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Kelliher MT, Saunders HA, Wildonger J. Microtubule control of functional architecture in neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 57:39-45. [PMID: 30738328 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are exquisitely polarized cells whose structure and function relies on microtubules. Microtubules in signal-receiving dendrites and signal-sending axons differ in their organization and microtubule-associated proteins. These differences, coupled with microtubule post-translational modifications, combine to locally regulate intracellular transport, morphology, and function. Recent discoveries provide new insight into the regulation of non-centrosomal microtubule arrays in neurons, the relationship between microtubule acetylation and mechanosensation, and the spatial patterning of microtubules that regulates motor activity and cargo delivery in axons and dendrites. Together, these new studies bring us closer to understanding how microtubule function is locally tuned to match the specialized tasks associated with signal reception and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Kelliher
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Harriet Aj Saunders
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jill Wildonger
- Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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202
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Mooneyham A, Iizuka Y, Yang Q, Coombes C, McClellan M, Shridhar V, Emmings E, Shetty M, Chen L, Ai T, Meints J, Lee MK, Gardner M, Bazzaro M. UNC-45A Is a Novel Microtubule-Associated Protein and Regulator of Paclitaxel Sensitivity in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:370-383. [PMID: 30322860 PMCID: PMC6359974 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNC-45A, a highly conserved member of the UCS (UNC45A/CRO1/SHE4P) protein family of cochaperones, plays an important role in regulating cytoskeletal-associated functions in invertebrates and mammalian cells, including cytokinesis, exocytosis, cell motility, and neuronal development. Here, for the first time, UNC-45A is demonstrated to function as a mitotic spindle-associated protein that destabilizes microtubules (MT) activity. Using in vitro biophysical reconstitution and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy analysis, we reveal that UNC-45A directly binds to taxol-stabilized MTs in the absence of any additional cellular cofactors or other MT-associated proteins and acts as an ATP-independent MT destabilizer. In cells, UNC-45A binds to and destabilizes mitotic spindles, and its depletion causes severe defects in chromosome congression and segregation. UNC-45A is overexpressed in human clinical specimens from chemoresistant ovarian cancer and that UNC-45A-overexpressing cells resist chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy when treated with clinically relevant concentrations of paclitaxel. Lastly, UNC-45A depletion exacerbates paclitaxel-mediated stabilizing effects on mitotic spindles and restores sensitivity to paclitaxel. IMPLICATIONS: These findings reveal novel and significant roles for UNC-45A in regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, broadening our understanding of the basic mechanisms regulating MT stability and human cancer susceptibility to paclitaxel, one of the most widely used chemotherapy agents for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Mooneyham
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Heath, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yoshie Iizuka
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Heath, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Courtney Coombes
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Mark McClellan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vijayalakshmi Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Edith Emmings
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Heath, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mihir Shetty
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Heath, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Liqiang Chen
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Teng Ai
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Joyce Meints
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Michael K Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Melissa Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Martina Bazzaro
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Heath, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,,Corresponding author: Martina Bazzaro, Masonic Cancer Center, 420 Delaware Street S.E, Room 490, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, Tel: 612-6252889, Fax: 612-626-0665,
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203
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Lee HN, Bosompra OA, Coller HA. RECK isoforms differentially regulate fibroblast migration by modulating tubulin post-translational modifications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:211-218. [PMID: 30704758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for proper development and the defense against pathogens. Our previous work detailed a pathway of REversion-inducing-Cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) isoform-mediated invasion in which a shorter RECK protein competes with MMP9 for interaction with the canonical RECK protein on the cell surface. Here we demonstrate that the mechanism through which RECK isoforms affect cell migration is mediated through changes in the levels of post-translational modifications (PTM) of α-tubulin. We show that both the canonical and short RECK isoforms modulate levels of tubulin acetylation and detyrosination. We demonstrate that these changes are sufficient to modulate the rate of fibroblast migration. If these tubulin PTMs are not altered, the effects of the canonical RECK isoform on cell migration are reversed. In defining the molecular pathway linking RECK and tubulin PTMs, we found that MMP9 and integrin activity both act as upstream regulators of tubulin acetylation and detyrosination. Overall, we propose a mechanism in which RECK isoforms on the cell surface have opposing effects on cell migration through MMP9-modulated changes to integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions that, in turn, affect microtubule PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neul Lee
