. A multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the variability in ROS activity is best explained by the chemical markers of major identified sources: EC emitted by traffic, and sulfur, considered in our study as a potential tracer of aircraft emissions, with statistically significantly higher concentrations of sulfur at the LAX site (p<0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Shirmohammadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Lovett
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sowlat
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amirhosein Mousavi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vishal Verma
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Martin M Shafer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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126
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Gulliver J, Morley D, Dunster C, McCrea A, van Nunen E, Tsai MY, Probst-Hensch N, Eeftens M, Imboden M, Ducret-Stich R, Naccarati A, Galassi C, Ranzi A, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Curto A, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Cirach M, Vermeulen R, Vineis P, Hoek G, Kelly FJ. Land use regression models for the oxidative potential of fine particles (PM 2.5) in five European areas. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 160:247-255. [PMID: 29031214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) is proposed as a biologically-relevant exposure metric for studies of air pollution and health. We aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of the OP of measured PM2.5 using ascorbate (AA) and (reduced) glutathione (GSH), and develop land use regression (LUR) models to explain this spatial variability. We estimated annual average values (m-3) of OPAA and OPGSH for five areas (Basel, CH; Catalonia, ES; London-Oxford, UK (no OPGSH); the Netherlands; and Turin, IT) using PM2.5 filters. OPAA and OPGSH LUR models were developed using all monitoring sites, separately for each area and combined-areas. The same variables were then used in repeated sub-sampling of monitoring sites to test sensitivity of variable selection; new variables were offered where variables were excluded (p > .1). On average, measurements of OPAA and OPGSH were moderately correlated (maximum Pearson's maximum Pearson's R = = .7) with PM2.5 and other metrics (PM2.5absorbance, NO2, Cu, Fe). HOV (hold-out validation) R2 for OPAA models was .21, .58, .45, .53, and .13 for Basel, Catalonia, London-Oxford, the Netherlands and Turin respectively. For OPGSH, the only model achieving at least moderate performance was for the Netherlands (R2 = .31). Combined models for OPAA and OPGSH were largely explained by study area with weak local predictors of intra-area contrasts; we therefore do not endorse them for use in epidemiologic studies. Given the moderate correlation of OPAA with other pollutants, the three reasonably performing LUR models for OPAA could be used independently of other pollutant metrics in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gulliver
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - David Morley
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissi Dunster
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group (ERG), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne McCrea
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik van Nunen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), division of Environmental Epidemiology (EEPI), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ming-Yi Tsai
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health (TPH) Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicoltae Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health (TPH) Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marloes Eeftens
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health (TPH) Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Medea Imboden
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health (TPH) Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Regina Ducret-Stich
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health (TPH) Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudia Galassi
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital and Centre for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Ranzi
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Curto
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cirach
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), division of Environmental Epidemiology (EEPI), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), division of Environmental Epidemiology (EEPI), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group (ERG), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Shiraiwa M, Ueda K, Pozzer A, Lammel G, Kampf CJ, Fushimi A, Enami S, Arangio AM, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Fujitani Y, Furuyama A, Lakey PSJ, Lelieveld J, Lucas K, Morino Y, Pöschl U, Takahama S, Takami A, Tong H, Weber B, Yoshino A, Sato K. Aerosol Health Effects from Molecular to Global Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13545-13567. [PMID: 29111690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poor air quality is globally the largest environmental health risk. Epidemiological studies have uncovered clear relationships of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM) with adverse health outcomes, including mortality by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Studies of health impacts by aerosols are highly multidisciplinary with a broad range of scales in space and time. We assess recent advances and future challenges regarding aerosol effects on health from molecular to global scales through epidemiological studies, field measurements, health-related properties of PM, and multiphase interactions of oxidants and PM upon respiratory deposition. Global modeling combined with epidemiological exposure-response functions indicates that ambient air pollution causes more than four million premature deaths per year. Epidemiological studies usually refer to PM mass concentrations, but some health effects may relate to specific constituents such as bioaerosols, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and transition metals. Various analytical techniques and cellular and molecular assays are applied to assess the redox activity of PM and the formation of reactive oxygen species. Multiphase chemical interactions of lung antioxidants with atmospheric pollutants are crucial to the mechanistic and molecular understanding of oxidative stress upon respiratory deposition. The role of distinct PM components in health impacts and mortality needs to be clarified by integrated research on various spatiotemporal scales for better evaluation and mitigation of aerosol effects on public health in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Gerhard Lammel
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University , 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akihiro Fushimi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Andrea M Arangio
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akiko Furuyama
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Yu Morino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Takahama
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | | | - Ayako Yoshino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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128
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Niu X, Ho SSH, Ho KF, Huang Y, Sun J, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Zhao Z, Cao J. Atmospheric levels and cytotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated-PAHs in PM 2.5 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1075-1084. [PMID: 28922714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of PM2.5 and cellular effects from exposure to fine aerosol extracts were studied for samples collected in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and Hengshui, China in winter 2015. Effects of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated derivatives (OPAHs) in PM2.5 on cell cultures were a major focus of the study. Total quantified PAHs and OPAHs at Shijiazhuang and Hengshui were higher than at Beijing and Tianjin, and benz(a)anthracene, chrysene and 1,8-naphthalic anhydride were the most abundant species. Exposure to PM2.5 extracts caused a concentration-dependent decline in cell viability and a dose-dependent increase in nitric oxide production. Two cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), also increased when A549 test cells were exposed to PM2.5 extracts. PAHs and OPAHs in PM2.5 can potentially cause cell damage and induce cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses: benzo(a)anthracene-7,12-dione was highly correlated with NO production, dibenz(a,h)anthracene and 1,4-chrysenequinone were correlated with TNF-α production, and 1-naphthaldehyde was significantly correlated with IL-6 production. The study provides a new approach for evaluating relationships between air-quality and cell toxicity with respect to specific chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Division of Atmosphere Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV89512, United States
