The Potential for microRNA Therapeutics and Clinical Research

The pathological and therapeutically role of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosome in degenerative diseases; Particular focus on LncRNA and microRNA

By releasing exosomes, which create the ideal milieu for the resolution of inflammation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enhance tissue healing and have strong immunomodulatory capabilities. MSCs-derived exosome also can affect tumor progress by a myriad of mechanisms. Exosomes function as a cell-cell communication tool to affect cellular activity in recipient cells and include an array of efficient bioactive chemicals. Understanding the fundamental biology of inflammation ablation, tissue homeostasis, and the creation of therapeutic strategies is particularly interested in the horizontal transfer of exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and microRNAs (miRNAs) to recipient cells, where they affect target gene expression. Herein, we propose an exosomal lncRNA and microRNA profile in neurological, renal, cardiac, lung, and liver diseases as well as skin wounds and arthritis.

Repressor Element-1 Binding Transcription Factor (REST) as a Possible Epigenetic Regulator of Neurodegeneration and MicroRNA-Based Therapeutic Strategies

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDD) have grabbed significant scientific consideration due to their fast increase in prevalence worldwide. The specific pathophysiology of the disease and the amazing changes in the brain that take place as it advances are still the top issues of contemporary research. Transcription factors play a decisive role in integrating various signal transduction pathways to ensure homeostasis. Disruptions in the regulation of transcription can result in various pathologies, including NDD. Numerous microRNAs and epigenetic transcription factors have emerged as candidates for determining the precise etiology of NDD. Consequently, understanding by what means transcription factors are regulated and how the deregulation of transcription factors contributes to neurological dysfunction is important to the therapeutic targeting of pathways that they modulate. RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) also named neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) has been studied in the pathophysiology of NDD. REST was realized to be a part of a neuroprotective element with the ability to be tuned and influenced by numerous microRNAs, such as microRNAs 124, 132, and 9 implicated in NDD. This article looks at the role of REST and the influence of various microRNAs in controlling REST function in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD) disease. Furthermore, to therapeutically exploit the possibility of targeting various microRNAs, we bring forth an overview of drug-delivery systems to modulate the microRNAs regulating REST in NDD.

Blood miRNA levels associated with ADHD traits in children across six European birth cohorts

BACKGROUND

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder of major societal concern. Diagnosis can be challenging and there are large knowledge gaps regarding its etiology, though studies suggest an interplay of genetic and environmental factors involving epigenetic mechanisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) show promise as biomarkers of human pathology and novel therapies, and here we aimed to identify blood miRNAs associated with traits of ADHD as possible biomarker candidates and further explore their biological relevance.

METHODS

Our study population consisted of 1126 children (aged 5-12 years, 46% female) from the Human Early Life Exposome study, a study spanning six ongoing population-based European birth cohorts. Expression profiles of miRNAs in whole blood samples were quantified by microarray and tested for association with ADHD-related measures of behavior and neuropsychological functions from questionnaires (Conner's Rating Scale and Child Behavior Checklist) and computer-based tests (the N-back task and Attention Network Test).

RESULTS

We identified 29 miRNAs significantly associated (false discovery rate < .05) with the Conner's questionnaire-rated trait hyperactivity, 15 of which have been linked to ADHD in previous studies. Investigation into their biological relevance revealed involvement in several pathways related to neurodevelopment and function, as well as being linked with other neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorders known to overlap with ADHD both in symptomology, genetic risk, and co-occurrence, such as autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia. An additional three miRNAs were significantly associated with Conner's-rated inattention. No associations were found with questionnaire-rated total ADHD index or with computer-based tests.

CONCLUSIONS

The large overlap of our hyperactivity-associated miRNAs with previous studies on ADHD is intriguing and warrant further investigation. Though this study should be considered explorative and preliminary, these findings contribute towards identifying a set of miRNAs for use as blood-based biomarkers to aid in earlier and easier ADHD diagnosis.

The potential role of miRNAs and regulation of their expression in the development of mare endometrial fibrosis

Mare endometrial fibrosis (endometrosis), is one of the main causes of equine infertility. Despite the high prevalence, both ethology, pathogenesis and the nature of its progression remain poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators in multiple cellular processes and functions under physiological and pathological circumstances. In this article, we reported changes in miRNA expression at different stages of endometrosis and the effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 on the expression of the most dysregulated miRNAs. We identified 1, 26, and 5 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs), in categories IIA (mild fibrosis), IIB (moderate fibrosis), and III (severe fibrosis) groups compared to category I (no fibrosis) endometria group, respectively (Padjusted < 0.05, log2FC ≥ 1.0/log2FC ≤  - 1.0). This study indicated the potential involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of the process associated to the development and progression of endometrosis. The functional enrichment analysis revealed, that DEmiRs target genes involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinases, Hippo, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signalling pathways, focal adhesion, and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction. Moreover, we demonstrated that the most potent profibrotic cytokine-TGF-β1-downregulated novel-eca-miR-42 (P < 0.05) expression in fibroblasts derived from endometria at early-stage endometrosis (category IIA).

The miRNA transcriptome of cerebrospinal fluid in preterm infants reveals the signaling pathways that promote reactive gliosis following cerebral hemorrhage

Introduction

Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Haemorrhage (GM-IVH) is one of the most common neurological complications in preterm infants, which can lead to accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is a major cause of severe neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms triggered by GM-IVH are poorly understood. Analyzing the CSF that accumulates following IVH may allow the molecular signaling and intracellular communication that contributes to pathogenesis to be elucidated. Growing evidence suggests that miRs, due to their key role in gene expression, have a significant utility as new therapeutics and biomarkers.

Methods

The levels of 2,083 microRNAs (miRs) in 15 CSF samples from 10 infants with IVH were measured using miRNA whole transcriptome sequencing. Gene ontology (GO) and miR family analysis were used to uncover dysregulated signalling which were then validated in vitro in human foetal neural progenitor cells treated with IVH-CSF.

Results

Five hundred eighty-seven miRs were differentially expressed in the CSF extracted at least 2 months after injury, compared to CSF extracted within the first month of injury. GO uncovered key pathways targeted by differentially expressed miRs including the MAPK cascade and the JAK/STAT pathway. Astrogliosis is known to occur in preterm infants, and we hypothesized that this could be due to abnormal CSF-miR signaling resulting in dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway - a key controller of astrocyte differentiation. We then confirmed that treatment with IVH-CSF promotes astrocyte differentiation from human fetal NPCs and that this effect could be prevented by JAK/STAT inhibition. Taken together, our results provide novel insights into the CSF/NPCs crosstalk following perinatal brain injury and reveal novel targets to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.

Combinatorial Effects of miRNAs in HSV-2 Infection of Macrophages: An In Silico and In Vitro Integration Approach

The rising issues of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 drug ramifications have encouraged the researchers to look for new and alternative approaches that pose minimum adversities in the host while efficiently reducing the HSV-2 infection. Although microRNAs (miRNAs), as unorthodox approaches, are gaining popularity due to eliciting highly reduced immunogenic reactions, their implications in HSV-2 research have been rarely explored. In this study, a pool of cellular miRNAs with significance in HSV-2-induced inflammatory and immune responses have been identified. Computationally recognizing the host targets of these miRNAs through network biology and machine learning, in vitro validation has been addressed along with the identification of their regulation in the HSV-2 infection. To signify the role of these identified miRNAs, they have been individually ectopically expressed in macrophages. The ectopic expression of the individual miRNAs was able to suppress HSV-2 viral gene expression. Taking a step forward, this study also highlights the Box-Behnken design-based combinatorial effect of ectopically expressed miRNAs on maximum suppression of HSV-2 infectivity. Therefore, the concentrations of each of the miRNAs optimized in a combination, predicted through expert systems biology tools were validated in vitro to not only recover the target expressions but also inhibit the HSV-2 infection in the macrophages. Overall, the study offers miRNAs as intriguing alternatives to commercially available medications against HSV-2. Moreover, the study illuminates the prophylactic potentiality of the miRNAs, which is significant since there are currently no vaccines available for HSV-2. Moving forward, the miRNAs are employed in an innovative strategy that incorporates intricate biological system models and in vitro confirmation methods to deliver a prospective combinatorial miRNA therapeutic against HSV-2 infection.