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Oye A Bosompra
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hilary A Coller
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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204
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Hamann A, Nguyen A, Pannier AK. Nucleic acid delivery to mesenchymal stem cells: a review of nonviral methods and applications. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:7. [PMID: 30675180 PMCID: PMC6339289 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can be isolated and expanded from many tissues, and are being investigated for use in cell therapies. Though MSC therapies have demonstrated some success, none have been FDA approved for clinical use. MSCs lose stemness ex vivo, decreasing therapeutic potential, and face additional barriers in vivo, decreasing therapeutic efficacy. Culture optimization and genetic modification of MSCs can overcome these barriers. Viral transduction is efficient, but limited by safety concerns related to mutagenicity of integrating viral vectors and potential immunogenicity of viral antigens. Nonviral delivery methods are safer, though limited by inefficiency and toxicity, and are flexible and scalable, making them attractive for engineering MSC therapies. Main text Transfection method and nucleic acid determine efficiency and expression profile in transfection of MSCs. Transfection methods include microinjection, electroporation, and nanocarrier delivery. Microinjection and electroporation are efficient, but are limited by throughput and toxicity. In contrast, a variety of nanocarriers have been demonstrated to transfer nucleic acids into cells, however nanocarrier delivery to MSCs has traditionally been inefficient. To improve efficiency, plasmid sequences can be optimized by choice of promoter, inclusion of DNA targeting sequences, and removal of bacterial elements. Instead of DNA, RNA can be delivered for rapid protein expression or regulation of endogenous gene expression. Beyond choice of nanocarrier and nucleic acid, transfection can be optimized by priming cells with media additives and cell culture surface modifications to modulate barriers of transfection. Media additives known to enhance MSC transfection include glucocorticoids and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Culture surface properties known to modulate MSC transfection include substrate stiffness and specific protein coating. If nonviral gene delivery to MSCs can be sufficiently improved, MSC therapies could be enhanced by transfection for guided differentiation and reprogramming, transplantation survival and directed homing, and secretion of therapeutics. We discuss utilized delivery methods and nucleic acids, and resulting efficiency and outcomes, in transfection of MSCs reported for such applications. Conclusion Recent developments in transfection methods, including nanocarrier and nucleic acid technologies, combined with chemical and physical priming of MSCs, may sufficiently improve transfection efficiency, enabling scalable genetic engineering of MSCs, potentially bringing effective MSC therapies to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hamann
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 231 L.W. Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726 USA
| | - Albert Nguyen
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 231 L.W. Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726 USA
| | - Angela K Pannier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 231 L.W. Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726 USA
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205
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Singh R, Holz PS, Roth K, Hupfer A, Meissner W, Müller R, Buchholz M, Gress TM, Elsässer HP, Jacob R, Lauth M. DYRK1B regulates Hedgehog-induced microtubule acetylation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:193-207. [PMID: 30317528 PMCID: PMC11105311 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The posttranslational modification (PTM) of tubulin subunits is important for the physiological functions of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. Although major advances have been made in the identification of enzymes carrying out MT-PTMs, little knowledge is available on how intercellular signaling molecules and their associated pathways regulate MT-PTM-dependent processes inside signal-receiving cells. Here we show that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, a paradigmatic intercellular signaling system, affects the MT acetylation state in mammalian cells. Mechanistically, Hh pathway activity increases the levels of the MT-associated DYRK1B kinase, resulting in the inhibition of GSK3β through phosphorylation of Serine 9 and the subsequent suppression of HDAC6 enzyme activity. Since HDAC6 represents a major tubulin deacetylase, its inhibition increases the levels of acetylated MTs. Through the activation of DYRK1B, Hh signaling facilitates MT-dependent processes such as intracellular mitochondrial transport, mesenchymal cell polarization or directed cell migration. Taken together, we provide evidence that intercellular communication through Hh signals can regulate the MT cytoskeleton and contribute to MT-dependent processes by affecting the level of tubulin acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Singh
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Simon Holz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Roth
- Imaging Core Facility, Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Hupfer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meissner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Malte Buchholz
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas M Gress
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Infectiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Elsässer
- Institute of Cytobiology and Cytopathology, Philipps University, Robert Koch Str. 6, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Jacob
- Institute of Cytobiology and Cytopathology, Philipps University, Robert Koch Str. 6, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Lauth
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor- and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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206