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yaqing Zhou
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuzi Zhao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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129
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Strak M, Janssen N, Beelen R, Schmitz O, Vaartjes I, Karssenberg D, van den Brink C, Bots ML, Dijst M, Brunekreef B, Hoek G. Long-term exposure to particulate matter, NO 2 and the oxidative potential of particulates and diabetes prevalence in a large national health survey. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:228-236. [PMID: 28886416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence from observational epidemiological studies of a link between long-term air pollution exposure and diabetes prevalence and incidence is currently mixed. Some studies found the strongest associations of diabetes with fine particles, other studies with nitrogen dioxide and some studies found no associations. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate associations between long-term exposure to multiple air pollutants and diabetes prevalence in a large national survey in the Netherlands. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis using the 2012 Dutch national health survey to investigate the associations between the 2009 annual average concentrations of multiple air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, PM10-2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, OPDTT, OPESR and NO2) and diabetes prevalence, among 289,703 adults. Air pollution exposure was assessed by land use regression models. Diabetes was defined based on a combined measure of self-reported physician diagnosis and medication prescription from an external database. Using logistic regression, we adjusted for potential confounders, including neighborhood- and individual socio-economic status and lifestyle-related risk factors such as smoking habits, alcohol consumption, physical activity and BMI. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders, all pollutants (except PM2.5) were associated with diabetes prevalence. In two-pollutant models, NO2 and OPDTT remained associated with increased diabetes prevalence. For NO2 and OPDTT, single-pollutant ORs per interquartile range were 1.07 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.09) and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.10), respectively. Stratified analysis showed no consistent effect modification by any of the included known diabetes risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Long-term residential air pollution exposure was associated with diabetes prevalence in a large health survey in the Netherlands, strengthening the evidence of air pollution being an important diabetes risk factor. Most consistent associations were observed for NO2 and oxidative potential of PM2.5 measured by the DTT assay. The finding of an association with the oxidative potential of fine particles but not with PM2.5, suggests that particle composition may be important for a potential effect on diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Strak
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Nicole Janssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Rob Beelen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Oliver Schmitz
- Global Geo and Health Data Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Global Geo and Health Data Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Derek Karssenberg
- Global Geo and Health Data Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | | | - Michiel L Bots
- Global Geo and Health Data Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martin Dijst
- Global Geo and Health Data Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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130
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Abrams JY, Weber RJ, Klein M, Sarnat SE, Chang HH, Strickland MJ, Verma V, Fang T, Bates JT, Mulholland JA, Russell AG, Tolbert PE. Associations between Ambient Fine Particulate Oxidative Potential and Cardiorespiratory Emergency Department Visits. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:107008. [PMID: 29084634 PMCID: PMC5933307 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative potential (OP) has been proposed as a measure of toxicity of ambient particulate matter (PM). OBJECTIVES Our goal was to address an important research gap by using daily OP measurements to conduct population-level analysis of the health effects of measured ambient OP. METHODS A semi-automated dithiothreitol (DTT) analytical system was used to measure daily average OP (OPDTT) in water-soluble fine PM at a central monitor site in Atlanta, Georgia, over eight sampling periods (a total of 196 d) during June 2012-April 2013. Data on emergency department (ED) visits for selected cardiorespiratory outcomes were obtained for the five-county Atlanta metropolitan area. Poisson log-linear regression models controlling for temporal confounders were used to conduct time-series analyses of the relationship between daily counts of ED visits and either the 3-d moving average (lag 0-2) of OPDTT or same-day OPDTT. Bipollutant regression models were run to estimate the health associations of OPDTT while controlling for other pollutants. RESULTS OPDTT was measured for 196 d (mean=0.32 nmol/min/m3, interquartile range=0.21). Lag 0-2 OPDTT was associated with ED visits for respiratory disease (RR=1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.05 per interquartile range increase in OPDTT), asthma (RR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.22), and ischemic heart disease (RR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.38). Same-day OPDTT was not associated with ED visits for any outcome. Lag 0-2 OPDTT remained a significant predictor of asthma and ischemic heart disease in most bipollutant models. CONCLUSIONS Lag 0-2 OPDTT was associated with ED visits for multiple cardiorespiratory outcomes, providing support for the utility of OPDTT as a measure of fine particle toxicity. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1545.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Abrams
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mitchel Klein
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stefanie E Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Ting Fang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Josephine T Bates
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paige E Tolbert
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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131
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On the Redox Activity of Urban Aerosol Particles: Implications for Size Distribution and Relationships with Organic Aerosol Components. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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132
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Calas A, Uzu G, Martins JMF, Voisin D, Spadini L, Lacroix T, Jaffrezo JL. The importance of simulated lung fluid (SLF) extractions for a more relevant evaluation of the oxidative potential of particulate matter. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11617. [PMID: 28912590 PMCID: PMC5599505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) induces oxidative stress in vivo, leading to adverse health effects. Oxidative potential (OP) of PM is increasingly studied as a relevant metric for health impact (instead of PM mass concentration) as much of the ambient particle mass do not contribute to PM toxicity. Several assays have been developed to quantify PM oxidative potential and a widely used one is the acellular dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. However in such assays, particles are usually extracted with methanol or Milli-Q water which is unrepresentative of physiological conditions. For this purpose, OPDTT measurements after simulated lung fluids (SLF) extraction, in order to look at the impact of simulated lung fluid constituents, were compared to Milli-Q water extraction measurements. Our major finding is a significant decrease of the OPDTT when the artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) solution was used. Indeed, ligand compounds are present in the SLF solutions and some induce a decrease of the OP when compared to water extraction. Our results suggest that the effect of ligands and complexation in lining fluids towards PM contaminants probably has been underestimated and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Calas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France.
