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Menéndez-González M, Padilla-Zambrano HS, Tomás-Zapico C, García BF. Clearing Extracellular Alpha-Synuclein from Cerebrospinal Fluid: A New Therapeutic Strategy in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8040052. [PMID: 29570693 PMCID: PMC5924388 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This concept article aims to show the rationale of targeting extracellular α-Synuclein (α-Syn) from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a new strategy to remove this protein from the brain in Parkinson's disease (PD). Misfolding and intracellular aggregation of α-synuclein into Lewy bodies are thought to be crucial in the pathogenesis of PD. Recent research has shown that small amounts of monomeric and oligomeric α-synuclein are released from neuronal cells by exocytosis and that this extracellular alpha-synuclein contributes to neurodegeneration, progressive spreading of alpha-synuclein pathology, and neuroinflammation. In PD, extracellular oligomeric-α-synuclein moves in constant equilibrium between the interstitial fluid (ISF) and the CSF. Thus, we expect that continuous depletion of oligomeric-α-synuclein in the CSF will produce a steady clearance of the protein in the ISF, preventing transmission and deposition in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Menéndez-González
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo 33011, Spain.
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
| | - Huber S Padilla-Zambrano
- Estudiante de Medicina. Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Faculty of medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130001, Colombia.
| | - Cristina Tomás-Zapico
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
| | - Benjamin Fernández García
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
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102
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Marin R, Diaz M. Estrogen Interactions With Lipid Rafts Related to Neuroprotection. Impact of Brain Ageing and Menopause. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:128. [PMID: 29559883 PMCID: PMC5845729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens (E2) exert a plethora of neuroprotective actions against aged-associated brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Part of these actions takes place through binding to estrogen receptors (ER) embedded in signalosomes, where numerous signaling proteins are clustered. Signalosomes are preferentially located in lipid rafts which are dynamic membrane microstructures characterized by a peculiar lipid composition enriched in gangliosides, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and sphingolipids. Rapid E2 interactions with ER-related signalosomes appear to trigger intracellular signaling ultimately leading to the activation of molecular mechanisms against AD. We have previously observed that the reduction of E2 blood levels occurring during menopause induced disruption of ER-signalosomes at frontal cortical brain areas. These molecular changes may reduce neuronal protection activities, as similar ER signalosome derangements were observed in AD brains. The molecular impairments may be associated with changes in the lipid composition of lipid rafts observed in neurons during menopause and AD. These evidences indicate that the changes in lipid raft structure during aging may be at the basis of alterations in the activity of ER and other neuroprotective proteins integrated in these membrane microstructures. Moreover, E2 is a homeostatic modulator of lipid rafts. Recent work has pointed to this relevant aspect of E2 activity to preserve brain integrity, through mechanisms affecting lipid uptake and local biosynthesis in the brain. Some evidences have demonstrated that estrogens and the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exert synergistic effects to stabilize brain lipid matrix. DHA is essential to enhance molecular fluidity at the plasma membrane, promoting functional macromolecular interactions in signaling platforms. In support of this, DHA detriment in neuronal lipid rafts has been associated with the most common age-associated neuropathologies, namely AD and Parkinson disease. Altogether, these findings indicate that E2 may participate in brain preservation through a dual membrane-related mechanism. On the one hand, E2 interacting with ER related signalosomes may protect against neurotoxic insults. On the other hand, E2 may exert lipostatic actions to preserve lipid balance in neuronal membrane microdomains. The different aspects of the emerging multifunctional role of estrogens in membrane-related signalosomes will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Marin
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Patologías Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Unidad Asociada de Investigación, Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mario Diaz
- Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Patologías Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Unidad Asociada de Investigación, Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain.,Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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103
