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Kuntsche E, Knibbe R, Gmel G, Engels R. Who drinks and why? A review of socio-demographic, personality, and contextual issues behind the drinking motives in young people. Addict Behav 2006; 31:1844-57. [PMID: 16460883 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to review the empirical research carried out over the last 15 years on the characteristics of young people (10- to 25-year olds) who have specific motives for drinking. In a computer-assisted search of relevant literature, 82 studies were identified. Concerning demographic factors, a developmental trend was found - from general, undifferentiated drinking motives in late childhood and early adolescence to more gender-specific drinking motives in subsequent years. With regard to personality factors, two specific patterns can be distinguished: extraversion and sensation-seeking correlate with enhancement motives, while neuroticism and anxiety correlate most strongly with coping motives. For contextual factors, drinking motives were found to vary across countries but not among different ethnic groups in the same culture. Based on these results, preventive strategies should take into account general, undifferentiated drinking motivation in late childhood, and social and enhancement motives in adolescence, particularly among boys. Findings on personality indicate that it would be useful to focus on extraverted, sensation-seeking boys who drink for enhancement motives and neurotic, anxious girls who drink for coping motives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Research Department, Swiss Institute for the Prevention of Alcohol and Drug Problems (SIPA), PO Box 870, 1001 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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152
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Gaher RM, Simons JS, Jacobs GA, Meyer D, Johnson-Jimenez E. Coping motives and trait negative affect: testing mediation and moderation models of alcohol problems among American Red Cross disaster workers who responded to the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks. Addict Behav 2006; 31:1319-30. [PMID: 16321471 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the mechanism by which trait negative affect and alcohol coping motives are associated with alcohol-related problems in a sample of American Red Cross workers who participated in the relief operation following the attacks in New York City, the Pentagon, and the Pennsylvania crash site on Sept. 11th 2001. The results supported the mediation but not moderation model of coping motives. The support for the mediation model was fairly strong, including small to moderate associations between negative affect and alcohol problems, moderate to strong associations between negative affect and coping motives, and evidence of coping motives mediating the negative affect to alcohol problems relationships. The association between negative affect and coping motives was stronger among younger participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca M Gaher
- The University of South Dakota, Department of Psychology University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States.
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153
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Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Chacko Y. Evaluation of a depression-related model of alcohol problems in 430 probands from the San Diego prospective study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 82:194-203. [PMID: 16257139 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some individuals might use alcohol to help cope with stress and feelings of depression. Studies of such depression or affect-related models have produced divergent results, which might reflect different definitions of affective disturbances, varying emphasis on excluding substance-induced depressions, and different approaches to defining family histories (FH). This paper describes a prospective study that evaluates a model of the role of depressive episodes in the development of alcohol-related problems, while controlling for substance-induced mood disorders. METHODS Personal interviews were obtained 10 and 15 years after 430 Caucasian subjects entered a study of drinking but not alcohol-dependent 20-year olds. An AMOS Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to evaluate the development of alcohol problems in the context of the FH of alcoholism and independent (i.e., not substance induced) depressive episodes, personal histories of independent depression, levels of stress, social support, drinking to cope with stress, expectations of the effects of alcohol, and peer drinking. RESULTS The SEM explained 51% of the variance for the 15-year outcome, and demonstrated good fitness characteristics. The FH of mood disorders (FHdep) predicted depressive episodes through interactions with higher stress and an FH of alcoholism (FHalc), as well as in the context of lower social support. Depressive episodes contributed to the development of alcohol problems both directly and through drinking to cope. CONCLUSIONS In this model when independent depressive syndromes developed in individuals with a FH of alcoholism, they modestly enhanced the risk for alcohol-related problems, but FHalc did not by itself increase the risk for independent depressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry (116A), University of California, San Diego and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161-2002, USA.