| | - Jean M F Martins
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France
| | - Didier Voisin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France
| | - Lorenzo Spadini
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France
| | - Thomas Lacroix
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, F-38 000, France
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133
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Weichenthal SA, Lavigne E, Evans GJ, Godri Pollitt KJ, Burnett RT. Fine Particulate Matter and Emergency Room Visits for Respiratory Illness. Effect Modification by Oxidative Potential. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:577-86. [PMID: 26963193 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201512-2434oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5; particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in diameter) is thought to contribute to acute respiratory morbidity in part through oxidative stress. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between PM2.5 oxidative burden and emergency room visits for respiratory illnesses. METHODS We conducted a case-crossover study in Ontario, Canada between 2004 and 2011, including 127,836 cases of asthma, 298,751 cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and more than 1.1 million cases of all respiratory illnesses. Daily air pollution data were collected from ground monitors, and city-level PM2.5 oxidative potential was measured on the basis of a synthetic respiratory tract lining fluid containing the antioxidants glutathione and ascorbate. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate associations between air pollution concentrations and emergency room visits, adjusting for time-varying covariates. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Three-day mean PM2.5 concentrations were consistently associated with emergency room visits for all respiratory illnesses. Among children (<9 yr), each interquartile change (5.92 μg/m(3)) in 3-day mean PM2.5 was associated with a 7.2% (95% confidence interval, 4.2-10) increased risk of emergency room visits for asthma. Glutathione-related oxidative potential modified the impact of PM2.5 on emergency room visits for respiratory illnesses (P = 0.001) but only at low concentrations (≤10 μg/m(3)). Between-city differences in ascorbate-related oxidative potential did not modify the impact of PM2.5 on respiratory outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Between-city differences in glutathione-related oxidative potential may modify the impact of PM2.5 on acute respiratory illnesses at low PM2.5 concentrations. This may explain in part how small changes in ambient PM2.5 mass concentrations can contribute to acute respiratory morbidity in low-pollution environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Weichenthal
- 1 Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,2 Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Greg J Evans
- 3 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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134
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Deweirdt J, Quignard JF, Crobeddu B, Baeza-Squiban A, Sciare J, Courtois A, Lacomme S, Gontier E, Muller B, Savineau JP, Marthan R, Guibert C, Baudrimont I. Involvement of oxidative stress and calcium signaling in airborne particulate matter - induced damages in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:340-350. [PMID: 28688989 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that particulate matter (PM) exert deleterious effects on vascular function. Pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC), which are involved in the vasomotricity regulation, can be a direct target of inhaled particles. Modifications in calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress are critical events involved in the physiopathology of vascular diseases. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of PM2.5 on oxidative stress and calcium signaling in HPAEC. Different endpoints were studied, (i) intrinsic and intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the H2DCF-DA probe, (ii) intrinsic, intracellular and mitochondrial production of superoxide anion (O2-) by electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and MitoSOX probe, (iii) reactive nitrosative species (RNS) production by Griess reaction, and (vi) calcium signaling by the Fluo-4 probe. In acellular conditions, PM2.5 leads to an intrinsic free radical production (ROS, O2-) and a 4h-exposure to PM2.5 (5-15μg/cm2), induced, in HPAEC, an increase of RNS, of global ROS and of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial O2- levels. The basal intracellular calcium ion level [Ca2+]i was also increased after 4h-exposure to PM2.5 and a pre-treatment with superoxide dismutase and catalase significantly reduced this response. This study provides evidence that the alteration of intracellular calcium homeostasis induced by PM2.5 is closely correlated to an increase of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deweirdt
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - J F Quignard
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - B Crobeddu
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - A Baeza-Squiban
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - J Sciare
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS, Centre de Saclay, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; Energy Environment Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Courtois
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Centre AntiPoison et de Toxicovigilance d'Aquitaine et de Poitou Charente et Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - S Lacomme
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Bordeaux Imaging Center UMS 3420 CNRS - US4 INSERM, Pôle d'imagerie électronique, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - E Gontier
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Bordeaux Imaging Center UMS 3420 CNRS - US4 INSERM, Pôle d'imagerie électronique, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - B Muller
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - J P Savineau
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - R Marthan
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Centre AntiPoison et de Toxicovigilance d'Aquitaine et de Poitou Charente et Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - C Guibert
- Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - I Baudrimont
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France.
