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Kumai T, Yamaki H, Kono M, Hayashi R, Wakisaka R, Komatsuda H. Antitumor Peptide-Based Vaccine in the Limelight. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010070. [PMID: 35062731 PMCID: PMC8778374 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of the immune checkpoint blockade has provided a proof of concept that immune cells are capable of attacking tumors in the clinic. However, clinical benefit is only observed in less than 20% of the patients due to the non-specific activation of immune cells by the immune checkpoint blockade. Developing tumor-specific immune responses is a challenging task that can be achieved by targeting tumor antigens to generate tumor-specific T-cell responses. The recent advancements in peptide-based immunotherapy have encouraged clinicians and patients who are struggling with cancer that is otherwise non-treatable with current therapeutics. By selecting appropriate epitopes from tumor antigens with suitable adjuvants, peptides can elicit robust antitumor responses in both mice and humans. Although recent experimental data and clinical trials suggest the potency of tumor reduction by peptide-based vaccines, earlier clinical trials based on the inadequate hypothesis have misled that peptide vaccines are not efficient in eliminating tumor cells. In this review, we highlighted the recent evidence that supports the rationale of peptide-based antitumor vaccines. We also discussed the strategies to select the optimal epitope for vaccines and the mechanism of how adjuvants increase the efficacy of this promising approach to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kumai
- Department of Innovative Head & Neck Cancer Research and Treatment, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-166-68-2554; Fax: +81-166-68-2559
| | - Hidekiyo Yamaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Michihisa Kono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Ryusuke Hayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Risa Wakisaka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroki Komatsuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.); (R.H.); (R.W.); (H.K.)
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102
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Ding Y, Li Z, Jaklenec A, Hu Q. Vaccine delivery systems toward lymph nodes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:113914. [PMID: 34363861 PMCID: PMC9418125 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Strategies of improving vaccine targeting ability toward lymph nodes have been attracting considerable interest in recent years, though there are remaining delivery barriers based on the inherent properties of lymphatic systems and limited administration routes of vaccination. Recently, emerging vaccine delivery systems using various materials as carriers are widely developed to achieve efficient lymph node targeting and improve vaccine-triggered adaptive immune response. In this review, to further optimize the vaccine targeting ability for future research, the design principles of lymph node targeting vaccine delivery based on the anatomy of lymph nodes and vaccine administration routes are first summarized. Then different designs of lymph node targeting vaccine delivery systems, including vaccine delivery systems in clinical applications, are carefully surveyed. Also, the challenges and opportunities of current delivery systems for vaccines are concluded in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Ding
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States,Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Zhaoting Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States,Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Ana Jaklenec
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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103
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Antonarelli G, Corti C, Tarantino P, Ascione L, Cortes J, Romero P, Mittendorf E, Disis M, Curigliano G. Therapeutic cancer vaccines revamping: technology advancements and pitfalls. Ann Oncol 2021; 32:1537-1551. [PMID: 34500046 PMCID: PMC8420263 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines (CVs) represent a long-sought therapeutic and prophylactic immunotherapy strategy to obtain antigen (Ag)-specific T-cell responses and potentially achieve long-term clinical benefit. However, historically, most CV clinical trials have resulted in disappointing outcomes, despite promising signs of immunogenicity across most formulations. In the past decade, technological advances regarding vaccine delivery platforms, tools for immunogenomic profiling, and Ag/epitope selection have occurred. Consequently, the ability of CVs to induce tumor-specific and, in some cases, remarkable clinical responses have been observed in early-phase clinical trials. It is notable that the record-breaking speed of vaccine development in response to the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic mainly relied on manufacturing infrastructures and technological platforms already developed for CVs. In turn, research, clinical data, and infrastructures put in place for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic can further speed CV development processes. This review outlines the main technological advancements as well as major issues to tackle in the development of CVs. Possible applications for unmet clinical needs will be described, putting into perspective the future of cancer vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Antonarelli
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Corti
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P. Tarantino
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Ascione
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - J. Cortes
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Quironsalud Group, Barcelona, Spain,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P. Romero
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E.A. Mittendorf
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA,Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, USA
| | - M.L. Disis
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - G. Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Correspondence to: Prof. Giuseppe Curigliano, Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy. Tel: +39-0257489599
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104