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154
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Ooteman W, Koeter M, Verheul R, Schippers G, Van den Brink W. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE AMSTERDAM MOTIVES FOR DRINKING SCALE (AMDS): AN ATTEMPT TO DISTINGUISH RELIEF AND REWARD DRINKERS. Alcohol Alcohol 2006; 41:284-92. [PMID: 16540493 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agl012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Determination of alcoholic subtypes is a promising strategy for patient treatment matching with anti-craving interventions. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a questionnaire on drinking motives that can distinguish relief and reward drinkers. METHODS A 103-item self-report questionnaire was developed: the Amsterdam Motives for Drinking Scale (AMDS). The AMDS was tested in two samples of alcoholics (Sample A: n = 251; Sample B: n = 197). The psychometric properties were examined in Sample A and cross-validated in B. RESULTS The AMDS consists of a relief scale and a reward scale, both containing distinct subscales. All (sub)scales had good internal consistency. However, the relief and reward scales were highly correlated (Sample A: r = 0.84, P < 0.01; Sample B: r = 0.76, P < 0.01), and convergent and divergent validity was only partly confirmed. The lowest correlations were found between the relief subscale 'stress and vulnerability' and the reward subscale 'stimulation seeking' (Sample A: r = 0.33, P < 0.01; Sample B: r = 0.13, P > 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The AMDS reliably measures two types of motives. However, the relief and reward scales are highly correlated. Lower correlations were found only at the subscale level. It is concluded that most treatment-seeking alcoholics have both relief and reward motives. More research is needed on the relationship between motives for drinking and other phenotypic, endophenotypic and genetic indicators of relief and reward drinking, and appropriate cut-off points. Only than we can draw firm conclusions regarding the potential of drinking motives for patient treatment matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ooteman
- Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Overschiestraat 65, 1062 XD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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155
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Simons JS, Gaher RM, Correia CJ, Hansen CL, Christopher MS. An affective-motivational model of marijuana and alcohol problems among college students. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2006; 19:326-34. [PMID: 16187813 DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.19.3.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The study examined models of marijuana (n = 309) and alcohol (n = 731) problems. Impulsivity was directly associated with both marijuana- and alcohol-related problems. Negative mood regulation expectancies were indirectly associated with marijuana problems through coping motives. Sensation seeking was indirectly associated with alcohol problems through enhancement motives. Affect lability and negative affect were indirectly associated with alcohol problems though coping motives. In both models, coping motives were directly associated with use-related problems. A multigroup analysis indicated that the association between negative affect and coping motives as well as use and problems was stronger among participants using both alcohol and marijuana relative to alcohol only. Enhancement motives were a stronger predictor of alcohol use among participants using alcohol only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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156
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Zack M, Poulos CX, Fragopoulos F, Woodford TM, MacLeod CM. Negative affect words prime beer consumption in young drinkers. Addict Behav 2006; 31:169-73. [PMID: 15922513 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Negative affect is consistently associated with pathological aspects of alcohol use. Priming of motivation for alcohol by negative affect cues may contribute to this relationship. This study sought to determine whether: (a) exposure to negative affect words primes actual drinking behavior; (b) this effect is related to severity of alcohol problems; and (c) these effects are moderated by gender and anxiety sensitivity. Prime words (negative, positive, neutral) were administered using a synonym generation task. Primed drinking behavior was measured in a taste-test procedure, using placebo beer. Drinking scores were significantly greater in the negative affect condition than in the other two conditions, which did not differ from each other. Problem drinking severity directly predicted priming effects of negative affect words but was unrelated to drinking in the other two word prime conditions. Anxiety sensitivity was unrelated to drinking in any condition. Even unobtrusive exposure to negative affect cues can prime drinking behavior in young drinkers, and this effect is tied to the severity of alcohol problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zack
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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157
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Simons JS, Gaher RM. The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and Validation of a Self-Report Measure. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 863] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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158
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Murphy JG, Correia CJ, Colby SM, Vuchinich RE. Using behavioral theories of choice to predict drinking outcomes following a brief intervention. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 13:93-101. [PMID: 15943542 DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.13.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral theories of choice predict that substance use is partly a function of the relative value of drugs in relation to other available reinforcers. This study evaluated this hypothesis in the context of predicting drinking outcomes following an alcohol abuse intervention. Participants (N = 54, 69% female, 31% male) were college student heavy drinkers who completed a single-session motivational intervention. Students completed a baseline measure of substance-related and substance-free activity participation and enjoyment. Only women showed a significant reduction in drinking at the 6-month follow-up, and the ratio of substance-related to substance-free reinforcement accounted for unique variance in their drinking outcomes. Women who at baseline derived a smaller proportion of their total reinforcement from substance use showed lower levels of follow-up drinking, even after the authors controlled for baseline drinking level. Male and female participants who reduced their drinking showed increased proportional reinforcement from substance-free activities.
