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Piccoli L, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Cifani C, Costantini VJA, Massagrande M, Montanari D, Martinelli P, Antolini M, Ciccocioppo R, Massi M, Merlo-Pich E, Di Fabio R, Corsi M. Role of orexin-1 receptor mechanisms on compulsive food consumption in a model of binge eating in female rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1999-2011. [PMID: 22569505 PMCID: PMC3398727 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Orexins (OX) and their receptors (OXR) modulate feeding, arousal, stress, and drug abuse. Neural systems that motivate and reinforce drug abuse may also underlie compulsive food seeking and intake. Therefore, the effects of GSK1059865 (5-bromo-N-[(2S,5S)-1-(3-fluoro-2-methoxybenzoyl)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]methyl-pyridin-2-amine), a selective OX(1)R antagonist, JNJ-10397049 (N-(2,4-dibromophenyl)-N'-[(4S,5S)-2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl]urea), a selective OX(2)R antagonist, and SB-649868 (N-[((2S)-1-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]carbonyl}-2-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-benzofuran-4-carboxamide), a dual OX(1)/OX(2)R antagonist were evaluated in a binge eating (BE) model in female rats. BE of highly palatable food (HPF) was evoked by three cycles of food restriction followed by stress, elicited by exposing rats to HPF, but preventing them from having access to it for 15 min. Pharmacokinetic assessments of all compounds were obtained under the same experimental conditions used for the behavioral experiments. Topiramate was used as the reference compound as it selectively blocks BE in rats and humans. Dose-related thresholds for sleep-inducing effects of the OXR antagonists were measured using polysomnography in parallel experiments. SB-649868 and GSK1059865, but not JNJ-10397049, selectively reduced BE for HPF without affecting standard food pellet intake, at doses that did not induce sleep. These results indicate, for the first time, a major role of OX(1)R mechanisms in BE, suggesting that selective antagonism at OX(1)R could represent a novel pharmacological treatment for BE and possibly other eating disorders with a compulsive component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piccoli
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Micioni Di Bonaventura
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy,Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, Camerino, Macerata 62032, Italy, Tel: +39 3287041244, Fax: +39 0737403325, E-mail:
| | - Carlo Cifani
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | | | | | - Dino Montanari
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Maurizio Massi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Emilio Merlo-Pich
- Neuronal Target Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | - Mauro Corsi
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
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202
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Lawrence NS, Hinton EC, Parkinson JA, Lawrence AD. Nucleus accumbens response to food cues predicts subsequent snack consumption in women and increased body mass index in those with reduced self-control. Neuroimage 2012; 63:415-22. [PMID: 22776461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals have difficulty controlling their food consumption, which is due in part to the ubiquity of tempting food cues in the environment. Individual differences in the propensity to attribute incentive (motivational) salience to and act on these cues may explain why some individuals eat more than others. Using fMRI in healthy women, we found that food cue related activity in the nucleus accumbens, a key brain region for food motivation and reward, was related to subsequent snack food consumption. However, both nucleus accumbens activation and snack food consumption were unrelated to self-reported hunger, or explicit wanting and liking for the snack. In contrast, food cue reactivity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex was associated with subjective hunger/appetite, but not with consumption. Whilst the food cue reactivity in the nucleus accumbens that predicted snack consumption was not directly related to body mass index (BMI), it was associated with increased BMI in individuals reporting low self-control. Our findings reveal a neural substrate underpinning automatic environmental influences on consumption in humans and demonstrate how self-control interacts with this response to predict BMI. Our data provide support for theoretical models that advocate a 'dual hit' of increased incentive salience attribution to food cues and poor self-control in determining vulnerability to overeating and overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Lawrence
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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203