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Hao W, Cui Y, Fan Y, Chen M, Yang G, Wang Y, Yang M, Li Z, Gong W, Yang Y, Gao C. Hybrid membrane-coated nanosuspensions for multi-modal anti-glioma therapy via drug and antigen delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:378. [PMID: 34801032 PMCID: PMC8606100 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is one of the deadliest human cancers. Although many therapeutic strategies for glioma have been explored, these strategies are seldom used in the clinic. The challenges facing the treatment of glioma not only involve the development of chemotherapeutic drugs and immunotherapeutic agents, but also the lack of a powerful platform that could deliver these two moieties to the targeted sites. Herein, we developed chemoimmunotherapy delivery vehicles based on C6 cell membranes and DC membranes to create hybrid membrane-coated DTX nanosuspensions (DNS-[C6&DC]m). Results Results demonstrated successful hybrid membrane fusion and nanosuspension functionalization, and DNS-[C6&DC]m could be used for different modes of anti-glioma therapy. For drug delivery, membrane coating could be applied to target the source cancer cells via a homotypic-targeting mechanism of the C6 cell membrane. For cancer immunotherapy, biomimetic nanosuspension enabled an immune response based on the professional antigen-presenting characteristic of the dendritic cell membrane (DCm), which carry the full array of cancer cell membrane antigens and facilitate the uptake of membrane-bound tumor antigens for efficient presentation and downstream immune n. Conclusion DNS-[C6&DC]m is a multifunctional biomimetic nano-drug delivery system with the potential to treat gliomas through tumor-targeted drug delivery combined with immunotherapy, thereby presenting a promising approach that may be utilized for multiple modes of cancer therapy. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01110-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meiyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
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105
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Idiotype vaccines produced with a non-cytopathic alphavirus self-amplifying RNA vector induce antitumor responses in a murine model of B-cell lymphoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21427. [PMID: 34728659 PMCID: PMC8563967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising therapy for patients with B-cell lymphoma is based on vaccination with idiotype monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Since idiotypes are different in each tumor, a personalized vaccine has to be produced for each patient. Expression of immunoglobulins with appropriate post-translational modifications for human use often requires the use of stable mammalian cells that can be scaled-up to reach the desired level of production. We have used a noncytopathic self-amplifying RNA vector derived from Semliki Forest virus (ncSFV) to generate BHK cell lines expressing murine follicular lymphoma-derived idiotype A20 mAb. ncSFV/BHK cell lines expressed approximately 2 mg/L/24 h of A20 mAb with proper quaternary structure and a glycosylation pattern similar to that of A20 mAb produced by hybridoma cells. A20 mAb purified from the supernatant of a ncSFV cell line, or from the hybridoma, was conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and used to immunize Balb/c mice by administration of four weekly doses of 25 µg of mAb. Both idiotype mAbs were able to induce a similar antitumor protection and longer survival compared to non-immunized mice. These results indicate that the ncSFV RNA vector could represent a quick and efficient system to produce patient-specific idiotypes with potential application as lymphoma vaccines.
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106
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Zhao J, Du G, Sun X. Tumor Antigen-Based Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:2099-2113. [PMID: 34906272 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As an important means of tumor immunotherapy, tumor vaccines have achieved exciting results in the past few decades. However, there are still many obstacles that hinder tumor vaccines from achieving maximum efficacy, including lack of tumor antigens, low antigen immunogenicity and poor delivery efficiency. To overcome these challenges, researchers have developed and investigated various new types of tumor antigens with higher antigenic specificity and broader antigen spectrum, such as tumor-specific peptide antigens, tumor lysates, tumor cell membrane, tumor associated exosomes, etc. At the same time, different nanoparticulate delivery platforms have been developed to increase the immunogenicity of the tumor antigens, for example by increasing their targeting efficiency of antigen-presenting cells and lymph nodes, and by co-delivering antigens with adjuvants. In this review, we summarized different types of the tumor antigens that have been reported, and introduced several nanovaccine strategies for increasing the immunogenicity of tumor antigens. The review of recent progress in these fields may provide reference for the follow-up studies of tumor antigen-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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107
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Liu Z, Xu N, Zhao L, Yu J, Zhang P. Bifunctional lipids in tumor vaccines: An outstanding delivery carrier and promising immune stimulator. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121078. [PMID: 34500059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is still a major threat for human life, and the cancer immunotherapy can be more optimized to prolong life. However, the effect of immunotherapy is not encouraging. In order to achieve outstanding immune effect, it is necessary to strengthen antigens uptake of antigen presenting cells. Adjuvants were added to vaccines to achieve this purpose, which could be divided into two types: as an immunostimulatory molecule, the innate immunities of the body were triggered; or as a delivery carrier, and antigens were cross-delivery through the "cytoplasmic pathway" and released at a specific location. This paper reviewed the relevant research status of tumor vaccine immune adjuvants in recent years. Among the review, the function, combination strategies and derivatives of lipid A were discussed in detail. In addition, some suggestions on the existing problems and research direction of lipids as tumor vaccine adjuvants were put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Na Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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108
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Vaccines for Non-Viral Cancer Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010900. [PMID: 34681560 PMCID: PMC8535337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are a type of immune therapy that seeks to modulate the host’s immune system to induce durable and protective immune responses against cancer-related antigens. The little clinical success of therapeutic cancer vaccines is generally attributed to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment at late-stage diseases. The administration of cancer-preventive vaccination at early stages, such as pre-malignant lesions or even in healthy individuals at high cancer risk could increase clinical efficacy by potentiating immune surveillance and pre-existing specific immune responses, thus eliminating de novo appearing lesions or maintaining equilibrium. Indeed, research focus has begun to shift to these approaches and some of them are yielding encouraging outcomes.