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159
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Brannon LA, Pilling VK. Encouraging responsible drinking among underage drinkers. Health Mark Q 2005; 23:3-30. [PMID: 17182459 DOI: 10.1300/j026v23n02_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Public Service Announcements tailored to specific college drinking rituals (Treise, Wolburg and Otnes 1999) were tested on 133 underage undergraduate drinkers. More significant reductions in drinking intentions were found when using appeals focusing on drinking rituals pertaining to Maturity/Order (older students drink moderately: "Don't drink like a freshman.") than to Transformation (desired personality and mood changes), Community (social bonding and camaraderie), or a no-message Control. Gender did not moderate this effect. Underage drinkers may drink, in part, to feel more "grown up." Emphasizing that more senior students actually drink responsibly may diminish this belief and result in reduced alcohol consumption among underage students.
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160
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Young AM, Morales M, McCabe SE, Boyd CJ, Darcy H. Drinking like a guy: frequent binge drinking among undergraduate women. Subst Use Misuse 2005; 40:241-67. [PMID: 15770887 DOI: 10.1081/ja-200048464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine why there has been an increase in frequent binge drinking among the most recent generation of female undergraduate students. Specifically, we examined whether female undergraduate women associated being able to "drink like a guy" (e.g., drink large amounts of alcohol, drinking competitively) with gender equality. Focus groups were conducted in March of 2003 with 42 female undergraduate women who consumed alcohol. Participants were recruited from respondents of a random sample survey of undergraduate students attending a large, public university and reflected the demographic characteristics of this population: traditional-age college students (i.e., attending college between 18 and 22 years of age), who were primarily white from middle or upper middle class families and living on or near the college campus. Focus groups were based on drinking trajectories during college (Stable High, Stable Low, Decreasers, Increasers) and sorority status. While women of all drinking levels reported feeling pressure to drink "heavily" because of the favorable impression they could make on their male peers, primarily women who were frequent binge drinkers throughout college felt that "drinking like a guy" described their own drinking behaviors. While women reported that being able to "drink like a guy" provided them with a sense of equality with their male peers, analysis of the transcripts suggests that "drinking like a guy" had less to do with gender equality and more to do with emphasizing women's (hetero)sexuality. Findings are discussed in terms of how "heavy alcohol consumption" affords college women positive attention from their male peers, but likely increases their vulnerability to sexual assault and alcohol use related health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Young
- Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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161
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Theakston JA, Stewart SH, Dawson MY, Knowlden-Loewen SA, Lehman DR. Big-Five personality domains predict drinking motives. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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162
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Kuntsche EN, Gmel G. Emotional wellbeing and violence among social and solitary risky single occasion drinkers in adolescence. Addiction 2004; 99:331-9. [PMID: 14982546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To classify adolescents according to risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) and their level of social integration, and to test whether these groups (social non-RSODs, social RSODs, solitary non-RSODs, solitary RSODs) differ in terms of emotional well-being and violence-related variables. METHOD K-means cluster and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed based on a cross-sectional national representative sample of 3861 8th and 9th graders in Switzerland (mean age 15.3; SD = 0.88). RESULTS Although