Integrated co-expression analysis of regulatory elements (miRNA, lncRNA, and TFs) in bovine monocytes induced by Str. uberis

Non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), together with transcription factors, are critical pre-, co-, and post-transcriptional regulators. In addition to their criteria as ideal biomarkers, they have great potential in disease prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of complex diseases. Investigation of regulatory mechanisms in the context of bovine mastitis, as most common and economic disease in the dairy industry, to identify elements influencing the expression of candidate genes as key regulators of the mammary immune response is not yet fully understood. Transcriptome profiles (50 RNA-Seq and 50 miRNA-Seq samples) of bovine monocytes induced by Str. uberis were used for co-expression module detection and preservation analysis using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) approach. Assigned mi-, lnc-, and m-modules used to construct the integrated regulatory networks and miRNA-lncRNA-mRNA regulatory sub-networks. Remarkably, we have identified 18 miRNAs, five lncRNAs, and seven TFs as key regulators of str. uberis-induced mastitis. Most of the genes introduced here, mainly involved in immune response, inflammation, and apoptosis, were new to mastitis. These findings may help to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of bovine mastitis, and the discovered genes may serve as signatures for early diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Therapeutic inhibition of miR-155 attenuates liver fibrosis via STAT3 signaling

Most chronic liver diseases progress to liver fibrosis, which, when left untreated, can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. MicroRNA (miRNA)-targeted therapeutics have become attractive approaches to treat diseases. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of miR-155 inhibition in the bile duct ligation (BDL) mouse model of liver fibrosis and evaluated the role of miR-155 in chronic liver fibrosis using miR-155-deficient (miR-155 knockout [KO]) mice. We found increased hepatic miR-155 expression in patients with cirrhosis and in the BDL- and CCl4-induced mouse models of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis was significantly reduced in miR-155 KO mice after CCl4 administration or BDL. To assess the therapeutic potential of miR-155 inhibition, we administered an rAAV8-anti-miR-155 tough decoy in vivo that significantly reduced liver damage and fibrosis in BDL. BDL-induced protein levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), p-SMAD2/3, and p-STAT3 were attenuated in anti-miR-155-treated compared with control mice. Hepatic stellate cells from miR-155 KO mice showed attenuation in activation and mesenchymal marker expression. In vitro, miR-155 gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that miR-155 regulates activation of stellate cells partly via STAT3 signaling. Our study suggests that miR-155 is the key regulator of liver fibrosis and might be a potential therapeutic target to attenuate fibrosis progression.

Identification and verification of a prognostic signature based on a miRNA-mRNA interaction pattern in colon adenocarcinoma

The expression characteristics of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) are involved in regulating various biological processes. To achieve these functions, ncRNA and a member of the Argonaute protein family form an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The RISC is directed by ncRNA, especially microRNA (miRNA), to bind the target complementary mRNAs and regulate their expression by interfering with mRNA cleavage, degradation, or translation. However, how to identify potential miRNA biomarkers and therapeutic targets remains unclear. Here, we performed differential gene screening based on The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset and annotated meaningful differential genes to enrich related biological processes and regulatory cancer pathways. According to the overlap between the screened differential mRNAs and differential miRNAs, a prognosis model based on a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-based Cox proportional hazards regression analysis can be established to obtain better prognosis characteristics. To further explore the therapeutic potential of miRNA as a target of mRNA intervention, we conducted an immunohistochemical analysis and evaluated the expression level in the tissue microarray of 100 colorectal cancer patients. The results demonstrated that the expression level of POU4F1, DNASE1L2, and WDR72 in the signature was significantly upregulated in COAD and correlated with poor prognosis. Establishing a prognostic signature based on miRNA target genes will help elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of COAD and provide novel potential targets for RNA therapy.

Genetic Regulation of Human isomiR Biogenesis

MicroRNAs play a critical role in regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. Variations in mature microRNA sequences, known as isomiRs, arise from imprecise cleavage and nucleotide substitution or addition. These isomiRs can target different mRNAs or compete with their canonical counterparts, thereby expanding the scope of miRNA post-transcriptional regulation. Our study investigated the relationship between cis-acting single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in precursor miRNA regions and isomiR composition, represented by the ratio of a specific 5'-isomiR subtype to all isomiRs identified for a particular mature miRNA. Significant associations between 95 SNP-isomiR pairs were identified. Of note, rs6505162 was significantly associated with both the 5'-extension of hsa-miR-423-3p and the 5'-trimming of hsa-miR-423-5p. Comparison of breast cancer and normal samples revealed that the expression of both isomiRs was significantly higher in tumors than in normal tissues. This study sheds light on the genetic regulation of isomiR maturation and advances our understanding of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs.

A lentiviral vector for the production of T cells with an inducible transgene and a constitutively expressed tumour-targeting receptor

Vectors that facilitate the engineering of T cells that can better harness endogenous immunity and overcome suppressive barriers in the tumour microenvironment would help improve the safety and efficacy of T-cell therapies for more patients. Here we report the design, production and applicability, in T-cell engineering, of a lentiviral vector leveraging an antisense configuration and comprising a promoter driving the constitutive expression of a tumour-directed receptor and a second promoter enabling the efficient activation-inducible expression of a genetic payload. The vector allows for the delivery of a variety of genes to human T cells, as we show for interleukin-2 and a microRNA-based short hairpin RNA for the knockdown of the gene coding for haematopoietic progenitor kinase 1, a negative regulator of T-cell-receptor signalling. We also show that a gene encoded under an activation-inducible promoter is specifically expressed by tumour-redirected T cells on encountering a target antigen in the tumour microenvironment. The single two-gene-encoding vector can be produced at high titres under an optimized protocol adaptable to good manufacturing practices.

MicroRNAs as powerful tool against COVID-19: Computational perspective

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the virus that is responsible for the current pandemic, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). MiRNAs, a component of RNAi technology, belong to the family of short, noncoding ssRNAs, and may be crucial in the battle against this global threat since they are involved in regulating complex biochemical pathways and may prevent viral proliferation, translation, and host expression. The complicated metabolic pathways are modulated by the activity of many proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs working together in miRNA-mediated genetic control. The amount of omics data has increased dramatically in recent years. This massive, linked, yet complex metabolic regulatory network data offers a wealth of opportunity for iterative analysis; hence, extensive, in-depth, but time-efficient screening is necessary to acquire fresh discoveries; this is readily performed with the use of bioinformatics. We have reviewed the literature on microRNAs, bioinformatics, and COVID-19 infection to summarize (1) the function of miRNAs in combating COVID-19, and (2) the use of computational methods in combating COVID-19 in certain noteworthy studies, and (3) computational tools used by these studies against COVID-19 in several purposes. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Computational Models.

MicroRNA regulation of AMPK in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Obesity-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and is the leading cause of liver failure and death. The function of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master energy sensor, is aberrantly reduced in NAFLD, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Increasing evidence indicates that aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRs) are associated with impaired AMPK function in obesity and NAFLD. In this review, we discuss the emerging evidence that miRs have a role in reducing AMPK activity in NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe form of NAFLD. We also discuss the underlying mechanisms of the aberrant expression of miRs that can negatively impact AMPK, as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting the miR-AMPK pathway for NAFLD/NASH.