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Hofman J, Maher BA, Muxworthy AR, Wuyts K, Castanheiro A, Samson R. Biomagnetic Monitoring of Atmospheric Pollution: A Review of Magnetic Signatures from Biological Sensors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6648-6664. [PMID: 28541679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomagnetic monitoring of atmospheric pollution is a growing application in the field of environmental magnetism. Particulate matter (PM) in atmospheric pollution contains readily measurable concentrations of magnetic minerals. Biological surfaces, exposed to atmospheric pollution, accumulate magnetic particles over time, providing a record of location-specific, time-integrated air quality information. This review summarizes current knowledge of biological material ("sensors") used for biomagnetic monitoring purposes. Our work addresses the following: the range of magnetic properties reported for lichens, mosses, leaves, bark, trunk wood, insects, crustaceans, mammal and human tissues; their associations with atmospheric pollutant species (PM, NOx, trace elements, PAHs); the pros and cons of biomagnetic monitoring of atmospheric pollution; current challenges for large-scale implementation of biomagnetic monitoring; and future perspectives. A summary table is presented, with the aim of aiding researchers and policy makers in selecting the most suitable biological sensor for their intended biomagnetic monitoring purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Hofman
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Paleomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster , Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian R Muxworthy
- Natural Magnetism Group, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Wuyts
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Xiong Q, Yu H, Wang R, Wei J, Verma V. Rethinking Dithiothreitol-Based Particulate Matter Oxidative Potential: Measuring Dithiothreitol Consumption versus Reactive Oxygen Species Generation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6507-6514. [PMID: 28489384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We measured the rate of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)] catalyzed by ambient particulate matter (PM) in the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. To understand the mechanism of ROS generation, we tested several redox-active substances, such as 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ), 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (5H-1,4NQ), 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), copper(II), manganese(II), and iron (II and III). Both pure compounds and their mixtures show different patterns in DTT oxidation versus ROS generation. The quinones, known to oxidize DTT in the efficiency order of PQ > 5H-1,4NQ > 1,2-NQ > 1,4-NQ, show a different efficiency order (5H-1,4NQ > 1,2-NQ ≈ PQ > 1,4-NQ) in the ROS generation. Cu(II), a dominant metal in DTT oxidation, contributes almost negligibly to the ROS generation. Fe is mostly inactive in DTT oxidation, but shows synergistic effect in •OH formation in the presence of other quinones (mixture/sum > 1.5). Ten ambient PM samples collected from an urban site were analyzed, and although DTT oxidation was significantly correlated with H2O2 generation (Pearson's r = 0.91), no correlation was observed between DTT oxidation and •OH formation. Our results show that measuring both DTT consumption and ROS generation in the DTT assay is important to incorporate the synergistic contribution from different aerosol components and to provide a more inclusive picture of the ROS activity of ambient PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianshan Xiong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Haoran Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Runran Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Szigeti T, Dunster C, Cattaneo A, Spinazzè A, Mandin C, Le Ponner E, de Oliveira Fernandes E, Ventura G, Saraga DE, Sakellaris IA, de Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen E, Bartzis JG, Kelly FJ. Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter characteristics within office buildings - The OFFICAIR study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:59-67. [PMID: 28228238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the frame of the OFFICAIR project, office buildings were investigated across Europe to assess how the office workers are exposed to different particulate matter (PM) characteristics (i.e. PM2.5 mass concentration, particulate oxidative potential (OP) based on ascorbate and reduced glutathione depletion, trace element concentration and total particle number concentration (PNC)) within the buildings. Two offices per building were investigated during the working hours (5 consecutive days; 8h per day) in two campaigns. Differences were observed for all parameters across the office buildings. Our results indicate that the monitoring of the PM2.5 mass concentration in different offices within a building might not reflect the spatial variation of the health relevant PM characteristics such as particulate OP or the concentration of certain trace elements (e.g., Cu, Fe), since larger differences were apparent within a building for these parameters compared to that obtained for the PM2.5 mass concentration in many cases. The temporal variation was larger for almost all PM characteristics (except for the concentration of Mn) than the spatial differences within the office buildings. These findings indicate that repeated or long-term monitoring campaigns are necessary to have information about the temporal variation of the PM characteristics. However, spatial variation in exposure levels within an office building may cause substantial differences in total exposure in the long term. We did not find strong associations between the investigated indoor activities such as printing or windows opening and the PNC values. This might be caused by the large number of factors affecting PNC indoors and outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Szigeti
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Christina Dunster
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Université Paris Est, 84 avenue Jean Jaurés, Champs-sur-Marne, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Eline Le Ponner
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Université Paris Est, 84 avenue Jean Jaurés, Champs-sur-Marne, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Ventura
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dikaia E Saraga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Sakellaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Yvonne de Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Cornelissen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - John G Bartzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom.
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138
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Eiguren-Fernandez A, Kreisberg N, Hering S. An online monitor of the oxidative capacity of aerosols (o-MOCA). ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2017; 10:633-644. [PMID: 29187913 PMCID: PMC5703220 DOI: 10.5194/amt-10-633-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of airborne particulate matter to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been correlated with the generation of oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo. The cellular damage from oxidative stress, and by implication with ROS, is associated with several common diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and some neurological diseases. Yet currently available chemical and in vitro assays to determine the oxidative capacity of ambient particles require large samples, analyses are typically done offline, and the results are not immediate. Here we report the development of an online monitor of the oxidative capacity of aerosols (o-MOCA) to provide online, time-resolved assessment of the capacity of airborne particles to generate ROS. Our approach combines the Liquid Spot Sampler (LSS), which collects particles directly into small volumes of liquid, and a chemical module optimized for online measurement of the oxidative capacity of aerosol using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. The LSS uses a three-stage, laminar-flow water condensation approach to enable the collection of particles as small as 5 nm into liquid. The DTT assay has been improved to allow the online, time-resolved analysis of samples collected with the LSS but could be adapted to other collection methods or offline analysis of liquid extracts. The o-MOCA was optimized and its performance evaluated using the 9,10-phenanthraquinone (PQ) as a standard redox-active compound. Laboratory testing shows minimum interferences or carryover between consecutive samples, low blanks, and a reproducible, linear response between the DTT consumption rate (nmol min-1) and PQ concentration (μM). The calculated limit of detection for o-MOCA was 0.15 nmol min-1. The system was validated with a diesel exhaust particle (DEP) extract, previously characterized and used for the development, improvement, and validation of the standard DTT analysis. The DTT consumption rates (nmol min-1) obtained with the o-MOCA were within experimental uncertainties of those previously reported for these DEP samples. In ambient air testing, the fully automated o-MOCA was run unattended for 3 days with 3 h time resolution and showed a diurnal and daily variability in the measured consumption rates (nmol min-1 m-3).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susanne Hering
- Aerosol Dynamics Inc., 935 Grayson St., Berkeley, CA, USA
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139