RSODs in general appear to be more violent, social RSODs tend to be more violent than solitary RSODs. Although RSODs reveal a lower life satisfaction generally and tend to have more depressive moods, solitary RSODs are even less satisfied and more depressive. In addition, the latter tend to have lower self-esteem and are more often victims of bullying. CONCLUSIONS RSODs are not a homogeneous group of adolescents and preventive efforts, such as competence-enhancing and social resistance programmes, should be applied in accordance with the constellation of associated problems: solitary RSODs appear to be socially inhibited, depressive and often victims of bullying, whereas social RSODs appear to be socially accepted but are prone to be violent offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel N Kuntsche
- Swiss Institute for the Prevention of Alcohol and Drug Problems (SIPA), Research Department, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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163
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Neal DJ, Carey KB. Developing discrepancy within self-regulation theory: use of personalized normative feedback and personal strivings with heavy-drinking college students. Addict Behav 2004; 29:281-97. [PMID: 14732417 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to reduce the frequency of high-risk drinking have included the use of motivational interventions. Both the technique used in motivational interventions and an underlying theory of behavior change (i.e., self-regulation theory) invoke the construct of discrepancy development. This study was designed to determine whether techniques purported to develop discrepancy actually do so and to compare methods of developing discrepancy on indices of intention to reduce alcohol use. Male and female college drinkers (N=92) were selected if they reported two or more binge episodes in the last month, or scored 4 or higher on the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI). Participants were randomly assigned by gender to three conditions all conducted in a small group format: attention-control, personalized normative feedback (PNF), and personal strivings assessment (PSA). Personalized normative feedback was designed to develop discrepancy based on behavioral comparisons of self and others. Personal strivings assessment was designed to develop discrepancy between current and ideal self. It was hypothesized that participants who engage in discrepancy building activities would experience discrepancy specific to the activity in which they engaged, and that all participants who developed discrepancy would show higher levels of intention to reduce alcohol use. Results indicated that only the personalized normative feedback increased discrepancy and intention to reduce alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Neal
- Center for Health and Behavior, Department of Psychology, Huntington Hall 430, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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164
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Johnson TJ, Sheets VL. Measuring College Students' Motives for Playing Drinking Games. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2004; 18:91-9. [PMID: 15238050 DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.18.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Students may choose to play drinking games not only for reasons related to alcohol consumption but also because of incentives related to other aspects of play (competition, fun, interpersonal dominance, etc.). College students (120 men and 167 women) completed measures of motives for playing (based on T. J. Johnson, S. Hamilton, & V. L. Sheets, 1999) and consequences of playing drinking games. Exploratory principal-components analysis identified 8 reasons for playing. Men and women differed in their endorsement of the factors. Motives for play directly predicted consequences of play independently of alcohol consumption. Specific motives predicted specific types of consequences. In multiple regression analyses, Conformity motives were negatively related to consequences and may represent a form of protective motive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Johnson
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Health, Religion, & Spirituality, Indiana State University, Terre Haute 47809, USA.