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109
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Ye T, Li F, Ma G, Wei W. Enhancing therapeutic performance of personalized cancer vaccine via delivery vectors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113927. [PMID: 34403752 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, personalized cancer vaccines have gained increasing attention as emerging immunotherapies with the capability to overcome interindividual differences and show great benefits for individual patients in the clinic due to the highly tailored vaccine formulations. A large number of materials have been studied as delivery vectors to enhance the therapeutic performance of personalized cancer vaccines, including artificial materials, engineered microorganisms, cells and cell derivatives. These delivery vectors with distinct features are employed to change antigen biodistributions and to facilitate antigen uptake, processing and presentation, improving the strength, velocity, and duration of the immune response when delivered by different strategies. Here, we provide an overview of personalized cancer vaccine delivery vectors, describing their materials, physicochemical properties, delivery strategies and challenges for clinical transformation.
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110
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Nordin ML, Mohamad Norpi AS, Ng PY, Yusoff K, Abu N, Lim KP, Azmi F. HER2/neu-Based Peptide Vaccination-Pulsed with B-Cell Epitope Induced Efficient Prophylactic and Therapeutic Antitumor Activities in TUBO Breast Cancer Mice Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4958. [PMID: 34638441 PMCID: PMC8507975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer diagnosed among women. A cancer vaccine has been recognized as a form of immunotherapy with a prominent position in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. The majority of current breast cancer vaccination strategies aim to stimulate antitumor T-cell responses of the HER2/neu oncogene, which is abnormally expressed in breast cancer cells. However, the role of the B-cell humoral response is often underappreciated in the cancer vaccine design. We have advanced this idea by elucidating the role of B-cells in cancer vaccination by designing a chimeric antigenic peptide possessing both cytotoxic T lymphocytes (GP2) and B-cell (P4) peptide epitopes derived from HER2/neu. The chimeric peptide (GP2-P4) was further conjugated to a carrier protein (KLH), forming a KLH-GP2-P4 conjugate. The immunogenicity of KLH-GP2-P4 was compared with KLH-GP2 (lacking the B-cell epitope) in BALB/c mice. Mice immunized with KLH-GP2-P4 elicited more potent antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies against syngeneic TUBO cells (cancer cell line overexpressing HER2/neu) that was governed by a balanced Th1/Th2 polarization in comparison to KLH-GP2. Subsequently, these immune responses led to greater inhibition of tumor growth and longer survival in TUBO tumor-bearing mice in both prophylactic and therapeutic challenge experiments. Overall, our data demonstrated that the B-cell epitope has a profound effect in orchestrating an efficacious antitumor immunity. Thus, a multi-epitope peptide vaccine encompassing cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, T-helper and B-cell epitopes represents a promising strategy in developing cancer vaccines with a preventive and therapeutic modality for the effective management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Luqman Nordin
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Kuala Lumpur Campus, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (M.L.N.); (A.S.M.N.)
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdin Shakirin Mohamad Norpi
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Kuala Lumpur Campus, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (M.L.N.); (A.S.M.N.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, No.3 Jalan Greentown, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Pei Yuen Ng
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nadiah Abu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Kue Peng Lim
- Cancer Immunology & Immunotherapy Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, No. 1 Jalan SS12/1A, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Fazren Azmi
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Kuala Lumpur Campus, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (M.L.N.); (A.S.M.N.)