Gold nanoparticles attenuate the interferon-γ induced SOCS1 expression and activation of NF-κB p65/50 activity via modulation of microRNA-155-5p in triple-negative breast cancer cells

Objective

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a very aggressive form of cancer that grows and spreads very fast and generally relapses. Therapeutic options of TNBC are limited and still need to be explored completely. Gold nanoparticles conjugated with citrate (citrate-AuNPs) are reported to have anticancer potential; however, their role in regulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in TNBC has never been investigated. This study investigated the potential of citrate-AuNPs against tumorigenic inflammation via modulation of miRNAs in TNBC cells.

Methods

Gold nanoparticles were chemically synthesized using the trisodium-citrate method and were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and dynamic light scattering studies. Targetscan bioinformatics was used to analyze miRNA target genes. Levels of miRNA and mRNA were quantified using TaqMan assays. The pairing of miRNA in 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) of mRNA was validated by luciferase reporter clone, containing the entire 3'UTR of mRNA, and findings were further re-validated via transfection with miRNA inhibitors.

Results

Newly synthesized citrate-AuNPs were highly stable, with a mean size was 28.3 nm. The data determined that hsa-miR155-5p is a direct regulator of SOCS1 (suppressor-of-cytokine-signaling) expression and citrate-AuNPs inhibits SOCS1 mRNA/protein expression via modulating hsa-miR155-5p expression. Transfection of TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells with anti-miR155-5p markedly increased SOCS1 expression (p<0.001), while citrate-AuNPs treatment significantly inhibited anti-miR155-5p transfection-induced SOCS1 expression (p<0.05). These findings were validated by IFN-γ-stimulated MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, the data also determined that citrate-AuNPs also inhibit IFN-γ-induced NF-κB p65/p50 activation in MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with anti-hsa-miR155-5p.

Conclusion

Newly generated citrate-AuNPs were stable and non-toxic to TNBC cells. Citrate-AuNPs inhibit IFN-γ-induced SOCS1 mRNA/protein expression and deactivate NF-κB p65/50 activity via negative regulation of hsa-miR155-5p. These novel pharmacological actions of citrate-AuNPs on IFN-γ-stimulated TNBC cells provide insights that AuNPs inhibit IFN-γ induced inflammation in TNBC cells by modulating the expression of microRNAs.

Regulatory miRNAs in cancer cell recovery from therapy exposure and its implications as a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing disease recurrence

The desired outcome of cancer therapies is the eradication of disease. This can be achieved when therapy exposure leads to therapy-induced cancer cell death as the dominant outcome. Theoretically, a permanent therapy-induced growth arrest could also contribute to a complete response, which has the potential to lead to remission. However, preclinical models have shown that therapy-induced growth arrest is not always durable, as recovering cancer cell populations can contribute to the recurrence of cancer. Significant research efforts have been expended to develop strategies focusing on the prevention of recurrence. Recovery of cells from therapy exposure can occur as a result of several cell stress adaptations. These include cytoprotective autophagy, cellular quiescence, a reversable form of senescence, and the suppression of apoptosis and necroptosis. It is well documented that microRNAs regulate the response of cancer cells to anti-cancer therapies, making targeting microRNAs therapeutically a viable strategy to sensitization and the prevention of recovery. We propose that the use of microRNA-targeting therapies in prolonged sequence, that is, a significant period after initial therapy exposure, could reduce toxicity from the standard combination strategy, and could exploit new epigenetic states essential for cancer cells to recover from therapy exposure. In a step toward supporting this strategy, we survey the available scientific literature to identify microRNAs which could be targeted in sequence to eliminate residual cancer cell populations that were arrested as a result of therapy exposure. It is our hope that by successfully identifying microRNAs which could be targeted in sequence we can prevent disease recurrence.

Circulating microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer-Advances and Challenges

There is an urgent unmet need for robust and reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to specific treatments of many aggressive and deadly cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, and liquid biopsy-based miRNA profiling has the potential for this. MiRNAs are a subset of non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of a multitude of genes post-transcriptionally and thus are potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers and have also emerged as potential therapeutics. Because miRNAs are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of their target mRNAs via repressing gene expression, defects in miRNA biogenesis pathway and miRNA expression perturb the expression of a multitude of oncogenic or tumor-suppressive genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. As such, numerous miRNAs have been identified to be downregulated or upregulated in many cancers, functioning as either oncomes or oncosuppressor miRs. Moreover, dysregulation of miRNA biogenesis pathways can also change miRNA expression and function in cancer. Profiling of dysregulated miRNAs in pancreatic cancer has been shown to correlate with disease diagnosis, indicate optimal treatment options and predict response to a specific therapy. Specific miRNA signatures can track the stages of pancreatic cancer and hold potential as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers, as well as therapeutics such as miRNA mimics and miRNA inhibitors (antagomirs). Furthermore, identified specific miRNAs and genes they regulate in pancreatic cancer along with downstream pathways can be used as potential therapeutic targets. However, a limited understanding and validation of the specific roles of miRNAs, lack of tissue specificity, methodological, technical, or analytical reproducibility, harmonization of miRNA isolation and quantification methods, the use of standard operating procedures, and the availability of automated and standardized assays to improve reproducibility between independent studies limit bench-to-bedside translation of the miRNA biomarkers for clinical applications. Here I review recent findings on miRNAs in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and their potential as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers.

Development of Gemcitabine-Modified miRNA Mimics as Cancer Therapeutics for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer, including its most common subtype, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), has the lowest five-year survival rate among patients with pancreatic cancer in the United States. Despite advancements in anticancer treatment, the overall median survival for patients with PDAC has not dramatically improved. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies of treatment to address this issue. Non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), have been found to have major roles in carcinogenesis and the subsequent treatment of various cancer types like PDAC. In this study, we developed a treatment strategy by modifying tumor suppressor miRNAs, hsa-miRNA-15a (miR-15a) and hsa-miRNA-194-1 (miR-194), with the nucleoside analog chemotherapeutic gemcitabine (Gem) to create Gem-modified mimics of miR-15a (Gem-miR-15a) and miR-194 (Gem-miR-194). In a panel of PDAC cell lines, we found that Gem-miR-15a and Gem-miR-194 induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and these mimics are potent inhibitors with IC 50 values up to several hundred fold less than their native counterparts or Gem alone. Furthermore, we found that Gem-miR-15a and Gem-miR-194 retained miRNA function by downregulating the expression of several key targets including WEE1, CHK1, BMI1, and YAP1 for Gem-miR-15a, and FOXA1 for Gem-miR-194. We also found that our Gem-modified miRNA mimics exhibit an enhanced efficacy compared to Gem alone in patient-derived PDAC organoids. Furthermore, we observed that Gem-miR-15a significantly inhibits PDAC tumor growth in vivo without observing any noticeable signs of toxicity. Overall, our results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of Gem-modified miRNAs as a treatment strategy for PDAC.

One Sentence Summary

Yuen and Hwang et. al. have developed a potent therapeutic strategy for patients with pancreatic cancer by modifying microRNAs with gemcitabine.