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165
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Prescott CA, Cross RJ, Kuhn JW, Horn JL, Kendler KS. Is Risk for Alcoholism Mediated by Individual Differences in Drinking Motivations? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004; 28:29-39. [PMID: 14745300 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000106302.75766.f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in motivations to drink have been proposed as a mechanism that mediates risk for alcoholism. We investigated the genetic and environmental sources of variation in motivations for drinking, as assessed by four scales of the Alcohol Use Inventory (AUI), and then examined the extent to which genetic and environmental variations in risk for alcoholism are mediated by individual differences in drinking motives. METHODS Data on four AUI scales (assessing drinking to manage mood states, to relieve social anxiety, in social situations, and to improve mental functioning) and lifetime DSM-IV alcohol abuse and/or dependence (AAD) were obtained from 2529 female and 3709 male adult twins, including 2229 complete twin pairs, from the population-based Virginia Twin Registry. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses indicated that higher scores on each of the four AUI variables were significantly associated with AAD, with increases in risk for diagnosis of 40% to 141% per standard deviation increase in AUI score. Structural modeling analyses conducted using Mplus indicated that individual differences in AUI scores were in part due to genetic variation, particularly among women. Among males, genetic factors were substantial for drinking to alter mood but small for other measures. A substantial portion of the genetic variation in AAD overlapped with drinking to manage mood states. Results from bivariate twin models of AAD and the AUI scales were consistent with the mediation hypothesis for the social anxiety and social interaction scales but not drinking to manage mood or to enhance mental functioning. CONCLUSIONS Genetic contributions to variation in risk for alcoholism may be mediated in part by individual differences in motivations related to drinking in social settings. Drinking to manage mood indexes genetic risk for alcoholism but does not appear to act as a direct cause of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Prescott
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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166
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Simons JS. Differential Prediction of Alcohol Use and Problems: The Role of Biopsychological and Social‐Environmental Variables. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2003; 29:861-79. [PMID: 14713144 DOI: 10.1081/ada-120026265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the differential prediction of alcohol use and problems by biopsychological (i.e., affective and cognitive variables) and social-environmental (i.e., social norms) variables. Undergraduate students (N = 231) were assessed twice separated by a 30-day interval. Time 1 impulsivity, affect lability, social norms, and perceived conflict between personal strivings and alcohol use were each significant predictors of alcohol use-related problems at Time 2 (T2). Structural equation models indicated that impulsivity and affect lability were related directly with use-related problems, while social norms and use-strivings conflict were related indirectly with use-related problems (mediated by use frequency). Impulsivity moderated the T2 use to use-related problems relationship. Use frequency was associated more strongly with use-related problems among more impulsive participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Simons
- Department of Psychology, The University of South Dakota Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, USA.
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167
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Abstract
Problem drinking during the college years is a significant public health concern. The goal of the current review was to examine the primary psychosocial factors that predict problem drinking in college students. Variables examined included demographic variables, personality, drinking history, alcohol expectancies, drinking motives, stress and coping, activity involvement, and peer and family influence. Evidence from studies of college drinking indicated that the variables associated with college drinking seem to vary at levels dealing with one's personality and coping mechanisms, one's thought processes about drinking, and the environment. It seems that expectancies and drinking motives may serve as explanations for the pathways from certain personality types (i.e., sensation seeking and neurotic) to problem drinking in the college setting. Factors that predicted future drinking problems after college were also examined. Overall, it seems that interventions and prevention programs would need to reach college students at all three levels--the environment, individual personality traits, and cognitive processes. Future research should address the limitations in the previous research as well as test comprehensive models of college drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S Ham
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
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168
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McNally AM, Palfai TP, Levine RV, Moore BM. Attachment dimensions and drinking-related problems among young adults: the mediational role of coping motives. Addict Behav 2003; 28:1115-27. [PMID: 12834654 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4603(02)00224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has found a positive association between insecure adult attachment styles and harmful drinking patterns. In the present study, we examined the relation between alcohol-related consequences and two dimensions underlying attachment, 'model of self' and 'model of others,' among a population of college student drinkers (N=366). It was predicted that a negative model of self would contribute significantly to the variance in drinking problems over and above that accounted for by level of alcohol consumption. In an attempt to clarify the nature of the relationship among these variables, it was further hypothesized that coping drinking motives would mediate the relationship between the self attachment dimension and alcohol consequences. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed results consistent with the predictions. There was a significant relationship between negative model of self and problems which was fully mediated by coping drinking motives. The findings support the basic theoretical supposition that one primary function of interpersonal attachment is the regulation of emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M McNally