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111
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Martínez-Cortés F, Servín-Blanco R, Domínguez-Romero AN, Munguía ME, Guzman Valle J, Odales J, Gevorkian G, Manoutcharian K. Generation of cancer vaccine immunogens derived from Oncofetal antigen (OFA/iLRP) using variable epitope libraries tested in an aggressive breast cancer model. Mol Immunol 2021; 139:65-75. [PMID: 34454186 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
After decades of cancer vaccine efforts, there is an imperious necessity for novel ideas that may result in better tumor control in patients. We have proposed the use of a novel Variable Epitope Library (VEL) vaccine strategy, which incorporates an unprecedented number of mutated epitopes to target antigenic variability and break tolerance against tumor-associated antigens. Here, we used an oncofetal antigen/immature laminin receptor protein-derived sequence to generate 9-mer and 43-mer VEL immunogens. 4T1 tumor-bearing mice developed epitope-specific CD8+IFN-γ+ and CD4+IFN-γ+ T cell responses after treatment. Tumor and lung analysis demonstrated that VELs could increase the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with diverse effector functions while reducing the number of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor and regulatory T cells. Most importantly, VEL immunogens inhibited tumor growth and metastasis after a single dose. The results presented here are consistent with our previous studies and provide evidence for VEL immunogens' feasibility as promising cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martínez-Cortés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Servín-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - Allan Noé Domínguez-Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - María Elena Munguía
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - Jesus Guzman Valle
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - Josué Odales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - Karen Manoutcharian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF, 04510, Mexico.
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112
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Öjlert ÅK, Nebdal D, Snapkov I, Olsen V, Kidman J, Greiff V, Chee J, Helland Å. Dynamic changes in the T cell receptor repertoire during treatment with radiotherapy combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2958-2968. [PMID: 34402187 PMCID: PMC8564644 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated a synergistic effect between radiotherapy and immunotherapy. A better understanding of how this combination affects the immune system can help to clarify its role in the treatment of metastatic cancer. We performed T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing on 46 sequentially collected samples from 15 patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer, receiving stereotactic body radiotherapy combined with a programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitor. TCR repertoire diversity was assessed using Rényi diversity curves and the Shannon diversity index. TCR clones were tracked over time. We found decreasing or stable diversity in the best responders, and an increase in diversity at progression in patients with an initial response. Expansion of TCR clones was more often seen in responders. Several patients also developed new clones of high abundance. This seemed to be more related to radiotherapy than to immune checkpoint blockade. In summary, we observed similar dynamics in the TCR repertoire as have been described with immunotherapy alone. In addition, the occurrence of new unique clones of high abundance after radiotherapy may indicate that radiotherapy functions as a personalized cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Kristina Öjlert
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Daniel Nebdal
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Igor Snapkov
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibeke Olsen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Joel Kidman
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan Chee
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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113
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Man S, Redman JE, Cross DL, Cole DK, Can I, Davies B, Hashimdeen SS, Reid R, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Miners KL, Ladell K, Lissina A, Brown PE, Wooldridge L, Price DA, Rizkallah PJ. Synthetic Peptides with Inadvertent Chemical Modifications Can Activate Potentially Autoreactive T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:1009-1017. [PMID: 34321228 PMCID: PMC7615501 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human CD8+ T cell clone 6C5 has previously been shown to recognize the tert-butyl-modified Bax161-170 peptide LLSY(3-tBu)FGTPT presented by HLA-A*02:01. This nonnatural epitope was likely created as a by-product of fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl protecting group peptide synthesis and bound poorly to HLA-A*02:01. In