MicroRNAs as promising therapeutic agents: A perspective from acupuncture

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are gaining recognition as potential therapeutic agents due to their small size, ability to target a wide range of genes, and significant role in disease progression. However, despite their promising potential, nearly half of the miRNA drugs developed for therapeutic purposes have been discontinued or put on hold, and none have advanced to phase III clinical trials. The development of miRNA therapeutics has faced obstacles such as difficulties in validating miRNA targets, conflicting evidence regarding competition and saturation effects, challenges in miRNA delivery, and determining appropriate dosages. These hurdles primarily arise from the intricate functional complexity of miRNAs. Acupuncture, a distinct, complementary therapy, offers a promising avenue to overcome these barriers, particularly by addressing the fundamental issue of preserving functional complexity through acupuncture regulatory networks. The acupuncture regulatory network consists of three main components: the acupoint network, the neuro-endocrine-immune (NEI) network, and the disease network. These networks represent the processes of information transformation, amplification, and conduction that occur during acupuncture. Notably, miRNAs serve as essential mediators and shared biological language within these interconnected networks. Harnessing the therapeutic potential of acupuncture-derived miRNAs can help reduce the time and economic resources required for miRNA drug development and alleviate the current developmental challenges miRNA therapeutics face. This review provides an interdisciplinary perspective by summarizing the interactions between miRNAs, their targets, and the three acupuncture regulatory networks mentioned earlier. The aim is to illuminate the challenges and opportunities in developing miRNA therapeutics. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of miRNAs, their interactions with acupuncture regulatory networks, and their potential as therapeutic agents. By bridging the miRNA research and acupuncture fields, we aim to offer valuable insights into the obstacles and prospects of developing miRNA therapeutics.

Epigenetic regulation in opioid induced hyperalgesia

About 25 million American adults experience pain daily and one of the most commonly prescribed drugs to treat pain are opioids. Prolonged opioid usage and dose escalations can cause a paradoxical response where patients experience enhanced pain sensitivity. This opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is a major hurdle when treating pain in the clinic because its underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. OIH is also commonly overlooked and lacks guidelines to prevent its onset. Research on pain disorders and opioid usage have recognized potential epigenetic drivers of disease including DNA methylation, histone modifications, miRNA regulation, but their involvement in OIH has not been well studied. This article discusses epigenetic changes that may contribute to pathogenesis, with an emphasis on miRNA alterations in OIH. There is a crucial gap in knowledge including how multiple epigenetic modulators contribute to OIH. Elucidating the epigenetic changes underlying OIH and the crosstalk among these mechanisms could lead to the development of novel targets for the prevention and treatment of this painful phenomena.

The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases - A focus on signaling pathways interplay

For the past two decades since their discovery, scientists have linked microRNAs (miRNAs) to posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in critical cardiac physiological and pathological processes. Multiple non-coding RNA species regulate cardiac muscle phenotypes to stabilize cardiac homeostasis. Different cardiac pathological conditions, including arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and hypertrophy, are modulated by non-coding RNAs in response to stress or other pathological conditions. Besides, miRNAs are implicated in several modulatory signaling pathways of cardiovascular disorders including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa beta, protein kinase B (AKT), NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1)/caspases. This review highlights the potential role of miRNAs as therapeutic targets and updates our understanding of their roles in the processes underlying pathogenic phenotypes of cardiac muscle.

MicroRNA-21 in gynecological cancers: From molecular pathogenesis to clinical significance

Ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers are the three most common gynecological cancer types (GCs). They hold a significant position as the leading causes of mortality among women with cancer-related death. However, GCs are often diagnosed late, severely limiting the efficacy of current treatment options. Thus, there is an urgent, unmet need for innovative experimentation to enhance the clinical treatment of GC patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large and varied class of short noncoding RNAs (22 nucleotides in length) that have been shown to play essential roles in various biological processes involved in development. Recent research has shown that miR-211 influences tumorigenesis and cancer formation, adding to our knowledge of the miR-21 dysregulation in GCs. Furthermore, current research that sheds light on the crucial functions of miR-21 may provide supporting evidence for its potential prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications in the context of GCs. This review will thus focus on the most recent findings concerning miR-21 expression, miR-21 target genes, and the processes behind GCs. In addition, the latest findings that support miR-21's potential use as a non-invasive biomarker and therapeutic agent for detecting and treating cancer will be elucidated in this review. The roles played by various lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis in GCs are also comprehensively summarized and described in this study, along with any possible implications for how these regulatory networks may contribute to the pathogenesis of GCs. Also, it is crucial to recognize the complexity of the processes involved in tumour therapeutic resistance as a significant obstacle in treating GCs. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the functional significance miR-21 in therapeutic resistance within the context of GCs.

Integrative Transcriptomic Profiling of the Wilms Tumor

Our study aimed to identify relevant transcriptomic biomarkers for the Wilms tumor, the most common pediatric kidney cancer, independent of the histological type and stage. Using next-generation sequencing, we analyzed the miRNA profiles of 74 kidney samples, which were divided into two independent groups: fresh frozen tissue and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Subsequent mRNA expression profiling and pathway analysis were performed to establish the interplay and potential involvement of miRNAs and mRNA in the Wilms tumor. Comparative analysis, irrespective of post-dissection tissue processing, revealed 41 differentially expressed miRNAs, with 27 miRNAs having decreased expression and 14 miRNAs having increased expression in the Wilms tumor tissue compared to healthy kidney tissue. Among global mRNA transcriptomic profile differences, cross-sectional analysis suggested a limited list of genes potentially regulated by differentially expressed miRNAs in the Wilms tumor. This study identified the comprehensive miRNA and mRNA profile of the Wilms tumor using next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics approach, providing better insights into the pathogenesis of the Wilms tumor. The identified Wilms tumor miRNAs have potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of the Wilms tumor, regardless of histological subtype and disease stage.

The Transcriptome Landscape of the In Vitro Human Airway Epithelium Response to SARS-CoV-2

Airway-liquid interface cultures of primary epithelial cells and of induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived airway epithelial cells (ALI and iALI, respectively) are physiologically relevant models for respiratory virus infection studies because they can mimic the in vivo human bronchial epithelium. Here, we investigated gene expression profiles in human airway cultures (ALI and iALI models), infected or not with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), using our own and publicly available bulk and single-cell transcriptome datasets. SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly increased the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (IFI44, IFIT1, IFIT3, IFI35, IRF9, MX1, OAS1, OAS3 and ISG15) and inflammatory genes (NFKBIA, CSF1, FOSL1, IL32 and CXCL10) by day 4 post-infection, indicating activation of the interferon and immune responses to the virus. Extracellular matrix genes (ITGB6, ITGB1 and GJA1) were also altered in infected cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection damaged the respiratory epithelium, particularly mature ciliated cells. The expression of genes encoding intercellular communication and adhesion proteins was also deregulated, suggesting a mechanism to promote shedding of infected epithelial cells. These data demonstrate that ALI/iALI models help to explain the airway epithelium response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are a key tool for developing COVID-19 treatments.

Gingival Tissue MiRNA Expression Profiling and an Analysis of Periodontitis-Specific Circulating MiRNAs

This study aimed to identify the microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with periodontitis (PD) in gingival tissues, and to evaluate the levels of these selected miRNAs in the saliva and blood plasma among participants with and without rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A genome-wide miRNA expression analysis in 16 gingival tissue samples revealed 177 deregulated miRNAs. The validation of the miRNA profiling results in 80 gingival tissue samples revealed that the PD-affected tissues had a higher expression of miR-140-3p and -145-5p, while the levels of miR-125a-3p were significantly lower in inflamed tissues. After a thorough validation, four miRNAs, namely miR-140-3p, -145-5p, -146a-5p, and -195-5p, were selected for further analysis in a larger sample of salivary (N = 173) and blood plasma (N = 221) specimens. Increased salivary levels of miR-145-5p were associated with higher mean values of pocket probing depth and bleeding on probing index. The plasma-derived levels of miR-140-3p were higher among the participants with PD. In conclusion, the gingival levels of miR-140-3p, -145-5p, and -125a-3p were independently associated with PD presence and severity. The salivary and blood plasma levels of the target miRNAs were diversely related to PD. Similar miRNA associations with PD were observed among the participants with and without RA.