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Fourth floor, 648 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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169
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Abstract
AIMS To model consumption patterns and problems associated with alcohol, cannabis, ecstasy, amphetamine and cocaine hydrochloride use in a non-treatment sample of young polysubstance users. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey of 364 16-22-year-old (56.3% male) polysubstance users recruited and interviewed by peer interviewers. MEASUREMENTS Structured questionnaires were used to gather identical datasets on the five target psychoactive substances, recording patterns of substance use; adverse consequences from use; negative effects; functions for substance use; and perceived peer use. FINDINGS Functions for substance use strongly predicted intensity of use in all five substances when peer use, age of first use and demographics were controlled, explaining an additional 11-19% of the variance in scores. Functions also explained an average of 22% of the variance in problem scores over and above the effects of background variables and current intensity of use. In particular, functions concerned with relief from negative mood states were strong predictors of problem scores in alcohol, cannabis and cocaine. CONCLUSIONS The potential implications of using a functional approach to explaining and responding to substance use are considerable. This could help to enhance our understanding of how experimental substance use becomes regular and how regular use becomes problematic, and could thus inform prevention, education and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Boys
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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170
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Martens MP, Cox RH, Beck NC, Heppner PP. Measuring motivations for intercollegiate athlete alcohol use: a confirmatory factor analysis of the drinking motives measure. Psychol Assess 2003; 15:235-9. [PMID: 12847784 DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.15.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Drinking Motives Measure (DMM) on a sample of 227 collegiate athletes. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the 4-factor structure of the DMM provided a better fit than either 2- or 1-factor models, but the overall fit of the 4-factor model was moderate at best. A revised 3-factor model consistent with prior research (M. L. Cooper, M. Russell, J. B. Skinner, & M. Windle, 1992) provided the best fit. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that the 3 DMM factors included in the revised model accounted for 17%-21% of the unique variance on alcohol consumption variables. Results provide preliminary evidence supporting the internal consistency, construct validity, and convergent validity of the revised 3-factor DMM with collegiate athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Martens
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.
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171
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Zack M, Poulos CX, Fragopoulos F, MacLeod CM. Effects of negative and positive mood phrases on priming of alcohol words in young drinkers with high and low anxiety sensitivity. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 11:176-85. [PMID: 12755462 DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.11.2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether potential emotional cues for drinking activate alcohol concepts in young drinkers. Participants were 84 university freshmen with high or low levels of anxiety sensitivity (AS). A verbal priming task measured activation (i.e., priming) of alcohol concepts (e.g., beer) by positive and negative mood phrases. Time to read alcohol target words was the dependent measure. Negative mood phrases consistently primed alcohol targets; positive mood phrases did not. Degree of negative mood priming did not differ as a function of gender or AS. Reported tendency to drink in bad moods predicted negative mood priming in women, whereas men showed negative mood priming irrespective of their reported drinking tendency. A general association between negative mood priming and severity of alcohol problems also emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zack
- Clinical Neuroscience Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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172
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Read JP, Wood MD, Kahler CW, Maddock JE, Palfai TP. Examining the role of drinking motives in college student alcohol use and problems. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2003; 17:13-23. [PMID: 12665077 DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.17.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A motivational model of alcohol involvement (M. L. Cooper, M. R. Frone, M. Russell, & P. Mudar, 1995) was replicated and extended by incorporating social antecedents and motives and by testing this model cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a sample of college students. Participants (N = 388) completed a questionnaire battery assessing alcohol use and problems, alcohol expectancies, sensation seeking, negative affect, social influences, and drinking motives. Associations among psychosocial antecedents, drinking motives, and alcohol involvement differed from those found by M. L. Cooper et al. (1995). These findings point to the importance of social influences and of positive reinforcement motives but not to the centrality of drinking motives in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Read
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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173
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Abstract
The present study investigated whether a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) or current post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated with alcohol-related expectancies and recalled effects of drinking reported by women in substance user treatment. The results indicate that CSA status was not associated with the alcohol-related expectancies or effects of drinking reported by women in substance user treatment. However, those currently manifesting PTSD were more likely than their peers without PTSD to report greater alcohol-related expectancies of tension reduction and having experienced greater positive enhancement from drinking. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Simpson
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA.