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Roper C, Chubb LG, Cambal L, Tunno B, Clougherty JE, Fattman C, Mischler SE. Association of IL-6 with PM 2.5 Components: Importance of Characterizing Filter-Based PM 2.5 Following Extraction. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2017; 228:43. [PMID: 28989204 PMCID: PMC5628506 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-016-3219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Filter-based toxicology studies are conducted to establish the biological plausibility of the well-established health impacts associated with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure. Ambient PM2.5 collected on filters is extracted into solution for toxicology applications, but frequently, characterization is nonexistent or only performed on filter-based PM2.5, without consideration of compositional differences that occur during the extraction processes. To date, the impact of making associations to measured components in ambient instead of extracted PM2.5 has not been investigated. Filter-based PM2.5 was collected at locations (n = 5) and detailed characterization of both ambient and extracted PM2.5 was performed. Alveolar macrophages (AMJ2-C11) were exposed (3, 24, and 48 h) to PM2.5 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 was measured. IL-6 release differed significantly between PM2.5 collected from different locations; surprisingly, IL-6 release was highest following treatment with PM2.5 from the lowest ambient concentration location. IL-6 was negatively correlated with the sum of ambient metals analyzed, as well as with concentrations of specific constituents which have been previously associated with respiratory health effects. However, positive correlations of IL-6 with extracted concentrations indicated that the negative associations between IL-6 and ambient concentrations do not accurately represent the relationship between inflammation and PM2.5 exposure. Additionally, seven organic compounds had significant associations with IL-6 release when considering ambient concentrations, but they were not detected in the extracted solution. Basing inflammatory associations on ambient concentrations that are not necessarily representative of in vitro exposures creates misleading results; this study highlights the importance of characterizing extraction solutions to conduct accurate health impact research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Roper
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren G Chubb
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leah Cambal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brett Tunno
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cheryl Fattman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven E Mischler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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140
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Visentin M, Pagnoni A, Sarti E, Pietrogrande MC. Urban PM 2.5 oxidative potential: Importance of chemical species and comparison of two spectrophotometric cell-free assays. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:72-79. [PMID: 27661730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) - defined as the capacity of PM to oxidize target molecules generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) - has been proposed as a more health relevant metric than PM mass. In this study two cell-free methods were used to assess the OP of PM filters collected at an urban site and to evaluate correlation with PM mass and PM composition. Among the different assays existing, two inexpensive and user-friendly methods were used both based on spectrophotometric measurements of depletion rate of target reagents oxidized by redox-active species present in PM. One assay measures the consumption of dithiothreitol (OPDTT) and the other the ascorbate (OPAA). Although both assays respond to the same redox-active species, i.e., quinones and transition metals, no correlations were found between OPDTT and OPAA responses to compounds standard solutions as well as to ambient samples. When expressed in relation to air volume, OPDTT m-3 strongly correlates with PM2.5 mass whereas no correlation was found for OPAA m-3 with PM2.5. When expressed on mass basis, both OPDTT μg-1 and OPAA μg-1 show a strong dependence on the sample composition, with higher OP for summer samples. OPDTT m-3 were highly correlated with the determined metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ni, Mn) whereas OPAA m-3 showed only moderate correlation with Cu and Mn. Thus, the two assays could potentially provide complementary information on oxidative potential characteristic of PM. Consequently, the combination of the two approaches can strengthen each other in giving insight into the contribution of chemical composition to oxidative properties of PM, which can subsequently be used to study health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Visentin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Pagnoni
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Sarti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pietrogrande
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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141
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Maikawa CL, Weichenthal S, Wheeler AJ, Dobbin NA, Smargiassi A, Evans G, Liu L, Goldberg MS, Pollitt KJG. Particulate Oxidative Burden as a Predictor of Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Children with Asthma. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1616-1622. [PMID: 27152705 PMCID: PMC5047770 DOI: 10.1289/ehp175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have provided strong evidence that fine particulate matter (PM2.5; aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) can exacerbate asthmatic symptoms in children. Pro-oxidant components of PM2.5 are capable of directly generating reactive oxygen species. Oxidative burden is used to describe the capacity of PM2.5 to generate reactive oxygen species in the lung. OBJECTIVE In this study we investigated the association between airway inflammation in asthmatic children and oxidative burden of PM2.5 personal exposure. METHODS Daily PM2.5 personal exposure samples (n = 249) of 62 asthmatic school-aged children in Montreal were collected over 10 consecutive days. The oxidative burden of PM2.5 samples was determined in vitro as the depletion of low-molecular-weight antioxidants (ascorbate and glutathione) from a synthetic model of the fluid lining the respiratory tract. Airway inflammation was measured daily as fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). RESULTS A positive association was identified between FeNO and glutathione-related oxidative burden exposure in the previous 24 hr (6.0% increase per interquartile range change in glutathione). Glutathione-related oxidative burden was further found to be positively associated with FeNO over 1-day lag and 2-day lag periods. Results further demonstrate that corticosteroid use may reduce the FeNO response to elevated glutathione-related oxidative burden exposure (no use, 15.8%; irregular use, 3.8%), whereas mold (22.1%), dust (10.6%), or fur (13.1%) allergies may increase FeNO in children with versus children without these allergies (11.5%). No association was found between PM2.5 mass or ascorbate-related oxidative burden and FeNO levels. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to PM2.5 with elevated glutathione-related oxidative burden was associated with increased FeNO. CITATION Maikawa CL, Weichenthal S, Wheeler AJ, Dobbin NA, Smargiassi A, Evans G, Liu L, Goldberg MS, Godri Pollitt KJ. 2016. Particulate oxidative burden as a predictor of exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma. Environ Health Perspect 124:1616-1622; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP175.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin L. Maikawa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda J. Wheeler
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nina A. Dobbin
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Audrey Smargiassi
- Département de santé environnementale et de santé au travail, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Greg Evans
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ling Liu
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Krystal J. Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Address correspondence to K.J. Godri Pollitt, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 149 Goessman Lab, 686 North Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Telephone: 1 413 545 1778. E-mail:
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142
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Chemical exposure-response relationship between air pollutants and reactive oxygen species in the human respiratory tract. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32916. [PMID: 27605301 PMCID: PMC5015057 DOI: 10.1038/srep32916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution can cause oxidative stress and adverse health effects such as asthma and other respiratory diseases, but the underlying chemical processes are not well characterized. Here we present chemical exposure-response relations between ambient concentrations of air pollutants and the production rates and concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the human respiratory tract. In highly polluted environments, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) containing redox-active transition metals, quinones, and secondary organic aerosols can increase ROS concentrations in the ELF to levels characteristic for respiratory diseases. Ambient ozone readily saturates the ELF and can enhance oxidative stress by depleting antioxidants and surfactants. Chemical exposure-response relations provide a quantitative basis for assessing the relative importance of specific air pollutants in different regions of the world, showing that aerosol-induced epithelial ROS levels in polluted megacity air can be several orders of magnitude higher than in pristine rainforest air.