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Meule A, Heckel D, Kübler A. Factor Structure and Item Analysis of the Yale Food Addiction Scale in Obese Candidates for Bariatric Surgery. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2012; 20:419-22. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology I; University of Würzburg; Würzburg; Germany
| | - Daniela Heckel
- Department of Psychology I; University of Würzburg; Würzburg; Germany
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204
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Exzessives Essen wird häufig mit süchtigem Verhalten in Verbindung gebracht. Bisher mangelte es im deutschen Sprachraum jedoch an einem Messinstrument, das spezifisch das Konstrukt Nahrungsmittelabhängigkeit erfasst. Um diesen Mangel zu beheben, stellt die vorliegende Arbeit die deutsche Version der Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) von Gearhardt, Corbin & Brownell (2009) vor. Diese Skala ermöglicht es, Menschen mit ausgeprägten Symptomen einer Abhängigkeit von bestimmten Nahrungsmitteln zu identifizieren. Die psychometrischen Kennwerte dieses Fragebogens wurden an einer Stichprobe von überwiegend Studierenden (N = 752) getestet. Die einfaktorielle Struktur der YFAS konnte bestätigt werden, bei einer zufriedenstellenden internen Konsistenz. Konvergente Validität zeigte sich in mittleren bis hohen Korrelationen mit anderen Maßen problematischen Essverhaltens, während sich geringe Zusammenhänge mit anderen, aber dennoch verwandten Konstrukten, wie Alkoholabhängigkeit und Impulsivität, ergaben. Weiterhin zeigte sich die YFAS als signifikanter Prädiktor für die Häufigkeit von Essanfällen. Die YFAS scheint somit ein brauchbares Instrument für die Erfassung essensbezogener, suchtähnlicher Verhaltensweisen darzustellen.
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205
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Gearhardt AN, Harrison ELR, McKee SA. Does co-morbid depression alter the inverse relationship between obesity and substance use disorders? Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 124:185-8. [PMID: 22285319 PMCID: PMC3359394 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorders and obesity are often inversely related to one another, hypothetically due to competition over shared neurobiological reward circuitry. However, obesity and substance use disorders share common risk factors, such as other psychiatric disorders. It is unknown whether the inverse relationship between obesity and substance use disorders continues to exist in the presence of shared risk factors. METHODS For the current study, we examined the associations between major depression, alcohol and drug use disorders, and overweight/obesity status in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (n=40,715). RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that adults with major depression were more likely to be obese, whereas adults with alcohol or drug use disorders were less likely to be obese. However, the inverse relationship between substance use and obesity continued to exist in adults with co-morbid depression. Adults with depression disorders co-morbid with alcohol (Relative Risk [RR]=0.63, 95% CI=0.47-0.84) or drug (RR=0.54, 95% CI=0.36-0.81) use disorders were less likely to be obese vs normal weight. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide support for the proposal that excess food consumption and excess drug use appear to compete over shared neurobiology even when the motivation to self-medicate with either food or substances might be elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
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206
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Gearhardt AN, White MA, Masheb RM, Morgan PT, Crosby RD, Grilo CM. An examination of the food addiction construct in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:657-63. [PMID: 22684991 PMCID: PMC3375872 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the psychometric properties of the Yale food addiction scale (YFAS) in obese patients with binge eating disorder (BED) and explored its association with measures of eating disorder and associated psychopathology. METHOD Eighty-one obese treatment-seeking BED patients were given the YFAS, structured interviews to assess psychiatric disorders and eating disorder psychopathology, and other pathology measures. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a one-factor solution with an excellent fit. Classification of "food addiction" was met by 57% of BED patients. Patients classified as meeting YFAS "food addiction" criteria had significantly higher levels of depression, negative affect, emotion dysregulation, eating disorder psychopathology, and lower self-esteem. YFAS scores were also significant predictors of binge eating frequency above and beyond other measures. DISCUSSION The subset of BED patients classified as having YFAS "food addiction" appear to represent a more disturbed variant characterized by greater eating disorder psychopathology and associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N. Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Correspondence to: Ashley N. Gearhardt, Yale University Department of Psychology, 2 Hillhouse Ave. New Haven, Connecticut 06511.