MicroRNAs in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) represents the most common chronic pediatric arthritis in Western countries and a leading cause of disability in children. Despite recent clinical achievements, patient management is still hindered by a lack of diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and targeted treatment protocols. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs playing a key role in gene regulation, and their involvement in many pathologies has been widely reported in the literature. In recent decades, miRNA's contribution to the regulation of the immune system and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has been demonstrated. Furthermore, miRNAs isolated from patients' biological samples are currently under investigation for their potential as novel biomarkers. This review aims to provide an overview of the state of the art on miRNA investigation in JIA. The literature addressing the expression of miRNAs in different types of biological samples isolated from JIA patients was reviewed, focusing in particular on their potential application as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. The role of miRNAs in the regulation of immune responses in affected joints will also be discussed along with their potential utility as markers of patients' responses to therapeutic approaches. This information will be of value to investigators in the field of pediatric rheumatology, encouraging further research to increase our knowledge of miRNAs' potential for future clinical applications in JIA.

A comprehensive update of the metabolic and toxicological considerations for immunosuppressive drugs used during pancreas transplantation

INTRODUCTION

Despite significant advancements in immunosuppressive regimens and surgical techniques, the prevalence of adverse events related to immunosuppression remains a major challenge affecting the long-term survival rates of pancreas and kidney allografts.

AREAS COVERED

This article presents a comprehensive review of the literature and knowledge (Jan/2012-Feb/2023) concerning glucose metabolism disorders and nephrotoxicity associated with tacrolimus and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi). Novel signaling pathways potentially implicated in these adverse events are discussed. Furthermore, we extensively examine the findings from clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus, mTORi, and steroid minimization.

EXPERT OPINION

Tacrolimus-based regimens continue to be the standard treatment following pancreas transplants. However, prolonged use of tacrolimus and mTORi may lead to hyperglycemia and nephrotoxicity. Understanding and interpreting experimental data, particularly concerning novel signaling pathways beyond calcineurin-NFAT and mTOR pathways, can offer valuable insights for therapeutic interventions to mitigate hyperglycemia and nephrotoxicity. Additionally, critically analyzing clinical trial results can identify opportunities for personalized safety-based approaches to minimize side effects. It is imperative to conduct randomized-controlled studies to assess the impact of mTORi use and steroid-free protocols on pancreatic allograft survival. Such studies will aid in tailoring treatment strategies for improved transplant outcomes.

MicroRNA: trends in clinical trials of cancer diagnosis and therapy strategies

As a type of short noncoding RNAs, microRNA (miRNA) undoubtedly plays a crucial role in cancer development. Since the discovery of the identity and clinical functions of miRNAs, over the past few decades, the roles of miRNAs in cancer have been actively investigated. Numerous pieces of evidence indicate that miRNAs are pivotal factors in most types of cancer. Recent cancer research focused on miRNAs has identified and characterized a large cohort of miRNAs commonly dysregulated in cancer or exclusively dysregulated in specific types of cancer. These studies have suggested the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognostication of cancer. Moreover, many of these miRNAs have oncogenic or tumor-suppressive functions. MiRNAs have been the focus of research given their potential clinical applications as therapeutic targets. Currently, various oncology clinical trials using miRNAs in screening, diagnosis, and drug testing are underway. Although clinical trials studying miRNAs in various diseases have been reviewed before, there have been fewer clinical trials related to miRNAs in cancer. Furthermore, updated results of recent preclinical studies and clinical trials of miRNA biomarkers and drugs in cancer are needed. Therefore, this review aims to provide up-to-date information on miRNAs as biomarkers and cancer drugs in clinical trials.

MicroRNA Pools Synthesized Using Tandem Solid-Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis

Herein, we describe a new approach to make pools of microRNA targeting breast cancer cells. The microRNA pools were synthesized at once on the same solid support using the "Tandem Oligonucleotide Synthesis" strategy. We make up to four consecutive microRNAs (miR129-1-5p, miR31, miR206, and miR27b-3p) using 2'/3'OAc nucleotide phosphoramidites, with the total length of the pool reaching 88 nucleotides. The developed phosphoramidites, when combined, give a cleavable moiety that separates the microRNAs and is cleaved using standard post-RNA synthesis cleavage conditions. Furthermore, we investigate making branched pools (microRNA dendrimers) versus linear pools as a strategy to further improve the product yields. Our approach provides with microRNA pools in high yields, which is of relevance to the growing demand on synthetic RNA oligomers for nucleic acid research and technology.

Expression of microRNAs and their target genes in melanomas originating from gynecologic sites

Melanomas from gynecologic sites (MOGS) are rare and have poor survival. MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate gene expression and are dysregulated in cancer. We hypothesized that MOGS would display unique miR and mRNA expression profiles. The miR and mRNA expression profile in RNA from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded vaginal melanomas (relative to vaginal mucosa) and vulvar melanomas (relative to cutaneous melanoma) were measured with the Nanostring Human miRNA assay and Tumor Signaling mRNA assay. Differential patterns of expression were identified for 21 miRs in vaginal and 47 miRs in vulvar melanoma (fold change >2, p<0.01). In vaginal melanoma, miR-145-5p (tumor suppressor targeting TLR4, NRAS) was downregulated and miR-106a-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-20b-5p (members of miR-17-92 cluster) were upregulated. In vulvar melanoma, known tumor suppressors miR-200b-3p and miR-200a-3p were downregulated, and miR-20a-5p and miR-19b-3p, from the miR-17-92 cluster, were upregulated. Pathway analysis showed an enrichment of "proteoglycans in cancer". Among differentially expressed mRNAs, topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) was upregulated in both MOGS. Gene targets of dysregulated miRs were identified using publicly available databases and Pearson correlations. In vaginal melanoma, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) was downregulated, was a validated target of miR-19b-3p and miR-20a-5p and trended toward a significant inverse Pearson correlation with miR-19b-3p (p = 0.093). In vulvar melanoma, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) was downregulated, was the validated target of 22 upregulated miRs, and had a significant inverse Pearson correlation with miR-503-5p, miR-130a-3p, and miR-20a-5p (0.005 < p < 0.026). These findings support microRNAs as mediators of gene expression in MOGS.

Expanding the Horizons of Pre-Transplant Renal Vascular Assessment Using Ex Vivo Perfusion

Recently, immense efforts have focused on improving the preservation of (sub)optimal donor organs by means of ex vivo perfusion, which enables the opportunity for organ reconditioning and viability assessment. However, there is still no biomarker that correlates with renal viability. Therefore, it is essential to explore new techniques for pre-transplant assessment of organ quality to guarantee successful long-term transplantation outcomes. The renal vascular compartment has received little attention in machine perfusion studies. In vivo, proper renal vascular and endothelial function is essential for maintaining homeostasis and long-term graft survival. In an ex vivo setting, little is known about vascular viability and its implications for an organ's suitability for transplant. Seeing that endothelial damage is the first step in a cascade of disruptions and maintaining homeostasis is crucial for positive post-transplant outcomes, further research is key to clarifying the (patho)physiology of the renal vasculature during machine perfusion. In this review, we aim to summarize key aspects of renal vascular physiology, describe the role of the renal vasculature in pathophysiological settings, and explain how ex vivo perfusion plays a role in either unveiling or targeting such processes. Additionally, we discuss potentially new vascular assessment tools during ex vivo renal perfusion.