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Kim KW, Tang NH, Piggott CA, Andrusiak MG, Park S, Zhu M, Kurup N, Cherra SJ, Wu Z, Chisholm AD, Jin Y. Expanded genetic screening in Caenorhabditis elegans identifies new regulators and an inhibitory role for NAD + in axon regeneration. eLife 2018; 7:39756. [PMID: 30461420 PMCID: PMC6281318 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying axon regeneration in mature neurons are relevant to the understanding of normal nervous system maintenance and for developing therapeutic strategies for injury. Here, we report novel pathways in axon regeneration, identified by extending our previous function-based screen using the C. elegans mechanosensory neuron axotomy model. We identify an unexpected role of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesizing enzyme, NMAT-2/NMNAT, in axon regeneration. NMAT-2 inhibits axon regrowth via cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms. NMAT-2 enzymatic activity is required to repress regrowth. Further, we find differential requirements for proteins in membrane contact site, components and regulators of the extracellular matrix, membrane trafficking, microtubule and actin cytoskeleton, the conserved Kelch-domain protein IVNS-1, and the orphan transporter MFSD-6 in axon regrowth. Identification of these new pathways expands our understanding of the molecular basis of axonal injury response and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Kim
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ngang Heok Tang
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Christopher A Piggott
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Matthew G Andrusiak
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Seungmee Park
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ming Zhu
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Naina Kurup
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Salvatore J Cherra
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Zilu Wu
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Andrew D Chisholm
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Yishi Jin
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, United States
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207
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Nakos K, Rosenberg M, Spiliotis ET. Regulation of microtubule plus end dynamics by septin 9. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 76:83-91. [PMID: 30144301 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Septins are GTP-binding proteins that associate with the microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeleton. Septins affect MT organization and posttranslational modifications, but their role in MT dynamics is less understood. Here, we reconstituted MT dynamics in the presence of the MT-binding septin (SEPT9) using an in vitro cell-free assay, which images the polymerization of tubulin from guanosine-5'-[(α,β)-methyleno]triphosphate (GMPCPP)-stabilized MT seeds. We found that submicromolar concentrations of SEPT9 suppress MT catastrophe and enhance the growth of MT plus ends to great lengths, while low micromolar concentrations of SEPT9 stabilize MTs by inhibiting dynamic instability. We show that SEPT9 associates preferentially with the lattice of GMPCPP-stabilized MT seeds and surprisingly recruits soluble tubulin to the MT lattice. Notably, the effects of SEPT9 on MT dynamics are dependent on its G-G dimerization interface, which is formed by the pockets of the GTP-binding domains. A mutation (H530D) that disrupts G-G dimerization abrogates the effects of SEPT9 on MT dynamics and diminishes its ability to recruit tubulin to the MT lattice. Taken together, these results suggest that SEPT9 promotes the formation and maintenance of long stable MTs through a mechanism that may involve recruitment of unpolymerized tubulin to the MT lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elias T Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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208
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Tang F, Pan MH, Wan X, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Sun SC. Kif18a regulates Sirt2-mediated tubulin acetylation for spindle organization during mouse oocyte meiosis. Cell Div 2018; 13:9. [PMID: 30459823 PMCID: PMC6234775 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-018-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During oocyte meiosis, the cytoskeleton dynamics, especially spindle organization, are critical for chromosome congression and segregation. However, the roles of the kinesin superfamily in this process are still largely unknown. Results In the present study, Kif18a, a member of the kinesin-8 family, regulated spindle organization through its effects on tubulin acetylation in mouse oocyte meiosis. Our results showed that Kif18a is expressed and mainly localized in the spindle region. Knock down of Kif18a caused the failure of first polar body extrusion, dramatically affecting spindle organization and resulting in severe chromosome misalignment. Further analysis showed that the disruption of Kif18a caused an increase in acetylated tubulin level, which might be the reason for the spindle organization defects after Kif18a knock down in oocyte meiosis, and the decreased expression of deacetylase Sirt2 was found after Kif18a knock down. Moreover, microinjections of tubulin K40R mRNA, which could induce tubulin deacetylation, protected the oocytes from the effects of Kif18a downregulation, resulting in normal spindle morphology in Kif18a-knock down oocytes. Conclusions Taken together, our results showed that Kif18a affected Sirt2-mediated tubulin acetylation level for spindle organization during mouse oocyte meiosis. Our results not only revealed the critical effect of Kif18a on microtubule stability, but also extended our understanding of kinesin activity in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Meng-Hao Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiang Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yujie Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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209