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Reimer L, Vesterager LB, Betzer C, Zheng J, Nielsen LD, Kofoed RH, Lassen LB, Bølcho U, Paludan SR, Fog K, Jensen PH. Inflammation kinase PKR phosphorylates α-synuclein and causes α-synuclein-dependent cell death. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 115:17-28. [PMID: 29501855 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy comprise a group of neurodegenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies. Synucleinopathie are, characterized by presence of inclusion bodies in degenerating brain cells which contain aggregated α-synuclein phosphorylated on Ser129. Although the inflammation-associated serine-threonine kinase, PKR (EIF2AK2), promotes cellular protection against infection, we demonstrate a pro-degenerative role of activated PKR in an α-synuclein-dependent cell model of multiple system atrophy, where inhibition and silencing of PKR decrease cellular degeneration. In vitro phosphorylation demonstrates that PKR can directly bind and phosphorylate monomeric and filamenteous α-synuclein on Ser129. Inhibition and knockdown of PKR reduce Ser129 phosphorylation in different models (SH-SY5Y ASYN cells, OLN-AS7 cells, primary mouse hippocampal neurons, and acute brain slices), while overexpression of constitutively active PKR increases Ser129 α-syn phosphorylation. Treatment with pre-formed α-synuclein fibrils, proteostatic stress-promoting MG-132 and known PKR activators, herpes simplex virus-1-∆ICP34.5 and LPS, as well as PKR inducer, IFN-β-1b, lead to increased levels of phosphorylated Ser129 α-synuclein that is completely blocked by simultaneous PKR inhibition. These results reveal a direct link between PKR and the phosphorylation and toxicity of α-synuclein, and they support that neuroinflammatory processes play a role in modulating the pathogenicity of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Reimer
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | | | - Cristine Betzer
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Jin Zheng
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lærke Dalsgaard Nielsen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hahn Kofoed
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Louise Berkhoudt Lassen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Bølcho
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | | | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
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104
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Phosphorylation by protein kinase A disassembles the caspase-9 core. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1025-1039. [PMID: 29352269 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases, the cysteine proteases which facilitate the faithful execution of apoptosis, are tightly regulated by a number of mechanisms including phosphorylation. In response to cAMP, PKA phosphorylates caspase-9 at three sites preventing caspase-9 activation, and suppressing apoptosis progression. Phosphorylation of caspase-9 by PKA at the functionally relevant site Ser-183 acts as an upstream block of the apoptotic cascade, directly inactivating caspase-9 by a two-stage mechanism. First, Ser-183 phosphorylation prevents caspase-9 self-processing and directly blocks substrate binding. In addition, Ser-183 phosphorylation breaks the fundamental interactions within the caspase-9 core, promoting disassembly of the large and small subunits. This occurs despite Ser-183 being a surface residue distal from the interface between the large and small subunits. This phosphorylation-induced disassembly promotes the formation of ordered aggregates around 20 nm in diameter. Similar aggregates of caspase-9 have not been previously reported. This two-stage regulatory mechanism for caspase-9 has likewise not been reported previously but may be conserved across the caspases.
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105
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Song N, Wang J, Jiang H, Xie J. Astroglial and microglial contributions to iron metabolism disturbance in Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:967-973. [PMID: 29317336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understandings of the disturbed iron metabolism in Parkinson's disease (PD) are largely from the perspectives of neurons. Neurodegenerative processes in PD trigger universal and conserved astroglial dysfunction and microglial activation. In this review, we start with astroglia and microglia in PD with an emphasis on their roles in spreading α-synuclein pathology, and then focus on their contributions in iron metabolism under normal conditions and the diseased state of PD. Elevated iron in the brain regions affects glial features, meanwhile, glial effects on neuronal iron metabolism are largely dependent on their releasing factors. These advances might be valuable for better understanding and modulating iron metabolism disturbance in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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106
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Phosphorylated exogenous alpha-synuclein fibrils exacerbate pathology and induce neuronal dysfunction in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16533. [PMID: 29184069 PMCID: PMC5705684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 90% of alpha-synuclein (α-Synuclein) deposited in Lewy bodies is phosphorylated at serine 129 suggesting that the accumulation of phosphorylated α-Synuclein is critical in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. However, in vivo experiments addressing the role of phosphorylated α-Synuclein in the progression of Parkinson's disease have produced equivocal data. To clarify a role of Ser129 phosphorylation of α-Synuclein in pathology progression we performed stereotaxic injections targeting the mouse striatum with three fibrilar α-Synuclein types: wt-fibrils, phosphorylated S129 fibrils and, phosphorylation incompetent, S129A fibrils. Brain inoculation of all three fibrilar types caused seeding of the endogenous α-Synuclein. However, phosphorylated fibrils triggered the formation of more α-Synuclein inclusions in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc), exacerbated pathology in the cortex and caused dopaminergic neuronal loss and fine motor impairment as early as 60 days post injection. Phosphorylated fibril injections also induced early changes in the innate immune response including alterations in macrophage recruitment and IL-10 release. Our study further shows that S129 phosphorylation facilitated α-Synuclein fibril uptake by neurons. Our results highlight the role of phosphorylated fibrilar α-Synuclein in pathology progression in vivo and suggest that targeting phosphorylated α-Synuclein assemblies might be important for delaying inclusion formation.