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143
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Godri Pollitt KJ, Maikawa CL, Wheeler AJ, Weichenthal S, Dobbin NA, Liu L, Goldberg MS. Trace metal exposure is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in asthmatic children. Environ Health 2016; 15:94. [PMID: 27586245 PMCID: PMC5009709 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with asthma experience increased susceptibility to airborne pollutants. Exposure to traffic and industrial activity have been positively associated with exacerbation of symptoms as well as emergency room visits and hospitalisations. The effect of trace metals contained in fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter 2.5 μm and lower, PM2.5) on acute health effects amongst asthmatic children has not been well investigated. The objective of this panel study in asthmatic children was to determine the association between personal daily exposure to ambient trace metals and airway inflammation, as measured by fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). METHODS Daily concentrations of trace metals contained on PM2.5 were determined from personal samples (n = 217) collected from 70 asthmatic school aged children in Montreal, Canada, over ten consecutive days. FeNO was measured daily using standard techniques. RESULTS A positive association was found between FeNO and children's exposure to an indicator of vehicular non-tailpipe emissions (8.9 % increase for an increase in the interquartile range (IQR) in barium, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 2.8, 15.4) as well as exposure to an indicator of industrial emissions (7.6 % increase per IQR increase in vanadium, 95 % CI: 0.1, 15.8). Elevated FeNO was also suggested for other metals on the day after the exposure: 10.3 % increase per IQR increase in aluminium (95 % CI: 4.2, 16.6) and 7.5 % increase per IQR increase in iron (95 % CI: 1.5, 13.9) at a 1-day lag period. CONCLUSIONS Exposures to ambient PM2.5 containing trace metals that are markers of traffic and industrial-derived emissions were associated in asthmatic children with an enhanced FeNO response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J. Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 149D Goessman Lab, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Caitlin L. Maikawa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 149D Goessman Lab, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Amanda J. Wheeler
- Health Canada, Air Health Science Division, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS 7000 Australia
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Health Canada, Air Health Science Division, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Nina A. Dobbin
- Health Canada, Air Health Science Division, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Ling Liu
- Health Canada, Population Studies Division, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Mark S. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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144
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Godoi RHM, Polezer G, Borillo GC, Brown A, Valebona FB, Silva TOB, Ingberman ABG, Nalin M, Yamamoto CI, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Penteado Neto RA, de Marchi MRR, Saldiva PHN, Pauliquevis T, Godoi AFL. Influence on the oxidative potential of a heavy-duty engine particle emission due to selective catalytic reduction system and biodiesel blend. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:179-185. [PMID: 27101453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the particulate matter (PM) emissions from biodiesel fuelled engines are acknowledged to be lower than those of fossil diesel, there is a concern on the impact of PM produced by biodiesel to human health. As the oxidative potential of PM has been suggested as trigger for adverse health effects, it was measured using the Electron Spin Resonance (OP(ESR)) technique. Additionally, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF) was employed to determine elemental concentration, and Raman Spectroscopy was used to describe the amorphous carbon character of the soot collected on exhaust PM from biodiesel blends fuelled test-bed engine, with and without Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). OP(ESR) results showed higher oxidative potential per kWh of PM produced from a blend of 20% soybean biodiesel and 80% ULSD (B20) engine compared with a blend of 5% soybean biodiesel and 95% ULSD (B5), whereas the SCR was able to reduce oxidative potential for each fuel. EDXRF data indicates a correlation of 0.99 between concentration of copper and oxidative potential. Raman Spectroscopy centered on the expected carbon peaks between 1100cm(-1) and 1600cm(-1) indicate lower molecular disorder for the B20 particulate matter, an indicative of a more graphitic carbon structure. The analytical techniques used in this study highlight the link between biodiesel engine exhaust and increased oxidative potential relative to biodiesel addition on fossil diesel combustion. The EDXRF analysis confirmed the prominent role of metals on free radical production. As a whole, these results suggest that 20% of biodiesel blends run without SCR may pose an increased health risk due to an increase in OH radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Polezer
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Borillo
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrew Brown
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Fabio B Valebona
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Thiago O B Silva
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Aline B G Ingberman
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Nalin
- LAVIE - Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Renato A Penteado Neto
- Vehicle Emissions Laboratory, Institute of Technology for Development (LACTEC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mary Rosa R de Marchi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Natural and Earth Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia L Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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145
