1602
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Ostan R, Lanzarini C, Pini E, Scurti M, Vianello D, Bertarelli C, Fabbri C, Izzi M, Palmas G, Biondi F, Martucci M, Bellavista E, Salvioli S, Capri M, Franceschi C, Santoro A. Inflammaging and cancer: a challenge for the Mediterranean diet. Nutrients 2015; 7:2589-621. [PMID: 25859884 PMCID: PMC4425163 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is considered the major risk factor for cancer, one of the most important mortality causes in the western world. Inflammaging, a state of chronic, low-level systemic inflammation, is a pervasive feature of human aging. Chronic inflammation increases cancer risk and affects all cancer stages, triggering the initial genetic mutation or epigenetic mechanism, promoting cancer initiation, progression and metastatic diffusion. Thus, inflammaging is a strong candidate to connect age and cancer. A corollary of this hypothesis is that interventions aiming to decrease inflammaging should protect against cancer, as well as most/all age-related diseases. Epidemiological data are concordant in suggesting that the Mediterranean Diet (MD) decreases the risk of a variety of cancers but the underpinning mechanism(s) is (are) still unclear. Here we review data indicating that the MD (as a whole diet or single bioactive nutrients typical of the MD) modulates multiple interconnected processes involved in carcinogenesis and inflammatory response such as free radical production, NF-κB activation and expression of inflammatory mediators, and the eicosanoids pathway. Particular attention is devoted to the capability of MD to affect the balance between pro- and anti-inflammaging as well as to emerging topics such as maintenance of gut microbiota (GM) homeostasis and epigenetic modulation of oncogenesis through specific microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ostan
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Catia Lanzarini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG) University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elisa Pini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Scurti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Dario Vianello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudia Bertarelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Cristina Fabbri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Izzi
- Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG) University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giustina Palmas
- Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG) University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fiammetta Biondi
- Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG) University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Morena Martucci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena Bellavista
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG) University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG) University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG) University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy.
- National Research Council of Italy, CNR, Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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1603
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Chen ZY, Raghav K, Lieu CH, Jiang ZQ, Eng C, Vauthey JN, Chang GJ, Qiao W, Morris J, Hong D, Hoff P, Tran H, Menter DG, Heymach J, Overman M, Kopetz S. Cytokine profile and prognostic significance of high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1088-97. [PMID: 25688736 PMCID: PMC4366901 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: High circulating neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) appears to be prognostic in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). We investigated the relationship of NLR with circulating cytokines and molecular alterations. Methods: We performed retrospective analyses on multiple cohorts of CRC patients (metastatic untreated (n=166), refractory metastatic (n=161), hepatectomy (n=198), stage 2/3 (n=274), and molecularly screened (n=342)). High NLR (ratio of absolute neutrophil-to-lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood) was defined as NLR>5. Plasma cytokines were evaluated using multiplex-bead assays. Kaplan–Meier estimates, non-parametric correlation analysis, and hierarchical cluster analyses were used. Results: High NLR was associated with poor prognosis in mCRC (hazard ratio (HR) 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.03–2.89; P=0.039) independent of known prognostic factors and molecular alterations (KRAS/NRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA/CIMP). High NLR correlated with increased expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-2Rα, hepatocyte growth factor, macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and vascular epidermal growth factor in exploratory (n=39) and validation (n=166) cohorts. Fourteen additional cytokines correlated with high NLR in the validation cohort. All 20 cytokines fell into three major clusters: inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic cytokines, and epidermal growth factor ligands. In mCRC, composite stratification based on NLR-cytokine score provided enhanced prognostic information (HR 2.09; 95% CI: 1.59–2.76; P<0.001) over and above NLR. Conclusions: High NLR is an independent poor prognostic marker in CRC and correlates with a distinct cytokine profile related to key biological processes involved in carcinogenesis. A composite NLR-cytokine stratification has enhanced prognostic value in mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - K Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - C H Lieu
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Z-Q Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - C Eng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J-N Vauthey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - G J Chang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - W Qiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - D Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - P Hoff
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Oncologia Clínica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H Tran
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - D G Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - S Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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1604
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Zhou QX, Jiang XM, Wang ZD, Li CL, Cui YF. Enhanced expression of suppresser of cytokine signaling 3 inhibits the IL-6-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cholangiocarcinoma cell metastasis. Med Oncol 2015; 32:105. [PMID: 25744243 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It was recently demonstrated that interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), but the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be explored. In this study, we studied the role of suppresser of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a negative feedback regulator of IL-6/STAT3, in the IL-6-induced EMT in CCA. Treatment with IL-6 induced the EMT by decreasing the E-cadherin expression and increasing the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin. Using wound healing and invasion assays, we found that IL-6 promoted cell motility. Further, a stably transfected cell line overexpressing SOCS3 was constructed. Enhanced SOCS3 expression decreased IL-6-induced cell invasion and EMT in parallel with downregulating the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. In contrast, SOCS3 silencing using siRNA exhibited no effect on the cell invasive ability and EMT. Finally, an in vivo study indicated that the enhancement of SOCS3 expression decreased metastasis compared with the control, and this effect was achieved by the repression of p-STAT3, N-cadherin and vimentin, and the induction of E-cadherin assessed by Western blot analysis. Our results suggest that enhanced expression of SOCS3 can antagonize IL-6-induced EMT and cell metastasis by abrogating the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. These data establish that SOCS3 plays a role in the EMT in CCA and may provide novel therapeutic strategies for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
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