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107
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Flavin WP, Bousset L, Green ZC, Chu Y, Skarpathiotis S, Chaney MJ, Kordower JH, Melki R, Campbell EM. Endocytic vesicle rupture is a conserved mechanism of cellular invasion by amyloid proteins. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:629-653. [PMID: 28527044 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous pathological amyloid proteins spread from cell to cell during neurodegenerative disease, facilitating the propagation of cellular pathology and disease progression. Understanding the mechanism by which disease-associated amyloid protein assemblies enter target cells and induce cellular dysfunction is, therefore, key to understanding the progressive nature of such neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we utilized an imaging-based assay to monitor the ability of disease-associated amyloid assemblies to rupture intracellular vesicles following endocytosis. We observe that the ability to induce vesicle rupture is a common feature of α-synuclein (α-syn) assemblies, as assemblies derived from WT or familial disease-associated mutant α-syn all exhibited the ability to induce vesicle rupture. Similarly, different conformational strains of WT α-syn assemblies, but not monomeric or oligomeric forms, efficiently induced vesicle rupture following endocytosis. The ability to induce vesicle rupture was not specific to α-syn, as amyloid assemblies of tau and huntingtin Exon1 with pathologic polyglutamine repeats also exhibited the ability to induce vesicle rupture. We also observe that vesicles ruptured by α-syn are positive for the autophagic marker LC3 and can accumulate and fuse into large, intracellular structures resembling Lewy bodies in vitro. Finally, we show that the same markers of vesicle rupture surround Lewy bodies in brain sections from PD patients. These data underscore the importance of this conserved endocytic vesicle rupture event as a damaging mechanism of cellular invasion by amyloid assemblies of multiple neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins, and suggest that proteinaceous inclusions such as Lewy bodies form as a consequence of continued fusion of autophagic vesicles in cells unable to degrade ruptured vesicles and their amyloid contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Flavin
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Luc Bousset
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Zachary C Green
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Yaping Chu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Michael J Chaney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
- Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Campus, CTRE Building 115, Room 235, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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108
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E46K α-synuclein pathological mutation causes cell-autonomous toxicity without altering protein turnover or aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8274-E8283. [PMID: 28900007 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703420114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aSyn) is the main driver of neurodegenerative diseases known as "synucleinopathies," but the mechanisms underlying this toxicity remain poorly understood. To investigate aSyn toxic mechanisms, we have developed a primary neuronal model in which a longitudinal survival analysis can be performed by following the overexpression of fluorescently tagged WT or pathologically mutant aSyn constructs. Most aSyn mutations linked to neurodegenerative disease hindered neuronal survival in this model; of these mutations, the E46K mutation proved to be the most toxic. While E46K induced robust PLK2-dependent aSyn phosphorylation at serine 129, inhibiting this phosphorylation did not alleviate aSyn toxicity, strongly suggesting that this pathological hallmark of synucleinopathies is an epiphenomenon. Optical pulse-chase experiments with Dendra2-tagged aSyn versions indicated that the E46K mutation does not alter aSyn protein turnover. Moreover, since the mutation did not promote overt aSyn aggregation, we conclude that E46K toxicity was driven by soluble species. Finally, we developed an assay to assess whether neurons expressing E46K aSyn affect the survival of neighboring control neurons. Although we identified a minor non-cell-autonomous component spatially restricted to proximal neurons, most E46K aSyn toxicity was cell autonomous. Thus, we have been able to recapitulate the toxicity of soluble aSyn species at a stage preceding aggregation, detecting non-cell-autonomous toxicity and evaluating how some of the main aSyn hallmarks are related to neuronal survival.