| | - Marney A. White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Robin M. Masheb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Peter T. Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ross D. Crosby
- Department of Biomedical Statistics, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND
| | - Carlos M. Grilo
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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207
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Schellekens H, Finger BC, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Ghrelin signalling and obesity: at the interface of stress, mood and food reward. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:316-26. [PMID: 22749794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal circuitry underlying the complex relationship between stress, mood and food intake are slowly being unravelled and several studies suggest a key role herein for the peripherally derived hormone, ghrelin. Evidence is accumulating linking obesity as an environmental risk factor to psychiatric disorders such as stress, anxiety and depression. Ghrelin is the only known orexigenic hormone from the periphery to stimulate food intake. Plasma ghrelin levels are enhanced under conditions of physiological stress and ghrelin has recently been suggested to play an important role in stress-induced food reward behaviour. In addition, chronic stress or atypical depression has often demonstrated to correlate with an increase in ingestion of caloric dense 'comfort foods' and have been implicated as one of the major contributor to the increased prevalence of obesity. Recent evidence suggests ghrelin as a critical factor at the interface of homeostatic control of appetite and reward circuitries, modulating the hedonic aspects of food intake. Therefore, the reward-related feeding of ghrelin may reveal itself as an important factor in the development of addiction to certain foods, similar to its involvement in the dependence to drugs of abuse, including alcohol. This review will highlight the accumulating evidence demonstrating the close interaction between food, mood and stress and the development of obesity. We consider the ghrelinergic system as an effective target for the development of successful anti-obesity pharmacotherapies, which not only affects appetite but also selectively modulates the rewarding properties of food and impact on psychological well-being in conditions of stress, anxiety and depression.
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208
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Dorfman L, Cheyne A, Friedman LC, Wadud A, Gottlieb M. Soda and tobacco industry corporate social responsibility campaigns: how do they compare? PLoS Med 2012; 9:e1001241. [PMID: 22723745 PMCID: PMC3378589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In an article that forms part of the PLoS Medicine series on Big Food, Andrew Cheyne and colleagues compare soda companies' corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaigns - which are designed to bolster the image and popularity of their products and to prevent regulation - with the tobacco industry's CSR campaigning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Dorfman
- Berkeley Media Studies Group, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Cheyne
- Berkeley Media Studies Group, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lissy C. Friedman
- Public Health Advocacy Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Asiya Wadud
- Berkeley Media Studies Group, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Gottlieb
- Public Health Advocacy Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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209
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Zilberter T. Food addiction and obesity: do macronutrients matter? FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2012; 4:7. [PMID: 22661943 PMCID: PMC3362736 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2012.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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210
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Fitch C, Keim KS. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112:739-58. [PMID: 22709780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that consumers can safely enjoy a range of nutritive sweeteners and nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) when consumed within an eating plan that is guided by current federal nutrition recommendations, such as the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Dietary Reference Intakes, as well as individual health goals and personal preference. A preference for sweet taste is innate and sweeteners can increase the pleasure of eating. Nutritive sweeteners contain carbohydrate and provide energy. They occur naturally in foods or may be added in food processing or by consumers before consumption. Higher intake of added sugars is associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality, which can increase the risk for obesity, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. On average, adults in the United States consume 14.6% of energy from added sugars. Polyols (also referred to as sugar alcohols) add sweetness with less energy and may reduce risk for dental caries. Foods containing polyols and/or no added sugars can, within food labeling guidelines, be labeled as sugar-free. NNS are those that sweeten with minimal or no carbohydrate or energy. They are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration as food additives or generally recognized as safe. The Food and Drug Administration approval process includes determination of probable intake, cumulative effect from all uses, and toxicology studies in animals. Seven NNS are approved for use in the United States: acesulfame K, aspartame, luo han guo fruit extract, neotame, saccharin, stevia, and sucralose. They have different functional properties that may affect perceived taste or use in different food applications. All NNS approved for use in the United States are determined to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Fitch
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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211
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Gearhardt AN, Bragg MA, Pearl RL, Schvey NA, Roberto CA, Brownell KD. Obesity and Public Policy. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2012; 8:405-30. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christina A. Roberto
- Department of Psychology,
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; , , , , ,
| | - Kelly D. Brownell
- Department of Psychology,
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; , , , , ,
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212
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Gearhardt AN, White MA, Potenza MN. Binge eating disorder and food addiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:201-7. [PMID: 21999695 DOI: 10.2174/1874473711104030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED) shares many characteristics with addictive behaviors (e.g., diminished control, continued use despite negative consequences), and a body of scientific literature is building to support addiction conceptualizations of problematic eating. Despite similarities, BED and "food addiction" may represent unique yet overlapping conditions. Although the exploration of food addiction is relatively new, understanding the relationship between food addiction and BED may be informative in understanding the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of problematic eating. In the following paper, we 1) examine the theoretical similarities and differences between BED and addiction, 2) review recent empirical evidence that speak to the relationship between BED and food addiction and 3) discuss the implications of associations between BED and food addiction with respect to clinical interventions.