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Szigeti T, Dunster C, Cattaneo A, Cavallo D, Spinazzè A, Saraga DE, Sakellaris IA, de Kluizenaar Y, Cornelissen EJM, Hänninen O, Peltonen M, Calzolai G, Lucarelli F, Mandin C, Bartzis JG, Záray G, Kelly FJ. Oxidative potential and chemical composition of PM2.5 in office buildings across Europe - The OFFICAIR study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:324-33. [PMID: 27128717 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the frame of the OFFICAIR project, indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples were collected in office buildings across Europe in two sampling campaigns (summer and winter). The ability of the particles to deplete physiologically relevant antioxidants (ascorbic acid (AA), reduced glutathione (GSH)) in a synthetic respiratory tract lining fluid, i.e., oxidative potential (OP), was assessed. Furthermore, the link between particulate OP and the concentration of the PM constituents was investigated. The mean indoor PM2.5 mass concentration values were substantially lower than the related outdoor values with a mean indoor/outdoor PM2.5 mass concentration ratio of 0.62 and 0.61 for the summer and winter campaigns respectively. The OP of PM2.5 varied markedly across Europe with the highest outdoor OP(AA) m(-3) and OP(GSH) m(-3) (% antioxidant depletion/m(3) air) values obtained for Hungary, while PM2.5 collected in Finland exhibited the lowest values. Seasonal variation could be observed for both indoor and outdoor OP(AA) m(-3) and OP(GSH) m(-3) with higher mean values during winter. The indoor/outdoor OP(AA) m(-3) and OP(GSH) m(-3) ratios were less than one with 4 and 17 exceptions out of the 40 cases respectively. These results indicate that indoor air is generally less oxidatively challenging than outdoors. Correlation analysis revealed that trace elements play an important role in determining OP, in particular, the Cu content. Indoor air chemistry might affect OP since weaker correlations were obtained for indoor PM2.5. Our findings also suggest that office workers may be exposed to health relevant PM constituents to a different extent within the same building.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Szigeti
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Christina Dunster
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Domenico Cavallo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Dikaia E Saraga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Sakellaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Yvonne de Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J M Cornelissen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Otto Hänninen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), PO Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Peltonen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), PO Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Giulia Calzolai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Franco Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Université Paris Est, 84 avenue Jean Jaurés, Champs-sur-Marne, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - John G Bartzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Gyula Záray
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom.
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146
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Weichenthal S, Lavigne E, Evans G, Pollitt K, Burnett RT. Ambient PM2.5 and risk of emergency room visits for myocardial infarction: impact of regional PM2.5 oxidative potential: a case-crossover study. Environ Health 2016; 15:46. [PMID: 27012244 PMCID: PMC4806515 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regional differences in the oxidative potential of fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) may modify its impact on the risk of myocardial infarction. METHODS A case-crossover study was conducted in 16 cities in Ontario, Canada to evaluate the impact of regional PM2.5 oxidative potential on the relationship between PM2.5 and emergency room visits for myocardial infarction. Daily air pollution and meteorological data were collected between 2004 and 2011 from provincial monitoring sites and regional estimates of glutathione (OP(GSH)) and ascorbate-related (OP(AA)) oxidative potential were determined using an acellular assay based on a synthetic respiratory tract lining fluid. Exposure variables for the combined oxidant capacity of NO2 and O3 were also examined using their sum (Ox) and a weighted average (Ox (wt)) based on their redox potentials. RESULTS In total, 30,101 cases of myocardial infarction were included in the analysis. For regions above the 90(th) percentile of OP(GSH) each 5 μg/m(3) increase in same-day PM2.5 was associated with a 7.9 % (95 % CI: 4.1, 12) increased risk of myocardial infarction whereas a 4.1 % (95 % CI: 0.26, 8.0) increase was observed in regions above the 75(th) percentile and no association was observed below the 50(th) percentile (p-interaction = 0.026). A significant 3-way interaction was detected with the strongest associations between PM2.5 and myocardial infarction occurring in areas with high regional OP(GSH) and high Ox (wt) (p-interaction < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Regional PM2.5 oxidative potential may modify the impact of PM2.5 on the risk of myocardial infarction. The combined oxidant capacity of NO2 and O3 may magnify this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Weichenthal
- />Health Canada, 269 Laurier Ave West, Ottawa, K1A 0K9 Ontario Canada
| | - Eric Lavigne
- />Health Canada, 269 Laurier Ave West, Ottawa, K1A 0K9 Ontario Canada
| | - Greg Evans
- />University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, M5S 3E5 Ontario Canada
| | - Krystal Pollitt
- />University of Massachusetts, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Rick T. Burnett
- />Health Canada, 269 Laurier Ave West, Ottawa, K1A 0K9 Ontario Canada
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147
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Hedayat F, Stevanovic S, Milic A, Miljevic B, Nabi MN, Zare A, Bottle SE, Brown RJ, Ristovski ZD. Influence of oxygen content of the certain types of biodiesels on particulate oxidative potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:381-388. [PMID: 26748002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP) is related to the organic phase, specifically to its oxygenated organic fraction (OOA). Furthermore, the oxygen content of fuel molecules has significant influence on particulate OP. Thus, this study aimed to explore the actual dependency of the OOA and ROS to the oxygen content of the fuel. In order to reach the goal, different biodiesels blends, with various ranges of oxygen content; have been employed. The compact time of flight aerosol mass spectrometer (c-ToF AMS) enabled better identification of OOA. ROS monitored by using two assays: DTT and BPEA-nit. Despite emitting lower mass, both assays agreed that oxygen content of a biodiesel is directly correlated with its OOA, and highly related to its OP. Hence, the more oxygen included in the considered biodiesels, the higher the OP of PM emissions. This highlights the importance of taking oxygen content into account while assessing emissions from new fuel types, which is relevant from a health effects standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hedayat
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - S Stevanovic
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia; ARC (Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia.