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174
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Drinking Levels, Related Problems and Readiness to Change in a College Sample. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2002. [DOI: 10.1300/j020v20n02_01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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175
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Correia CJ, Carey KB, Borsari B. Measuring substance-free and substance-related reinforcement in the natural environment. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.16.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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176
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Comeau N, Stewart SH, Loba P. The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents' motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addict Behav 2001; 26:803-25. [PMID: 11768546 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated relations of anxiety sensitivity and other theoretically relevant personality factors to Copper's [Psychological Assessment 6 (1994) 117.] four categories of substance use motivations as applied to teens' use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana. A sample of 508 adolescents (238 females, 270 males; mean age = 15.1 years) completed the Trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI), and the Intensity and Novelty subscales of the Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking. Users of each substance also completed the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R) and/or author-compiled measures for assessing motives for cigarette smoking and marijuana use, respectively. Multiple regression analyses revealed that, in the case of each drug, the block of personality variables predicted "risky" substance use motives (i.e., coping, enhancement, and/or conformity motives) over-and-above demographics. High intensity seeking and low anxiety sensitivity predicted enhancement motives for alcohol use, high anxiety sensitivity predicted conformity motives for alcohol and marijuana use, and high trait anxiety predicted coping motives for alcohol and cigarette use. Moreover, anxiety sensitivity moderated the relation between trait anxiety and coping motives for alcohol and cigarette use: the trait anxiety-coping motives relation was stronger for high, than for low, anxiety sensitive individuals. Implications of the findings for improving substance abuse prevention efforts for youth will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Comeau
- Department of Philosophy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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177
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Le Couteur C, Reid S, Byrd M. The Relationship Between Identity Development and Drinking Patterns in University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2001.9747876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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178
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Collins RL, Koutsky JR, Morsheimer ET, MacLean MG. Binge drinking among underage college students: A test of a restraint-based conceptualization of risk for alcohol abuse. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2001. [DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.15.4.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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179
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Colder CR. Life stress, physiological and subjective indexes of negative emotionality, and coping reasons for drinking: Is there evidence for a self-medication model of alcohol use? PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2001. [DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.15.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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180
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Stewart SH, Loughlin HL, Rhyno E. Internal drinking motives mediate personality domain — drinking relations in young adults. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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181
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Simons J, Correia CJ, Carey KB. A comparison of motives for marijuana and alcohol use among experienced users. Addict Behav 2000; 25:153-60. [PMID: 10708331 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Motivational models suggest that individuals use substances to achieve desired effects. Given different pharmacological effects across drug classes, and variations in social context, one would expect that the motives instigating use differ by drug class. However, commonalties in motives across drugs have also been observed. The purpose of this study was to examine similarities and differences across a common set of motives for alcohol and marijuana among experienced users of both drugs. Participants were 46 college students (21 women) who completed a motives assessment twice, once for marijuana and once for alcohol. All had used each drug 60 or more times in their lifetime. Social motives were more highly endorsed for alcohol than marijuana. Expansion motives were more highly endorsed for marijuana. Enhancement motives were more highly endorsed for marijuana than alcohol among women but not men. Endorsement of coping and conformity motives did not differ across drugs. Experienced users of marijuana and alcohol discriminate between their reasons for using the two drugs. These findings are discussed with regard to the differentiation between and commonalties among substances of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Simons
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, NY 13244-2340, USA
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182
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Cassisi JE, Delehant M, Tsoutsouris JS, Levin J. Psychophysiological reactivity to alcohol advertising in light and moderate social drinkers. Addict Behav 1998; 23:267-74. [PMID: 9573431 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4603(97)00038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychophysiological responses to alcohol and nonalcohol advertising slides were compared in light and moderate social drinkers. Each slide presentation was interspersed with a rest period. Before viewing the slides, participants completed a questionnaire to estimate their quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption. Participants were divided into two groups using a median split of alcohol consumption scores. Light social drinkers showed a significant decrease in heart rate response to both alcohol-related and nonalcohol advertisements. Moderate social drinkers showed a significant increase in skin conductance to both alcohol-related and nonalcohol advertisements. The findings of this study have implications for understanding both the influence of alcohol advertisements on behavior and the psychophysiological correlates of cue reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Cassisi
- Jackson State University, MS 39217-0350, USA
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