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213
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Kaye LB, Tucker CM, Bragg MA, Estampador AC. Low-income children's reported motivators of and barriers to healthy eating behaviors: a focus group study. J Natl Med Assoc 2012; 103:941-51. [PMID: 22364064 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite national attention to the childhood obesity epidemic, there are few US-based studies that directly ask children--especially children from low-income families and from multiple racial/ethnic groups--why they do or do not engage in healthy eating behaviors. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify motivators of and barriers to healthy eating behaviors, as reported by black, Hispanic, and white children from low-income families. METHOD Six gender- and race/ethnicity-concordant focus groups were conducted with 37 children who were aged 9 to 12 years and from families with an annual household income of $40000 or less. Multiple strategies were used to employ a culturally sensitive approach to both data collection and data analysis (eg, a team of culturally diverse researchers utilized inductive qualitative analysis to analyze focus group transcripts). RESULTS The motivators of and barriers to healthy eating behaviors most commonly reported across the 6 focus groups included social influence, taste, issues of availability, weight concerns, and the desire to be healthy. A variety of less commonly reported motivators and barriers were also discussed. Findings were generally similar across gender and race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Children in this age range can indeed identify a variety of motivators and barriers that influence their engagement in healthy eating behaviors. Interventions targeting obesity and eating behaviors should include an assessment of children's own perceived motivators of and barriers to healthy eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian B Kaye
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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214
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Ziauddeen H, Farooqi IS, Fletcher PC. Obesity and the brain: how convincing is the addiction model? Nat Rev Neurosci 2012; 13:279-86. [PMID: 22414944 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An increasingly influential perspective conceptualizes both obesity and overeating as a food addiction accompanied by corresponding brain changes. Because there are far-reaching implications for clinical practice and social policy if it becomes widely accepted, a critical evaluation of this model is important. We examine the current evidence for the link between addiction and obesity, identifying several fundamental shortcomings in the model, as well as weaknesses and inconsistencies in the empirical support for it from human neuroscientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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215
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Further developments in the neurobiology of food and addiction: update on the state of the science. Nutrition 2012; 28:341-3. [PMID: 22305533 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, obesity has become a major public health crisis in the United States. The prevalence of obesity in the United States and in other parts of the world has led to a new word, "globesity," being used to describe the problem. As a result of this increased emphasis on understanding the causes and consequences of obesity, novel theories have stimulated new research aimed to prevent, intervene in and ameliorate the effects and decrease the incidence and medical consequences of globesity. One theory that has gained popularity in recent years, is based on the idea that an excessive intake of highly palatable foods shares similarities with the effects on brain and behavior that are seen with some drugs of abuse. Although this theory is not new, empirically-based translational research has only recently provided strong support for this hypothesis. In the present article, we review the present state of the science in this area and describe some newer clinical and preclinical works that shed light on innovative and interesting overlaps between excessivly palatable food intake and drug use.