Reverse transcription-free digital-quantitative-PCR for microRNA analysis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA sequences that regulate many biological processes and have become central targets of biomedical research. However, their naturally low abundances in biological samples necessitates the development of sensitive analytical techniques to conduct routine miRNA measurements in research laboratories. Digital PCR has the potential to meet this need because of its single-molecule detection capabilities, but PCR analyses of miRNAs are slowed by the ligation and reverse transcription steps first required to prepare samples. This report describes the development of a method to rapidly quantify miRNA in digital microwell arrays using base-stacking digital-quantitative-PCR (BS-dqPCR). BS-dqPCR expedites miRNA measurements by eliminating the need for ligation and reverse transcription steps, which reduces the time and cost compared to conventional miRNA PCR analyses. Under standard PCR thermocycling conditions, digital signals from miRNA samples were lower than expected, while signals from blanks were high. Therefore, a novel asymmetric thermocycling program was developed that maximized on-target signal from miRNA while minimizing non-specific amplification. The analytical response of BS-dqPCR was then evaluated over a range of miRNA concentrations. The digital PCR dimension increased in signal with increasing miRNA copy numbers. When the digital signal saturated, the quantitative PCR dimension readily discerned miRNA copy number differences. Overall, BS-dqPCR provides rapid, high-sensitivity measurements of miRNA over a wide dynamic range, which demonstrates its utility for routine miRNA analyses.

The Link between Diabetes, Pancreatic Tumors, and miRNAs-New Players for Diagnosis and Therapy?

Despite significant progress in medicine, pancreatic cancer is one of the most tardily diagnosed cancer and is consequently associated with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. The asymptomatic clinical picture and the lack of relevant diagnostic markers for the early stages of pancreatic cancer are believed to be the major constraints behind an accurate diagnosis of this disease. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development are still poorly recognized. It is well accepted that diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer development, however the precise mechanisms are weakly investigated. Recent studies are focused on microRNAs as a causative factor of pancreatic cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of pancreatic cancer and diabetes-associated microRNAs, and their potential in diagnosis and therapy. miR-96, miR-124, miR-21, and miR-10a were identified as promising biomarkers for early pancreatic cancer prediction. miR-26a, miR-101, and miR-200b carry therapeutic potential, as they not only regulate significant biological pathways, including the TGF-β and PI3K/AKT, but their re-expression contributes to the improvement of the prognosis by reducing invasiveness or chemoresistance. In diabetes, there are also changes in the expression of microRNAs, such as in miR-145, miR-29c, and miR-143. These microRNAs are involved, among others, in insulin signaling, including IRS-1 and AKT (miR-145), glucose homeostasis (hsa-miR-21), and glucose reuptake and gluconeogenesis (miR-29c). Although, changes in the expression of the same microRNAs are observed in both pancreatic cancer and diabetes, they exert different molecular effects. For example, miR-181a is upregulated in both pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus, but in diabetes it contributes to insulin resistance, whereas in pancreatic cancer it promotes tumor cell migration, respectively. To conclude, dysregulated microRNAs in diabetes affect crucial cellular processes that are involved in pancreatic cancer development and progression.

Molecular crosstalk between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease using microarray and RNA-seq datasets: A system biology approach

Objective

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical and epidemiological analysis reported the association between SARS-CoV-2 and neurological diseases. Among neurological diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has developed as a crucial comorbidity of SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to understand the common transcriptional signatures between SARS-CoV-2 and AD.

Materials and methods

System biology approaches were used to compare the datasets of AD and COVID-19 to identify the genetic association. For this, we have integrated three human whole transcriptomic datasets for COVID-19 and five microarray datasets for AD. We have identified differentially expressed genes for all the datasets and constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Hub genes were identified from the PPI network, and hub genes-associated regulatory molecules (transcription factors and miRNAs) were identified for further validation.

Results

A total of 9,500 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified for AD and 7,000 DEGs for COVID-19. Gene ontology analysis resulted in 37 molecular functions, 79 cellular components, and 129 biological processes were found to be commonly enriched in AD and COVID-19. We identified 26 hub genes which includes AKT1, ALB, BDNF, CD4, CDH1, DLG4, EGF, EGFR, FN1, GAPDH, INS, ITGB1, ACTB, SRC, TP53, CDC42, RUNX2, HSPA8, PSMD2, GFAP, VAMP2, MAPK8, CAV1, GNB1, RBX1, and ITGA2B. Specific miRNA targets associated with Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19 were identified through miRNA target prediction. In addition, we found hub genes-transcription factor and hub genes-drugs interaction. We also performed pathway analysis for the hub genes and found that several cell signaling pathways are enriched, such as PI3K-AKT, Neurotrophin, Rap1, Ras, and JAK-STAT.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the identified hub genes could be diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic drug targets for COVID-19 patients with AD comorbidity.

Estrogen receptor alpha mutations regulate gene expression and cell growth in breast cancer through microRNAs

Estrogen receptor α (ER) mutations occur in up to 30% of metastatic ER-positive breast cancers. Recent data has shown that ER mutations impact the expression of thousands of genes not typically regulated by wildtype ER. While the majority of these altered genes can be explained by constant activity of mutant ER or genomic changes such as altered ER binding and chromatin accessibility, as much as 33% remain unexplained, indicating the potential for post-transcriptional effects. Here, we explored the role of microRNAs in mutant ER-driven gene regulation and identified several microRNAs that are dysregulated in ER mutant cells. These differentially regulated microRNAs target a significant portion of mutant-specific genes involved in key cellular processes. When the activity of microRNAs is altered using mimics or inhibitors, significant changes are observed in gene expression and cellular proliferation related to mutant ER. An in-depth evaluation of miR-301b led us to discover an important role for PRKD3 in the proliferation of ER mutant cells. Our findings show that microRNAs contribute to mutant ER gene regulation and cellular effects in breast cancer cells.

Epidrugs in the Therapy of Central Nervous System Disorders: A Way to Drive on?

The polygenic nature of neurological and psychiatric syndromes and the significant impact of environmental factors on the underlying developmental, homeostatic, and neuroplastic mechanisms suggest that an efficient therapy for these disorders should be a complex one. Pharmacological interventions with drugs selectively influencing the epigenetic landscape (epidrugs) allow one to hit multiple targets, therefore, assumably addressing a wide spectrum of genetic and environmental mechanisms of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The aim of this review is to understand what fundamental pathological mechanisms would be optimal to target with epidrugs in the treatment of neurological or psychiatric complications. To date, the use of histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (HDACis and DNMTis) in the clinic is focused on the treatment of neoplasms (mainly of a glial origin) and is based on the cytostatic and cytotoxic actions of these compounds. Preclinical data show that besides this activity, inhibitors of histone deacetylases, DNA methyltransferases, bromodomains, and ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins impact the expression of neuroimmune inflammation mediators (cytokines and pro-apoptotic factors), neurotrophins (brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF)), ion channels, ionotropic receptors, as well as pathoproteins (β-amyloid, tau protein, and α-synuclein). Based on this profile of activities, epidrugs may be favorable as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. For the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders, drug addiction, as well as anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia, and epilepsy, contemporary epidrugs still require further development concerning a tuning of pharmacological effects, reduction in toxicity, and development of efficient treatment protocols. A promising strategy to further clarify the potential targets of epidrugs as therapeutic means to cure neurological and psychiatric syndromes is the profiling of the epigenetic mechanisms, which have evolved upon actions of complex physiological lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical exercise, and which are effective in the management of neurodegenerative diseases and dementia.