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109
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Katila N, Bhurtel S, Shadfar S, Srivastav S, Neupane S, Ojha U, Jeong GS, Choi DY. Metformin lowers α-synuclein phosphorylation and upregulates neurotrophic factor in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:396-407. [PMID: 28807678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the massive research for the identification of neurorestorative or neuroprotective intervention for curing Parkinson's disease (PD), there is still lack of clinically proven neuroprotective agents. Metformin, a common anti-hyperglycemic drug has been known to possess neuroprotective properties. However, specific mechanisms by which metformin protects neurons from 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity remain to be elucidated. In this study, we assessed the neuroprotective effects of metformin in the subchronic MPTP model of PD, and explored its feasible mechanisms for neuroprotection. Animals received saline or MPTP injection (30 mg/kg/day) for the first 7 days, and then saline or metformin (200 mg/kg/day) for the next 7 days. Immunohistochemical stainings showed that metformin rescued the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and attenuated astroglial activation in the nigrostriatal pathway. In parallel, metformin restored dopamine depletion and behavioral impairments exerted by MPTP. Western blot analysis revealed that metformin ameliorated MPTP-induced α-synuclein phosphorylation which was accompanied by increased methylation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a phosphatase related to α-synuclein dephosphorylation. Moreover, the metformin regimen significantly increased the level of brain derived neurotrophic factor in the substantia nigra, and activated signaling pathways related to cell survival. Proof of concept study revealed that inhibition of PP2A or tropomyosin receptor kinase B reversed neuroprotective property of metformin in SH-SY5Y cells. Our results indicate that metformin provides neuroprotection against MPTP neurotoxicity, which might be mediated by inhibition of α-synuclein phosphorylation and induction of neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Katila
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunil Bhurtel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sina Shadfar
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunil Srivastav
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sabita Neupane
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Uttam Ojha
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
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110
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Kumar P, Schilderink N, Subramaniam V, Huber M. Membrane Binding of Parkinson's Protein α-Synuclein: Effect of Phosphorylation at Positions 87 and 129 by the S to D Mutation Approach. Isr J Chem 2017; 57:762-770. [PMID: 28919642 PMCID: PMC5573911 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human α-synuclein, a protein relevant in the brain with so-far unknown function, plays an important role in Parkinson's disease. The phosphorylation state of αS was related to the disease, prompting interest in this process. The presumed physiological function and the disease action of αS involves membrane interaction. Here, we study the effect of phosphorylation at positions 87 and 129, mimicked by the mutations S87A, S129A (nonphosphorylated) and S87D, S129D (phosphorylated) on membrane binding. Local binding is detected by spin-label continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance. For S87A/D, six positions (27, 56, 63, 69, 76, and 90) are probed; and for S129A/D, three (27, 56, and 69). Binding to large unilamellar vesicles of 100 nm diameter of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in a 1 : 1 composition is not affected by the phosphorylation state of S129. For phosphorylation at S87, local unbinding of αS from the membrane is observed. We speculate that modulating the local membrane affinity by phosphorylation could tune the way αS interacts with different membranes; for example, tuning its membrane fusion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh-Onnes LaboratoryLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Schilderink
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
- FOM Institute AMOLFAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martina Huber
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh-Onnes LaboratoryLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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111
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Karpowicz RJ, Haney CM, Mihaila TS, Sandler RM, Petersson EJ, Lee VMY. Selective imaging of internalized proteopathic α-synuclein seeds in primary neurons reveals mechanistic insight into transmission of synucleinopathies. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13482-13497. [PMID: 28611062 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.780296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct cell-to-cell transmission of proteopathic α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates is thought to underlie the progression of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies. However, the specific intracellular processes governing this transmission remain unclear because currently available model systems are limited. For example, in cell culture models of α-syn-seeded aggregation, it is difficult to discern intracellular from extracellular exogenously applied α-syn seed species. Herein, we employed fluorescently labeled α-syn preformed fibrils (pffs) in conjunction with the membrane-impermeable fluorescence quencher trypan blue to selectively image internalized α-syn seeds in cultured primary neurons and to quantitatively characterize the concentration dependence, time course, and inhibition of pff uptake. To study the long-term fates of exogenous α-syn pffs in neurons, we developed a pff species labeled at amino acid residue 114 with the environmentally insensitive fluorophore BODIPY or the pH-sensitive dye pHrodo red. We found that pffs are rapidly trafficked along the endolysosomal pathway, where most of the material remains for days. We also found that brief pharmacological perturbation of lysosomes shortly after the pff treatment causes aberrations in intracellular processing of pff seeds concomitant with an increased rate of inclusion formation via recruitment of endogenous α-syn to a relatively small number of exogenous seeds. Our results validate a quantitative assay for pff uptake in primary neurons, implicate lysosomal processing as the major fate of internalized proteopathic seeds, and suggest lysosomal integrity as a significant rate-determining step in the transmission of α-syn pathology. Further, lysosomal processing of transmitted seeds may represent a new therapeutic target to combat the spread of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Karpowicz