this study, we used a systematic approach to identify and characterize natural ligands for the 6C5 TCR. Functional analyses revealed that 6C5 T cells only recognized the LLSYFGTPT peptide when tBu was added to the tyrosine residue and did not recognize the LLSYFGTPT peptide modified with larger (di-tBu) or smaller chemical groups (Me). Combinatorial peptide library screening further showed that 6C5 T cells recognized a series of self-derived peptides with dissimilar amino acid sequences to LLSY(3-tBu)FGTPT. Structural studies of LLSY(3-tBu)FGTPT and two other activating nonamers (IIGWMWIPV and LLGWVFAQV) in complex with HLA-A*02:01 demonstrated similar overall peptide conformations and highlighted the importance of the position (P) 4 residue for T cell recognition, particularly the capacity of the bulky amino acid tryptophan to substitute for the tBu-modified tyrosine residue in conjunction with other changes at P5 and P6. Collectively, these results indicated that chemical modifications directly altered the immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide via molecular mimicry, leading to the inadvertent activation of a T cell clone with unexpected and potentially autoreactive specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Man
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom;
| | - James E Redman
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah L Cross
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Can
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Shaikh Shimaz Hashimdeen
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Reiss Reid
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anya Lissina
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul E Brown
- The Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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114
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Srikrishna D, Sachsenmeier K. We need to bring R0 < 1 to treat cancer too. Genome Med 2021; 13:120. [PMID: 34311780 PMCID: PMC8312206 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
If each cancer cell produces on average more than one cancer cell, we see a net growth of the tumors and metastases and vice versa. We review recent clinical results for microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer (MSS-mCRC) suggesting immunotherapy combinations with personalized vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies, multikinase inhibitors, chemotherapies, and radiation that simultaneously slow cancer cell growth rate and enhance T cell killing rate of cancer cells may in future synergize to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kris Sachsenmeier
- Translational Medicine-Oncology, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, USA
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115
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Zhao WB, Shen Y, Liu WH, Li YM, Jin SJ, Xu YC, Pan LQ, Zhou Z, Chen SQ. Soluble Expression of Fc-Fused T Cell Receptors Allows Yielding Novel Bispecific T Cell Engagers. Biomedicines 2021; 9:790. [PMID: 34356854 PMCID: PMC8301436 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific recognition of T cell receptors (TCR) and peptides presented by human leukocyte antigens (pHLAs) is the core step for T cell triggering to execute anti-tumor activity. However, TCR assembly and soluble expression are challenging, which precludes the broad use of TCR in tumor therapy. Herein, we used heterodimeric Fc to assist in the correct assembly of TCRs to achieve the stable and soluble expression of several TCRs in mammalian cells, and the soluble TCRs enable us to yield novel bispecific T cell engagers (TCR/aCD3) through pairing them with an anti-CD3 antibody. The NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 targeted TCR/aCD3 (NY-TCR/aCD3) that we generated can redirect naïve T cells to specific lysis antigen-positive tumor cells, but the potency of the NY-TCR/aCD3 was disappointing. Furthermore, we found that the activation of T cells by NY-TCR/aCD3 was mild and unabiding, and the activity of NY-TCR/aCD3 could be significantly improved when we replaced naïve T cells with pre-activated T cells. Therefore, we employed the robust T cell activation ability of staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) to optimize the activity of NY-TCR/aCD3. Moreover, we found that the secretions of SEC2-activated T cells can promote HLA-I expression and thus increase target levels, which may further contribute to improving the activity of NY-TCR/aCD3. Our study described novel strategies for soluble TCR expression, and the optimization of the generation and potency of TCR/aCD3 provided a representative for us to fully exploit TCRs for the precision targeting of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhan Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.-B.Z.); (Y.S.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-M.L.); (S.-J.J.); (Y.-C.X.); (L.-Q.P.)
| | - Shu-Qing Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.-B.Z.); (Y.S.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-M.L.); (S.-J.J.); (Y.-C.X.); (L.-Q.P.)