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Gasic I, Mitchison TJ. Autoregulation and repair in microtubule homeostasis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 56:80-87. [PMID: 30415186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Even in the face of damaging insults, most cells maintain stability over time through multiple homeostatic pathways, including maintenance of the microtubule cytoskeleton that is fundamental to numerous cellular processes. The dynamic instability-perpetual growth and shrinkage-is the best-known microtubule regulatory pathway, which allows rapid rebuilding of the microtubule cytoskeleton in response to internal or external cues. Much less investigated is homeostatic regulation through availability of α-β tubulin heterodimers-microtubules' main building blocks-which influences total mass and dynamic behavior of microtubules. Finally, the most recently discovered is microtubule homeostasis through self-repair, where new GTP-bound tubulin heterodimers replace the lost ones in the microtubule lattice. In this review we try to integrate our current knowledge on how dynamic instability, regulation of tubulin mass, and self-repair work together to achieve microtubule homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gasic
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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210
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Abstract
The cytoskeleton is crucially important for the assembly of cell-cell junctions and the homeostatic regulation of their functions. Junctional proteins act, in turn, as anchors for cytoskeletal filaments, and as regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics and signalling proteins. The cross-talk between junctions and the cytoskeleton is critical for the morphogenesis and physiology of epithelial and other tissues, but is not completely understood. Microtubules are implicated in the delivery of junctional proteins to cell-cell contact sites, in the differentiation and spatial organization of the cytoplasm, and in the stabilization of the barrier and adhesive functions of junctions. Here we focus on the relationships between microtubules and junctions of vertebrate epithelial cells. We highlight recent discoveries on the molecular underpinnings of microtubule-junction interactions, and report new data about the interaction of cingulin and paracingulin with microtubules. We also propose a possible new role of junctions as “molecular sinks” for microtubule-associated signalling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Vasileva
- a Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- a Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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211
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Gu L, Li X, Liu X, Gao M, He Y, Xiong B, Liu H. HDAC3 inhibition disrupts the assembly of meiotic apparatus during porcine oocyte maturation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10178-10183. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Min Gao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Yongfu He
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Bo Xiong
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
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212
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Hossain D, Tsang WY. The role of ubiquitination in the regulation of primary cilia assembly and disassembly. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 93:145-152. [PMID: 30213760 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a cellular antenna found on the surface of many eukaryotic cells, whose main role is to sense and transduce signals that regulate growth, development, and differentiation. Although once believed to be a vestigial organelle without important function, it has become clear that defects in primary cilium are responsible for a wide variety of genetic diseases affecting many organs and tissues, including the brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, liver, and pancreas. The primary cilium is mainly present in quiescent and differentiated cells, and controls must exist to ensure that this organelle is assembled or disassembled at the right time. Although many protein components required for building the cilium have been identified, mechanistic details of how these proteins are spatially and temporally regulated and how these regulations are connected to external cues are beginning to emerge. This review article highlights the role of ubiquitination and in particular, E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases, in the control of primary cilia assembly and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delowar Hossain
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - William Y Tsang
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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213
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Fernández-Barrera J, Alonso MA. Coordination of microtubule acetylation and the actin cytoskeleton by formins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3181-3191. [PMID: 29947928 PMCID: PMC11105221 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The acetylation of the lysine 40 residue of α-tubulin was described more than 30 years ago and has been the subject of intense research ever since. Although the exact function of this covalent modification of tubulin in the cell remains unknown, it has been established that tubulin acetylation confers resilience to mechanical stress on the microtubules. Formins have a dual role in the fate of the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons. On the one hand, they catalyze the formation of actin filaments, and on the other, they bind microtubules, act on their stability, and regulate their acetylation and alignment with actin fibers. Recent evidence indicates that formins coordinate the actin cytoskeleton and tubulin acetylation by modulating the levels of free globular actin (G-actin). G-actin, in turn, controls the activity of the myocardin-related transcription factor-serum response factor transcriptional complex that regulates the expression of the α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (α-TAT1) gene, which encodes the main enzyme responsible for tubulin acetylation. The effect of formins on tubulin acetylation is the combined result of their ability to activate α-TAT1 gene transcription and of their capacity to regulate microtubule stabilization. The contribution of these two mechanisms in different formins is discussed, particularly with respect to INF2, a formin that is mutated in hereditary human renal and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernández-Barrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.