- From the Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, and
| | - Conor M Haney
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Tiberiu S Mihaila
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Raizel M Sandler
- From the Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, and
| | - E James Petersson
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- From the Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, and
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112
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Ubiquitin and Parkinson's disease through the looking glass of genetics. Biochem J 2017; 474:1439-1451. [PMID: 28408429 PMCID: PMC5390927 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical alterations found in the brains of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients indicate that cellular stress is a major driver of dopaminergic neuronal loss. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ER stress lead to impairment of the homeostatic regulation of protein quality control pathways with a consequent increase in protein misfolding and aggregation and failure of the protein degradation machinery. Ubiquitin signalling plays a central role in protein quality control; however, prior to genetic advances, the detailed mechanisms of how impairment in the ubiquitin system was linked to PD remained mysterious. The discovery of mutations in the α-synuclein gene, which encodes the main protein misfolded in PD aggregates, together with mutations in genes encoding ubiquitin regulatory molecules, including PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, and FBX07, has provided an opportunity to dissect out the molecular basis of ubiquitin signalling disruption in PD, and this knowledge will be critical for developing novel therapeutic strategies in PD that target the ubiquitin system.
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Jęśko H, Lenkiewicz AM, Adamczyk A. Treatments and compositions targeting α-synuclein: a patent review (2010-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:427-438. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1261112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M. Lenkiewicz
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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114
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Ma MR, Hu ZW, Zhao YF, Chen YX, Li YM. Phosphorylation induces distinct alpha-synuclein strain formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37130. [PMID: 27853185 PMCID: PMC5112567 DOI: 10.1038/srep37130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases associated with alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated the existence of different structural characteristics or 'strains' of α-Syn, supporting the concept that synucleinopathies share several common features with prion diseases and possibly explaining how a single protein results in different clinical phenotypes within synucleinopathies. In earlier studies, the different strains were generated through the regulation of solution conditions, temperature, or repetitive seeded fibrillization in vitro. Here, we synthesize homogeneous α-Syn phosphorylated at serine 129 (pS129 α-Syn), which is highly associated with the pathological changes, and demonstrate that phosphorylation at Ser129 induces α-Syn to form a distinct strain with different structures, propagation properties, and higher cytotoxicity compared with the wild-type α-Syn. The results are the first demonstration that post-translational modification of α-Syn can induce different strain formation, offering a new mechanism for strain formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Rong Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wen Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
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115
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Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: From Pathogenetic Dysfunction to Potential Clinical Application. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:1720621. [PMID: 27610264 PMCID: PMC5005546 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1720621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease/synucleinopathy that develops slowly; however, there is no efficient method of early diagnosis, nor is there a cure. Progressive dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta and widespread aggregation of the α-synuclein protein (encoded by the SNCA gene) in the form of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are the neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. The SNCA gene has undergone gene duplications, triplications, and point mutations. However, the specific mechanism of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease remains obscure. Recent research showed that various α-synuclein oligomers, pathological aggregation, and propagation appear to be harmful in certain areas in Parkinson's disease patients. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the pathogenetic dysfunction of α-synuclein associated with Parkinson's disease and highlights current approaches that seek to develop this protein as a possible diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
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