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116
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Liao JY, Zhang S. Safety and Efficacy of Personalized Cancer Vaccines in Combination With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:663264. [PMID: 34123821 PMCID: PMC8193725 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.663264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy can induce sustained responses in patients with cancers in a broad range of tissues, however, these treatments require the optimized combined therapeutic strategies. Despite immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have lasting clinical benefit, researchers are trying to combine them with other treatment modalities, and among them the combination with personalized cancer vaccines is attractive. Neoantigens, arising from mutations in cancer cells, can elicit strong immune response without central tolerance and out-target effects, which is a truly personalized method. Growing studies show that the combination can elevate the antitumor efficacy with acceptable safety and minimal additional toxicity compared with single agent vaccine or ICI. Herein, we have searched these preclinical and clinical trials and summarized safety and efficacy of personalized cancer vaccines combined with ICIs in several malignancies. Meanwhile, we discuss the rationale of the combination and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Yan Liao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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117
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Liang J, Zhao X. Nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles for therapeutic cancer vaccine development. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0004. [PMID: 33979069 PMCID: PMC8185868 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles such as lipid-based, polymer-based, inorganics-based, and bio-inspired vehicles often carry distinct and attractive advantages in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. Based on various delivery vehicles, specifically designed nanomaterials-based vaccines are highly advantageous in boosting therapeutic and prophylactic antitumor immunities. Specifically, therapeutic vaccines featuring unique properties have made major contributions to the enhancement of antigen immunogenicity, encapsulation efficiency, biocompatibility, and stability, as well as promoting antigen cross-presentation and specific CD8+ T cell responses. However, for clinical applications, tumor-associated antigen-derived vaccines could be an obstacle, involving immune tolerance and deficiency of tumor specificities, in achieving maximum therapeutic indices. However, when using bioinformatics predictions with emerging innovations of in silico tools, neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccines might become potent personalized vaccines for tumor treatments. In this review, we summarize the development of preclinical therapeutic cancer vaccines and the advancements of nanomaterial-based delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapies, which provide the basis for a personalized vaccine delivery platform. Moreover, we review the existing challenges and future perspectives of nanomaterial-based personalized vaccines for novel tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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118
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Preclinical models and technologies to advance nanovaccine development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:148-182. [PMID: 33711401 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable success of targeted immunotherapies is revolutionizing cancer treatment. However, tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, in addition to several tumor-associated immunosuppression mechanisms are among the major factors that have precluded the success of cancer vaccines as targeted cancer immunotherapies. The exciting outcomes obtained in patients upon the injection of tumor-specific antigens and adjuvants intratumorally, reinvigorated interest in the use of nanotechnology to foster the delivery of vaccines to address cancer unmet needs. Thus, bridging nano-based vaccine platform development and predicted clinical outcomes the selection of the proper preclinical model will be fundamental. Preclinical models have revealed promising outcomes for cancer vaccines. However, only few cases were associated with clinical responses. This review addresses the major challenges related to the translation of cancer nano-based vaccines to the clinic, discussing the requirements for ex vivo and in vivo models of cancer to ensure the translation of preclinical success to patients.
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119
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Zhang Z, Lu M, Qin Y, Gao W, Tao L, Su W, Zhong J. Neoantigen: A New Breakthrough in Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672356. [PMID: 33936118 PMCID: PMC8085349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy works by stimulating and strengthening the body’s anti-tumor immune response to eliminate cancer cells. Over the past few decades, immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of cancer, particularly the success of immune checkpoint blockade targeting CTLA-4, PD-1 and PDL1, which has led to a breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy. Tumor neoantigens, a new approach to tumor immunotherapy, include antigens produced by tumor viruses integrated into the genome and antigens produced by mutant proteins, which are abundantly expressed only in tumor cells and have strong immunogenicity and tumor heterogeneity. A growing number of studies have highlighted the relationship between neoantigens and T cells’ recognition of cancer cells. Vaccines developed against neoantigens are now being used in clinical trials in various solid tumors. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in the classification of immunotherapy and the process of classification, identification and synthesis of tumor-specific neoantigens, as well as their role in current cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the application prospects and existing problems of neoantigens were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Manman Lu
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wuji Gao
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiateng Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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120
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Kong X, Lu P, Liu C, Guo Y, Yang Y, Peng Y, Wang F, Bo Z, Dou X, Shi H, Meng J. A combination of PD‑1/PD‑L1 inhibitors: The prospect of overcoming the weakness of tumor immunotherapy (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:362. [PMID: 33760188 PMCID: PMC7985997 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed death protein ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors for treatment of a various types of cancers have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. However, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are associated with a low response rate and are only effective on a small number of patients with cancer. Development of an anti-PD-1/PD-L1 sensitizer for improving response rate and effectiveness of immunotherapy is a challenge. The present study reviews the synergistic effects of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor with oncolytic virus, tumor vaccine, molecular targeted drugs, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, intestinal flora and traditional Chinese medicine, to provide information for development of effective combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Kong
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Laboratory, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Peng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Chinese Materia Medical, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhu Guo
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Yang
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Laboratory, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Peng
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Laboratory, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Fangyuan Wang
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Laboratory, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Bo
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Laboratory, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Dou
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Laboratory, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Haoyang Shi
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Laboratory, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Jingyan Meng
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Laboratory, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
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121
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Tremblay JP, Annoni A, Suzuki M. Three Decades of Clinical Gene Therapy: From Experimental Technologies to Viable Treatments. Mol Ther 2021; 29:411-412. [PMID: 33472032 PMCID: PMC7854352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques P Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Annoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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