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214
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Sudo H. Microtubule Hyperacetylation Enhances KL1-Dependent Micronucleation under a Tau Deficiency in Mammary Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092488. [PMID: 30142893 PMCID: PMC6165458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced microtubule acetylation has been identified as a negative prognostic indicator in breast cancer. We reported previously that primary cultured human mammary epithelial cells manifest breast cancer-related aneuploidization via the activation of severing protein katanin-like (KL)1 when tau is deficient. To address in this current study whether microtubule hyperacetylation is involved in breast carcinogenesis through mitosis, the effects of tubacin on human mammary epithelial cells were tested using immunofluorescence techniques. Tau-knockdown cells showed enhancement of KL1-dependent events, chromosome-bridging and micronucleation in response to tubacin. These enhancements were suppressed by further expression of an acetylation-deficient tubulin mutant. Consistently, using a rat fibroblast-based microtubule sensitivity test, it was confirmed that KL1 also shows enhanced activity in response to microtubule hyperacetylation as well as katanin. It was further observed in rat fibroblasts that exogenously expressed KL1 results in more micronucleation under microtubule hyperacetylation conditions. These data suggest that microtubule acetylation upregulates KL1 and induces more aneuploidy if tau is deficient. It is thus plausible that microtubule hyperacetylation promotes tumor progression by enhancing microtubule sensitivity to KL1, thereby disrupting spindle microtubules and this process could be reversed by the microtubule-binding and microtubule protective octapeptide NAPVSIPQ (NAP) which recruits tau to the microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Sudo
- Faculty of Health Science, Tokoha University, 1-30, Mizuochi-cho, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 420-0831, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan.
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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215
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Hassan A, Timerman Y, Hamdan R, Sela N, Avetisyan A, Halachmi N, Salzberg A. An RNAi Screen Identifies New Genes Required for Normal Morphogenesis of Larval Chordotonal Organs. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:1871-1884. [PMID: 29678948 PMCID: PMC5982817 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The proprioceptive chordotonal organs (ChO) of a fly larva respond to mechanical stimuli generated by muscle contractions and consequent deformations of the cuticle. The ability of the ChO to sense the relative displacement of its epidermal attachment sites likely depends on the correct mechanical properties of the accessory (cap and ligament) and attachment cells that connect the sensory unit (neuron and scolopale cell) to the cuticle. The genetic programs dictating the development of ChO cells with unique morphologies and mechanical properties are largely unknown. Here we describe an RNAi screen that focused on the ChO's accessory and attachment cells and was performed in 2nd instar larvae to allow for phenotypic analysis of ChOs that had already experienced mechanical stresses during larval growth. Nearly one thousand strains carrying RNAi constructs targeting more than 500 candidate genes were screened for their effects on ChO morphogenesis. The screen identified 31 candidate genes whose knockdown within the ChO lineage disrupted various aspects of cell fate determination, cell differentiation, cellular morphogenesis and cell-cell attachment. Most interestingly, one phenotypic group consisted of genes that affected the response of specific ChO cell types to developmental organ stretching, leading to abnormal pattern of cell elongation. The 'cell elongation' group included the transcription factors Delilah and Stripe, implicating them for the first time in regulating the response of ChO cells to developmental stretching forces. Other genes found to affect the pattern of ChO cell elongation, such as αTub85E, β1Tub56D, Tbce, CCT8, mys, Rac1 and shot, represent putative effectors that link between cell-fate determinants and the realization of cell-specific mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Hassan
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Yael Timerman
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Rana Hamdan
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Nitzan Sela
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Adel Avetisyan
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Naomi Halachmi
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Adi Salzberg
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
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