Diabetic Neuropathy of the Retina and Inflammation: Perspectives

A clear connection exists between diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Consequently, therapeutic approaches that target both diseases are needed. Clinical trials are currently underway to explore the roles of obesity, adipose tissue, gut microbiota, and pancreatic beta cell function in diabetes. Inflammation plays a key role in diabetes pathophysiology and associated metabolic disorders; thus, interest has increased in targeting inflammation to prevent and control diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is known as a neurodegenerative and vascular disease that occurs after some years of poorly controlled diabetes. However, increasing evidence points to inflammation as a key figure in diabetes-associated retinal complications. Interconnected molecular pathways, such as oxidative stress, and the formation of advanced glycation end-products, are known to contribute to the inflammatory response. This review describes the possible mechanisms of the metabolic changes in diabetes that involve inflammatory pathways.

Antisense Oligonucleotides against Let-7 Enhance the Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Let-7 miRNAs have pleiotropic cellular functions in cell proliferation, migration, and regenerative processes. Here, we investigate whether the inhibition of let-7 miRNAs with antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can be a transient and safe strategy enhancing the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to overcome their limitations in cell therapeutic trials. We first identified major subfamilies of let-7 miRNAs preferentially expressed in MSCs, and efficient ASO combinations against these selected subfamilies that mimic the effects of LIN28 activation. When let-7 miRNAs were inhibited with an ASO combination (anti-let7-ASOs), MSCs exhibited higher proliferation with delayed senescence during the passaging into a culture. They also exhibited increased migration and enhanced osteogenic differentiation potential. However, these changes in MSCs were not accompanied by cell-fate changes into pericytes or the additional acquisition of stemness, but instead occurred as functional changes accompanied by changes in proteomics. Interestingly, MSCs with let-7 inhibition exhibited metabolic reprogramming characterized by an enhanced glycolytic pathway, decreased reactive oxygen species, and lower transmembrane potential in mitochondria. Moreover, let-7-inhibited MSCs promoted the self-renewal of neighboring hematopoietic progenitor cells, and enhanced capillary formation in endothelial cells. These findings together show that our optimized ASO combination efficiently reprograms the MSC functional state, allowing for more efficient MSC cell therapy.

Recent advances in the roles of exosomal microRNAs (exomiRs) in hematologic neoplasms: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment

In clinical diagnosis, the capability of exosomes to serve as biomarkers is one of the most important biological functions of exosomes. The superior stability of exosome biomarkers makes them superior to those isolated from traditional samples such as serum and urine. Almost all body fluids contain exosomes, which contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Several molecular components of exosomes, including exosome proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs), are promising diagnostic biomarkers. These exosomes may carry genetic information by containing messenger RNA (mRNA) and miRNA. The miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate protein-coding genes by acting as translational repressors. It has been shown that miRNAs are mis-expressed in a range of conditions, including hematologic neoplasms. Additionally, miRNAs found within exosomes have been linked with specific diseases, including hematologic neoplasms. Numerous studies suggest that circulating exosomes contain miRNAs similar to those found in parental cancer cells. Exosomes contain miRNAs that are released by almost all kinds of cells. MiRNAs are packaged into exosomes and delivered to recipient cells, and manipulate its function. It has been recognized that exosomes are new therapeutic targets for immunotherapy and biomedicine of cancers. The current review discusses the current evidence around exosomal miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of hematologic neoplasms. Video Abstract.

The complexities underlying epilepsy in people with glioblastoma

Seizures are among the most common clinical signs in people with glioblastoma. Advances over the past 5 years, including new clinical trial data, have increased the understanding of why some individuals with glioblastoma are susceptible to seizures, how seizures manifest clinically, and what implications seizures have for patient management. The pathophysiology of epilepsy in people with glioblastoma relates to a combination of intrinsic epileptogenicity of tumour tissue, alterations in the tumour and peritumoural microenvironment, and the physical and functional disturbance of adjacent brain structures. Successful management of epilepsy in people with glioblastoma remains challenging; factors such as drug-drug interactions between cancer therapies and antiseizure medications, and medication side-effects, can affect seizure outcomes and quality of life. Advances in novel therapies provide some promise for people with glioblastoma; however, the effects of these therapies on seizures are yet to be fully determined. Looking forward, insights into electrical activity as a driver of tumour cell growth and the intrinsic hyperexcitability of tumour tissue might represent useful targets for treatment and disease modification. There is a pressing need for large randomised clinical trials in this field.

MicroRNA in medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a review

Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a condition caused by inhibition of the osteoclast activity by the anti-resorptive and anti-angiogenic drugs. Clinically, there is an exposure of the necrotic bone or a fistula which fails to heal for more than 8 weeks. The adjacent soft tissue is inflamed and pus may be present as a result of the secondary infection. To date, there is no consistent biomarker that could aid in the diagnosis of the disease. The aim of this review was to explore the literature on the microRNAs (miRNAs) related to medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw, and to describe the role of each miRNA as a biomarker for diagnostic purpose and others. Its role in therapeutics was also searched. It was shown that miR-21, miR-23a, and miR-145 were significantly different in a study involving multiple myeloma patients as well as in a human-animal study while miR-23a-3p and miR-23b-3p were 12- to 14-fold upregulated compared to the control group in an animal study. The role of the microRNAs in these studies were for diagnostics, predictor of progress of MRONJ and pathogenesis. Apart from its potential diagnostics role, microRNAs have been shown to be bone resorption regulator through miR-21, miR-23a and miR-145 and this could be utilized therapeutically.

The Role of MicroRNAs in Uterine Leiomyosarcoma Diagnosis and Treatment

Uterine sarcomas are rare gynecological tumors arising from the myometrium or the connective tissue of the endometrium with a relatively poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules that can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors under certain conditions. The current review aims at studying the role of miRNAs in uterine sarcoma diagnosis and treatment. In order to identify relevant studies, a literature review was conducted using the MEDLINE and LIVIVO databases. The search terms "microRNA" and "uterine sarcoma" were employed, and we were able to identify 24 studies published between 2008 and 2022. The current manuscript represents the first comprehensive review of the literature focusing on the particular role of miRNAs as biomarkers for uterine sarcomas. miRNAs were found to exhibit differential expression in uterine sarcoma cell lines and interact with certain genes correlating with tumorigenesis and cancer progression, whereas selected miRNA isoforms seem to be either over- or under-expressed in uterine sarcoma samples compared to normal uteri or benign tumors. Furthermore, miRNA levels correlate with various clinical prognostic parameters in uterine sarcoma patients, whereas each uterine sarcoma subtype is characterized by a unique miRNA profile. In summary, miRNAs seemingly represent novel trustworthy biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of uterine sarcoma.

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Gene (CFTR) Is under Post-Transcriptional Control of microRNAs: Analysis of the Effects of agomiRNAs Mimicking miR-145-5p, miR-101-3p, and miR-335-5p

(1) Background: MicroRNAs are involved in the expression of the gene encoding the chloride channel CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator); the objective of this short report is to study the effects of the treatment of bronchial epithelial Calu-3 cells with molecules mimicking the activity of pre-miR-145-5p, pre-miR-335-5p, and pre-miR-101-3p, and to discuss possible translational applications of these molecules in pre-clinical studies focusing on the development of protocols of possible interest in therapy; (2) Methods: CFTR mRNA was quantified by Reverse Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). The production of the CFTR protein was assessed by Western blotting; (3) Results: The treatment of Calu-3 cells with agomiR-145-5p caused the highest inhibition of CFTR mRNA accumulation and CFTR production; (4) Conclusions: The treatment of target cells with the agomiR pre-miR-145-5p should be considered when CFTR gene expression should be inhibited in pathological conditions, such as polycystic kidney disease (PKD), some types of cancer, cholera, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Role of microRNAs in programmed cell death in renal diseases: A review

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression involving kidney morphogenesis and cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration, invasion, immune evasion, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Programmed cell death (PCD) is mediated and regulated by specific genes and a wealth of miRNAs, which participate in various pathological processes. Dysregulation of miRNAs can disrupt renal development and induce the onset and progression of various renal diseases. An in-depth understanding of how miRNAs regulate renal development and diseases is indispensable to comprehending how they can be used in new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. However, the mechanisms are still insufficiently investigated. Hence, we review the current roles of miRNA-related signaling pathways and recent advances in PCD research and aim to display the potential crosstalk between miRNAs and PCD. The prospects of miRNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets are also described, which might provide some novel ideas for further studies.