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216
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Lent MR, Swencionis C. Addictive personality and maladaptive eating behaviors in adults seeking bariatric surgery. Eat Behav 2012; 13:67-70. [PMID: 22177401 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between addictive personality and maladaptive eating behaviors in bariatric surgery candidates. Ninety-seven bariatric surgery candidates completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R) Addiction Scale, the Overeating Questionnaire (OQ), binge-eating questions from the Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP-R), and the Eating Attitudes and Behaviors Questionnaire. Participants with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) displayed addictive personality scores comparable to individuals addicted to substances (M=17.5, SD=5.3). Addictive personality was associated with Overeating (r=.45, p<.001), Cravings (r=.31, p=.005), Affective Disturbances (r=.62, p<.001) and Social Isolation (r=.53, p<.001). Addictive personality was associated with maladaptive eating behaviors, suggesting the potential for addictive eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Lent
- Department of Psychology, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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217
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Bégin C, St-Louis MÈ, Turmel S, Tousignant B, Marion LP, Ferland F, Blanchette-Martin N, Gagnon-Girouard MP. Does food addiction distinguish a specific subgroup of overweight/obese overeating women? Health (London) 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.412a214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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218
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Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Vitale G, Massi M, Cifani C. Effect of Hypericum perforatum Extract in an Experimental Model of Binge Eating in Female Rats. J Obes 2012; 2012:956137. [PMID: 22997570 PMCID: PMC3444926 DOI: 10.1155/2012/956137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The present study evaluated the effect of Hypericum perforatum dry extract in an experimental model of binge eating (BE). Methods. BE for highly palatable food (HPF) was evoked in female rats by three 8-day cycles of food restriction/re-feeding and acute stress on the test day (day 25). Stress was induced by preventing access to HPF for 15 min, while rats were able to see and smell it. Hypericum perforatum dry extract was given by gavage. Results. Only rats exposed to both food restrictions and stress exhibited BE. The doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg of Hypericum perforatum extract significantly reduced the BE episode, while 125 mg/kg was ineffective. The same doses did not affect HPF intake in the absence of BE. The dose of 250 mg/kg did not significantly modify stress-induced increase in serum corticosterone levels, suggesting that the effect on BE is not due to suppression of the stress response The combined administration of 125 mg/kg of Hypericum perforatum together with Salidroside, active principle of Rhodiola rosea, produced a synergic effect on BE. Conclusions. The present results indicate for the first time that Hypericum perforatum extracts may have therapeutic properties in bingeing-related eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Massi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- *Carlo Cifani:
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219
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Meule A, Kübler A. The translation of substance dependence criteria to food-related behaviors: different views and interpretations. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:64. [PMID: 22740835 PMCID: PMC3382827 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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220
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Chaturvedi AK, Botch SR, Ricaurte EM. Toxicological findings in 889 fatally injured obese pilots involved in aviation accidents. J Forensic Sci 2011; 57:420-6. [PMID: 22150571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of drugs in fatally injured obese pilots involved in aviation accidents has not been evaluated. Therefore, toxicological findings in such pilots (body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2) ) were examined in a data set derived from the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute's (CAMI's) Scientific Information System for 1990-2005. Aeromedical histories of these aviators were retrieved from the CAMI medical certification and toxicology databases, and the cause/factors in the related accidents from the National Transportation Safety Board's database. In 311 of the 889 pilots, carbon monoxide, cyanide, ethanol, and drugs were found, and glucose and hemoglobin A(1c) were elevated. Of the 889 pilots, 107 had an obesity-related medical history. The health and/or medical condition(s) of, and/or the use of ethanol and/or drugs by, pilots were the cause/factors in 55 (18%) of the 311 accidents. Drugs found were primarily for treating obesity-related medical conditions such as depression, hypertension, and coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind K Chaturvedi
- Aerospace Medical Research Division, Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, US Department of Transportation, Oklahoma City, OK 73125-5066, USA.