| | - A Milic
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - B Miljevic
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - M N Nabi
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia; BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - A Zare
- BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - S E Bottle
- ARC (Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - R J Brown
- BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - Z D Ristovski
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia; BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
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148
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Yang A, Janssen NAH, Brunekreef B, Cassee FR, Hoek G, Gehring U. Children's respiratory health and oxidative potential of PM2.5: the PIAMA birth cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73:154-60. [PMID: 26755634 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2015-103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) has been proposed as a health-relevant metric, but currently few epidemiological studies investigated associations of OP with health. Our main aim was to assess associations of long-term exposure to OP with respiratory health in children. Our second aim was to evaluate whether OP is more consistently associated with respiratory health than PM mass, PM composition or nitrogen dioxide (NO2). METHODS For 3701 participants of a prospective birth cohort, annual average concentrations of OP (assessed by spin resonance (OP(ESR)) and dithiothreitol assay (OP(DTT))), PM with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) mass, NO2, and PM2.5 constituents at the home addresses at birth and at all follow-up addresses were estimated by land-use regression. Repeated questionnaire reports of asthma and hay fever until age 14 years, and measurements of allergic sensitisation, lung function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide at age 12 years were linked with air pollution concentrations. RESULTS Asthma incidence, prevalence of asthma symptoms and rhinitis were positively associated with OP(DTT) (adjusted OR (95% CI) per IQR increase in exposure 1.10 (1.01 to 1.20), 1.08 (1.02 to 1.16), 1.15 (1.05 to 1.26), respectively). These associations persisted after adjustment for most co-pollutants. Forced expiratory volume in 1s and forced vital capacity were negatively associated with OP(DTT). These associations were sensitive to adjustment for NO2. Respiratory health was not significantly associated with PM2.5 mass and OP(ESR). CONCLUSIONS Respiratory health was more strongly associated with OP(DTT) than with PM2.5 mass; OP(DTT) associations with lung function, but not symptoms, were sensitive to adjustment for NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Yang
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole A H Janssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Gehring
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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149
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Velali E, Papachristou E, Pantazaki A, Choli-Papadopoulou T, Planou S, Kouras A, Manoli E, Besis A, Voutsa D, Samara C. Redox activity and in vitro bioactivity of the water-soluble fraction of urban particulate matter in relation to particle size and chemical composition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:774-786. [PMID: 26586634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and toxicological characterization of the water-soluble fraction of size-segregated urban particulate matter (PM) (<0.49, 0.49-0.97, 0.97-1.5, 1.5-3.0, 3.0-7.2 and >7.2 μm) was carried out at two urban sites, traffic and urban background, during the cold and the warm period. Chemical analysis of the water-soluble PM fraction included ionic species (NO3(-), SO4(2-), Cl(-), Na(+), NH4(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+)), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Ca, and Mg). The dithiothreitol (DTT) assay was employed for the abiotic assessment of the oxidative PM activity. Cytotoxic responses were investigated in vitro by applying the mitochondrial dehydrogenase (MTT) and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) bioassays on human lung cells (MRC-5), while DNA damage was estimated by the single cell gel electrophoresis assay, known as Comet assay. The correlations between the observed bioactivity responses and the concentrations of water-soluble chemical PM constituents in the various size ranges were investigated. The results of the current study corroborate that short-term bioassays using lung human cells and abiotic assays, such as the DTT assay, could be relevant to complete the routine chemical analysis and to obtain a preliminary screening of the potential effects of PM-associated airborne pollutants on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Velali
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Eleni Papachristou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Anastasia Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Theodora Choli-Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Styliani Planou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Athanasios Kouras
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Evangelia Manoli
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki Greece.
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150
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Pasalic E, Hayat MJ, Greenwald R. Air pollution, physical activity, and markers of acute airway oxidative stress and inflammation in adolescents. JOURNAL OF THE GEORGIA PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION 2016; 6:314-330. [PMID: 30662974 PMCID: PMC6338427 DOI: 10.21633/jgpha.6.2s19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The airway inflammatory response is likely the mechanism for adverse health effects related to exposure to air pollution. Increased ventilation rates during physical activity in the presence of air pollution increases the inhaled dose of pollutants. However, physical activity may moderate the relationship between air pollution and the inflammatory response. The present study aimed to characterize, among healthy adolescents, the relationship between dose of inhaled air pollution, physical activity, and markers of lung function, oxidative stress, and airway inflammation. METHODS With a non-probability sample of adolescents, this observational study estimated the association between air pollution dose and outcome measures by use of general linear mixed models with an unstructured covariance structure and a random intercept for subjects to account for repeated measures within subjects. RESULTS A one interquartile range (IQR) (i.e., 345.64 μg) increase in ozone (O3) inhaled dose was associated with a 29.16% average decrease in the percentage of total oxidized compounds (%Oxidized). A one IQR (i.e., 2.368E+10 particle) increase in total particle number count in the inhaled dose (PNT) was associated with an average decrease in forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75) of 0.168 L/second. Increasing activity levels attenuated the relationship between PNT inhaled dose and exhaled nitric oxide (eNO). The relationship between O3 inhaled dose and percent oxidized exhaled breath condensate cystine (%CYSS) was attenuated by activity level, with increasing activity levels corresponding to smaller changes from baseline for a constant O3 inhaled dose. CONCLUSIONS The moderating effects of activity level suggest that peaks of high concentration doses of air pollution may overwhelm the endogenous redox balance of cells, resulting in increased airway inflammation. Further research that examines the relationships between dose peaks over time and inflammation could help to determine whether a high concentration dose over a short period of time has a different effect than a lower concentration dose over a longer period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Pasalic
- Master of Public Health Program, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Matthew J. Hayat
- Graduate Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Roby Greenwald
- Graduate Division of Environmental Health, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
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