Unraveling the Post-Translational Modifications and therapeutical approach in NSCLC pathogenesis

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is the most prevalent kind of lung cancer with around 85% of total lung cancer cases. Despite vast therapies being available, the survival rate is low (5 year survival rate is 15%) making it essential to comprehend the mechanism for NSCLC cell survival and progression. The plethora of evidences suggests that the Post Translational Modification (PTM) such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation are involved in various types of cancer progression and metastasis including NSCLC. Indeed, an in-depth understanding of PTM associated with NSCLC biology will provide novel therapeutic targets and insight into the current sophisticated therapeutic paradigm. Herein, we reviewed the key PTMs, epigenetic modulation, PTMs crosstalk along with proteogenomics to analyze PTMs in NSCLC and also, highlighted how epi‑miRNA, miRNA and PTM inhibitors are key modulators and serve as promising therapeutics.

MicroRNAs expressed during normal wound healing and their associated pathways: A systematic review and bioinformatics analysis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are responsible for regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. Are involved in several biological processes, such as wound healing. Understanding the miRNAs involved in this process is fundamental for the development of new therapies. So, due to the need to understand the role of these molecules, we aimed systematically review the literature in order to identify which miRNAs are involved in the wound healing and determine, through bioinformatics analysis, which signaling pathways are associated with these miRNAs. An electronic search was performed in the following databases: National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Science Direct, Scifinder, Scopus and Web of Science, using the descriptors: "(microRNA [MeSH])" and "(skin [MeSH])" and "(wound healing [MeSH])". After the search, two independent and previously calibrated reviewers selected the articles that analyzed the expression pattern of miRNAs in wound healing in in vivo studies, using the software Zotero bibliography manager. Following, bioinformatic analysis was performed using the software DIANA Tools, mirPath v.3 and the data was interpreted. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that on the day 1 there were 13 union pathways, eight of which were statistically significant. Still on the day 1, among the miRNAs that had a decrease in their expression, 12 of 17 union pathways found were statistically significant. On the day 5, among the miRNAs with an increase in expression, 16 union pathways were found, 12 of which were statistically significant. Finally, among the miRNAs with decreased expression, 11 of 15 union pathways found were statistically significant. Although it has been found substantial heterogeneity in the studies, with this systematic review, it was possible to study the panorama of miRNAs that may be altered in the wound healing. The present review summarizes existing evidence of miRNAs associated to wound healing, and these findings can contribute to new therapeutic approaches.

MicroRNAs in Age-Related Proteostasis and Stress Responses

Aging is associated with the accumulation of damaged and misfolded proteins through a decline in the protein homeostasis (proteostasis) machinery, leading to various age-associated protein misfolding diseases such as Huntington's or Parkinson's. The efficiency of cellular stress response pathways also weakens with age, further contributing to the failure to maintain proteostasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a class of small, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that bind target messenger RNAs at their 3'UTR, resulting in the post-transcriptional repression of gene expression. From the discovery of aging roles for lin-4 in C. elegans, the role of numerous miRNAs in controlling the aging process has been uncovered in different organisms. Recent studies have also shown that miRNAs regulate different components of proteostasis machinery as well as cellular response pathways to proteotoxic stress, some of which are very important during aging or in age-related pathologies. Here, we present a review of these findings, highlighting the role of individual miRNAs in age-associated protein folding and degradation across different organisms. We also broadly summarize the relationships between miRNAs and organelle-specific stress response pathways during aging and in various age-associated diseases.

Strategy for Pre-Clinical Development of Active Targeting MicroRNA Oligonucleotide Therapeutics for Unmet Medical Needs

We present here an innovative modular and outsourced model of drug research and development for microRNA oligonucleotide therapeutics (miRNA ONTs). This model is being implemented by a biotechnology company, namely AptamiR Therapeutics, in collaboration with Centers of Excellence in Academic Institutions. Our aim is to develop safe, effective and convenient active targeting miRNA ONT agents for the metabolic pandemic of obesity and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), as well as deadly ovarian cancer.

New Insight into Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Integrative Analysis Approach to Identify TheranoMiRNAs

MiRNAs regulate both physiological and pathological heart functions. Altered expression of miRNAs is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), making miRNAs attractive therapeutic strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. A recent publication defined, for the first time, the term theranoMiRNA, meaning the miRNAs that may be used both for diagnosis and treatment. The use of in silico tools may be considered fundamental for these purposes, clarifying several molecular aspects, suggesting future directions for in vivo studies. This study aims to explore different bioinformatic tools in order to clarify miRNA interactions with candidate genes, demonstrating the need to use a computational approach when establishing the most probable associations between miRNAs and target genes. This study focused on the functions of miR-133a-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-499a-5p, miR-1-3p, and miR-126-3p, providing an up-to-date overview, and suggests future lines of research in the identification of theranoMiRNAs related to CVDs. Based on the results of the present study, we elucidated the molecular mechanisms that could be linked between miRNAs and CVDs, confirming that these miRNAs play an active role in the genesis and development of heart damage. Given that CVDs are the leading cause of death in the world, the identification of theranoMiRNAs is crucial, hence the need for a definition of in vivo studies in order to obtain further evidence in this challenging field of research.

FAP is critical for ovarian cancer cell survival by sustaining NF-κB activation through recruitment of PRKDC in lipid rafts

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is tumor-specific and plays an important role in tumorigenecity. However, agents against its enzymatic activity or extracellular presence were unsuccessful in the clinic for undefined reasons. Here we show that FAP expression is higher in advanced ovarian cancer and is only detected in invasive ovarian cancer cells. Silencing FAP induces apoptosis and FAP's enzymatic activity is dispensable for cell survival. To elucidate the cause of apoptosis, we find that NF-κB activity is diminished when FAP is depleted and BIRC5 (survivin) acts downstream of FAP-NF-κB axis to promote cell survival. To uncover the link between FAP and NF-κB activation, we reveal that PRKDC (DNA-PK, DNA-dependent protein kinase) forms complex with FAP and is required for NF-κB activation and cell survival. Remarkably, FAP-PRKDC interaction occurs only in lipid rafts, and depleting FAP prevents lipid raft localization of PRKDC. Given the known ability of PRKDC to direct NF-κB activation, these results suggest that FAP recruits PRKDC in lipid rafts for NF-κB activation. FAP's non-enzymatic role and functioning from lipid rafts for cell survival also offer an explanation on the failure of past FAP-targeted therapies. Finally, we demonstrate that EpCAM aptamer-delivered FAP siRNA impeded intraperitoneal xenograft development of ovary tumors.

The regulatory role of microRNAs in common eye diseases: A brief review

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, small non-coding RNA molecules (∼21 nucleotides) that regulate numerous biological processes, including developmental timing, hematopoiesis, organogenesis, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and proliferation either by mRNA degradation or translation repression. Since eye physiology requires a perfect orchestration of complex regulatory networks, an altered expression of key regulatory molecules such as miRNAs potentially leads to numerous eye disorders. In recent years, comprehensive progress has been made in demonstrating the precise roles of miRNAs, emphasizing their potential use in diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of chronic human diseases. Thus, this review explicitly illustrates the regulatory roles of miRNAs in four common eye disorders, such as cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and uveitis, and their application in disease management.