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221
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Blomquist KK, Masheb RM, White MA, Grilo CM. Parental substance use history of overweight men and women with binge eating disorder is associated with distinct developmental trajectories and comorbid mood disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2011; 52:693-700. [PMID: 21296344 PMCID: PMC3136611 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the significance of parental histories of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the expression of binge eating disorder (BED) and associated functioning. METHOD Participants were 127 overweight patients with BED assessed using diagnostic interviews. Participants were administered a structured psychiatric history interview about their parents (N = 250) and completed a battery of questionnaires assessing current and historical eating and weight variables and associated psychological functioning (depression and self-esteem). RESULTS Patients with BED with a parental history of SUD were significantly more likely to start binge eating before dieting, had a significantly earlier age at BED onset, and reported less time between binge eating onset and meeting diagnostic criteria for BED than did patients without a parental history of SUD. For psychiatric comorbidity, patients with BED with a parental history of SUD were significantly more likely to meet the criteria for a mood disorder. A parental history of SUD was not significantly associated with variability in current levels of binge eating, eating disorder psychopathology, or psychological functioning. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that a parental history of SUD is associated with certain distinct trajectories in the development of binge eating (earlier binge onset predating dieting onset) and with elevated rates of comorbidity with mood disorders in patients with BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin K Blomquist
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208098, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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222
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Corwin RL, Avena NM, Boggiano MM. Feeding and reward: perspectives from three rat models of binge eating. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:87-97. [PMID: 21549136 PMCID: PMC3132131 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Research has focused on understanding how overeating can affect brain reward mechanisms and subsequent behaviors, both preclinically and in clinical research settings. This work is partly driven by the need to uncover the etiology and possible treatments for the ongoing obesity epidemic. However, overeating, or non-homeostatic feeding behavior, can occur independent of obesity. Isolating the variable of overeating from the consequence of increased body weight is of great utility, as it is well known that increased body weight or obesity can impart its own deleterious effects on physiology, neural processes, and behavior. In this review, we present data from three selected animal models of normal-weight non-homeostatic feeding behavior that have been significantly influenced by Bart Hoebel's 40+-yr career studying motivation, feeding, reinforcement, and the neural mechanisms that participate in the regulation of these processes. First, a model of sugar bingeing is described (Avena/Hoebel), in which animals with repeated, intermittent access to a sugar solution develop behaviors and brain changes that are similar to the effects of some drugs of abuse, serving as the first animal model of food addiction. Second, another model is described (Boggiano) in which a history of dieting and stress can perpetuate further binge eating of palatable and non-palatable food. In addition, a model (Boggiano) is described that allows animals to be classified as having a binge-prone vs. binge-resistant behavioral profile. Lastly, a limited access model is described (Corwin) in which non-food deprived rats with sporadic limited access to a high-fat food develop binge-type behaviors. These models are considered within the context of their effects on brain reward systems, including dopamine, the opioids, cholinergic systems, serotonin, and GABA. Collectively, the data derived from the use of these models clearly show that behavioral and neuronal consequences of bingeing on a palatable food, even when at a normal body weight, are different from those that result from simply consuming the palatable food in a non-binge manner. These findings may be important in understanding how overeating can influence behavior and brain chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Corwin
- Nutritional Sciences Dept., College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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223
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Abstract
AIMS Data suggest that hyperpalatable foods may be capable of triggering an addictive process. Although the addictive potential of foods continues to be debated, important lessons learned in reducing the health and economic consequences of drug addiction may be especially useful in combating food-related problems. METHODS In the current paper, we review the potential application of policy and public health approaches that have been effective in reducing the impact of addictive substances to food-related problems. RESULTS Corporate responsibility, public health approaches, environmental change and global efforts all warrant strong consideration in reducing obesity and diet-related disease. CONCLUSIONS Although there exist important differences between foods and addictive drugs, ignoring analogous neural and behavioral effects of foods and drugs of abuse may result in increased food-related disease and associated social and economic burdens. Public health interventions that have been effective in reducing the impact of addictive drugs may have a role in targeting obesity and related diseases.
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224
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Pomeranz JL, Brownell KD. Advancing public health obesity policy through state attorneys general. Am J Public Health 2011; 101:425-31. [PMID: 21233428 PMCID: PMC3036702 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2010.198697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Obesity in the United States exacts a heavy health and financial toll, requiring new approaches to address this public health crisis. State attorneys general have been underutilized in efforts to formulate and implement food and obesity policy solutions. Their authority lies at the intersection of law and public policy, creating unique opportunities unavailable to other officials and government entities. Attorneys general have a broad range of authority over matters specifically relevant to obesity and nutrition policy, including parens patriae (parent of the country) authority, protecting consumer interests, enacting and supporting rules and regulations, working together across states, engaging in consumer education, and drafting opinions and amicus briefs. Significant room exists for greater attorney general involvement in formulating and championing solutions to public health problems such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Pomeranz
- Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8369, USA.
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225
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Davis C, Zai C, Levitan RD, Kaplan AS, Carter JC, Reid-Westoby C, Curtis C, Wight K, Kennedy JL. Opiates, overeating and obesity: a psychogenetic analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35:1347-54. [PMID: 21266954 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study provides an original perspective on the associations among endogenous opiates, overeating and obesity. The aim was to assess whether variability in the OPRM1 gene, as assessed by seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms, relates to individual differences in the preference for sweet and fatty foods. We also anticipated that these food preferences would be positively associated with binge eating, hedonic eating and emotionally driven eating-patterns of overeating that would, in turn, predict higher body mass index (BMI). DESIGN Analysis of variance procedures examined genotype differences in food preferences; bivariate correlation coefficients examined the relationships among food preferences and the overeating variables; and a regression analysis tested the combined influences of the overeating variables on BMI. DNA was extracted from whole blood for the genotyping, and measures of food preferences and eating behaviours were obtained from well-validated self-report questionnaires. SUBJECTS Participants were 300 healthy adult men and women recruited from the community. RESULTS All the predicted associations were supported by statistically significant results. In particular, the G/G genotype group of the functional A118G marker of the OPRM1 gene reported higher preferences for sweet and fatty foods compared with the other two groups. Food preferences were also related to all overeating measures, which in turn accounted for a substantial proportion of the variance in BMI. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that some of the diversity in the preference for highly palatable foods can be explained by genotypic differences in the regulation of mu opioid receptors. The associations reported in this paper are important from a public-health perspective because of the abuse potential of sweet-fat foods and their strong relationship with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Davis
- Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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226
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Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that binge eating-related disorders could be related to addiction-like eating patterns due to the addictive potential of hyperpalatable foods. Subsequently, important implications have been derived for treatment of those disorders and even political actions. However, studies on the prevalence of food addiction are rare. Few recent studies investigated addictive eating in children, adolescents, and adults. This mini-review presents these first attempts to assess addictive eating and how prevalent addictive eating patterns were in the respective studies. It is concluded that the prevalence of food addiction is increased in obese individuals and even more so in obese patients with binge eating disorder. However, prevalence of food addiction is not sufficient to account for the obesity epidemic. Conversely, an arguably high prevalence of food addiction can also be found in under-, normal-, and overweight individuals. Future studies may investigate which factors are associated with addictive eating in non-obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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227
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Abstract
In the past decade, we have become increasingly aware of strong associations between overweight/obesity and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents, and adults. This review addresses the prevalence of the comorbidity and discusses some of the mechanisms that could account for their relationship. It is suggested that the inattentive and impulsive behaviors that characterize ADHD could contribute to overeating in our current food environment, with its emphasis on fast food consumption and its many food temptations. It is also proposed-based on the compelling evidence that foods high in fat, sugar, and salt are as addictive as some drugs of abuse-that excessive food consumption could be a form of self-medication. This view conforms with the well-established evidence that drug use and abuse are substantially higher among those with ADHD than among the general population.
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228
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent work on disorders related to food use, including food addiction, and to highlight the similarities and differences between food and drugs of abuse. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work on food use disorders has demonstrated that the same neurobiological pathways that are implicated in drug abuse also modulate food consumption, and that the body's regulation of food intake involves a complex set of peripheral and central signaling networks. Moreover, new research indicates that rats can become addicted to certain foods, that men and women may respond differently to external food cues, and that the intrauterine environment may significantly impact a child's subsequent risk of developing obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. SUMMARY First, work presented in this review strongly supports the notion that food addiction is a real phenomenon. Second, although food and drugs of abuse act on the same central networks, food consumption is also regulated by peripheral signaling systems, which adds to the complexity of understanding how the body regulates eating, and of treating pathological eating habits. Third, neurobiological research reviewed here indicates that traditional pharmacological and behavioral interventions for other substance-use disorders may prove useful in treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Blumenthal
- Harvard Medical School and Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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White MA, Grilo CM, O'Malley SS, Potenza MN. Clinical case discussion: binge eating disorder, obesity and tobacco smoking. J Addict Med 2010; 4:11-9. [PMID: 20436923 PMCID: PMC2860740 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0b013e3181ce38c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marney A. White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Carlos M. Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine
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231
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Brownell KD, Kersh R, Ludwig DS, Post RC, Puhl RM, Schwartz MB, Willett WC. Personal responsibility and obesity: a constructive approach to a controversial issue. Health Aff (Millwood) 2010; 29:379-87. [PMID: 20194976 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The concept of personal responsibility has been central to social, legal, and political approaches to obesity. It evokes language of blame, weakness, and vice and is a leading basis for inadequate government efforts, given the importance of environmental conditions in explaining high rates of obesity. These environmental conditions can override individual physical and psychological regulatory systems that might otherwise stand in the way of weight gain and obesity, hence undermining personal responsibility, narrowing choices, and eroding personal freedoms. Personal responsibility can be embraced as a value by placing priority on legislative and regulatory actions such as improving school nutrition, menu labeling, altering industry marketing practices, and even such controversial measures as the use of food taxes that create healthier defaults, thus supporting responsible behavior and bridging the divide between views based on individualistic versus collective responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Brownell
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, Departments of Psychology and Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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232
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Frascella J, Potenza MN, Brown LL, Childress AR. Shared brain vulnerabilities open the way for nonsubstance addictions: carving addiction at a new joint? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:294-315. [PMID: 20201859 PMCID: PMC3671907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For more than half a century, since the beginning of formal diagnostics, our psychiatric nosology has compartmentalized the compulsive pursuit of substance (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, heroin, nicotine) from nonsubstance (e.g., gambling, food, sex) rewards. Emerging brain, behavioral, and genetic findings challenge this diagnostic boundary, pointing to shared vulnerabilities underlying the pathological pursuit of substance and nonsubstance rewards. Working groups for the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V), are thus considering whether the nosologic boundaries of addiction should be redrawn to include nonsubstance disorders, such as gambling. This review discusses how neurobiological data from problem gambling, obesity, and "normal" states of attachment (romantic infatuation, sexual attraction, maternal bonds) may help us in the task of carving addictions "at a new joint." Diagnostic recarving may have a positive effect on addiction research, stimulating discovery of "crossover" pharmacotherapies with benefit for both substance and nonsubstance addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Frascella
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience and Behavioral Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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233
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using Wakefield's conceptualization of mental disorder as "harmful mental dysfunction" (Wakefield, Am Psychol, 47, 373-388, 1992), we examined the evidence for including obesity as a mental disorder in DSM-V. METHOD We searched computer databases and examined reference lists from review articles published in the last 10 years to identify empirical papers relevant to the present review. RESULTS Obesity is a condition of heterogeneous etiology that is harmful for most individuals. However, there is scant evidence that obesity, in general, is caused by mental dysfunction. Although recent work examining the neurocircuitry of energy balance has suggested that mental dysfunction may be involved in the etiology of specific obesity phenotypes, findings are too preliminary to support classification of obesity as a mental disorder. Nevertheless, there is evidence that obesity is related to mental disorder and many of the medications used to treat psychiatric illness. DISCUSSION There is little evidence for including obesity as a mental disorder in DSM-V. However, results confirm the importance of monitoring adiposity routinely among patients with psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha D Marcus
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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