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Nappi L, Ottaviano M, Rescigno P, Fazli L, Gleave ME, Damiano V, De Placido S, Palmieri G. Long term deficiency of vitamin D in germ cell testicular cancer survivors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21078-21085. [PMID: 29765521 PMCID: PMC5940414 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin-based chemotherapy significantly improved the survival of patients with germ cell testicular cancer. However, long term side effects of chemotherapy have non-negligible impact on the quality of life of these young patients, who have a long life expectancy after being successfully treated. Materials and Methods 25-OH vitamin D, testosterone, FSH and LH of patients with testicular cancer were retrospectively evaluated and for each patient clinical information were collected. The tissue of 52 patients with germ cell tumors was analyzed for VDR expression by immunohistochemistry. The serum 25-OH vitamin D and VDR expression were correlated to the patients 'clinical characteristics. Results 25-OH vitamin D was analyzed in 82 patients. Insufficient (< 30 ng/ml) levels were detected in 65%-85%, mild deficient (< 20 ng/ml) in 25%-36% and severe deficient (< 10 ng/ml) in 6%-18% of the patients over a median follow-up of 48 months. No difference in serum 25-OH vitamin D was detected over the follow-up time points. No correlation with histology, stage and type of treatment was found. The 25-OH vitamin D levels were not correlated to testosterone, FSH and LH levels. Interestingly, the expression of VDR was much higher in non seminoma than in seminoma tissue. Conclusions Patients with testicular cancer have reduced vitamin D levels after the treatment of the primary cancer. Since long term hypovitaminosis D leads to high risk of fractures, infertility and cardiovascular diseases, we envision that vitamin D should be regularly checked in patients with testicular cancer and replaced if needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Nappi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Margaret Ottaviano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Tumori Rari Regione Campania, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Tumori Rari Regione Campania, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.,The Institute of Cancer Research, Prostate Targeted Therapy Group, Sutton, UK
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Damiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Tumori Rari Regione Campania, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovannella Palmieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Tumori Rari Regione Campania, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
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202
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Karpiński M, Popko J, Maresz K, Badmaev V, Stohs SJ. Roles of Vitamins D and K, Nutrition, and Lifestyle in Low-Energy Bone Fractures in Children and Young Adults. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 36:399-412. [PMID: 28686548 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1307791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The research on skeletal system health in children and young adults, while recognizing the important role of calcium and vitamin D, goes beyond these nutritional standards. This review focuses on the role of vitamin K in combination with vitamin D and other factors in bone health. The current understanding is that maintaining bone health and prevention of low-energy fractures in any pediatric population includes nutritional factors combined with an active lifestyle. Calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin K supplementation contribute independently and collectively to bone health. The beneficial role of vitamin K, particularly vitamin K2 as menaquinone-7 (MK-7), in bone and cardiovascular health is reasonably well supported scientifically, with several preclinical, epidemiological, and clinical studies published over the last decade. Osteocalcin and matrix-Gla (glutamate-containing) protein (MGP) exemplify vitamin K-dependent proteins involved in building bone matrix and keeping calcium from accumulating in the arterial walls, respectively. An important part of the mechanism of vitamin K involves carboxylation and posttranslational activation of the family of vitamin K-dependent proteins, which prevent expression of pro-inflammatory factors and support improvement in bone mineral concentration, bone mineral density, and the quality of bone matrix. Understanding the combined approach to a healthy skeletal system in children and young adults, including the roles of vitamins D and K, calcium, healthy diet, and exercise, is particularly important in view of reports of subclinical insufficiency of vitamins D and K in otherwise healthy pediatric populations with low-energy bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Karpiński
- a Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
| | - Janusz Popko
- b Medical Institute of the State College of Computer Science and Business Administration , Łomża , Poland
| | | | | | - Sidney J Stohs
- e Creighton University Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
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203
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Bouksila M, Kaabachi W, Mrad M, Smaoui W, El Kateb EC, Zouaghi MK, Hamzaoui K, Bahlous A. FGF 23, PTH and vitamin D status in end stage renal disease patients affected by VDR Fok I and Bsm I variants. Clin Biochem 2018; 54:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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204
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Sangkaew B, Nuinoon M, Jeenduang N. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with serum 25(OH)D levels and metabolic syndrome in Thai population. Gene 2018; 659:59-66. [PMID: 29555202 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) polymorphisms have been found associated with MetS and serum 25(OH)D levels but these associations remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the VDR polymorphisms and MetS, metabolic components, and serum 25(OH)D levels within the Thai population. A case-control study included 237 participants with MetS according to the MetS diagnostic criteria of NCEP ATPIII and 376 controls. Anthropometric data, blood pressure, lipid profiles, serum 25 (OH)D, and fasting blood glucose were measured. VDR FokI, BsmI, TaqI, and Cdx2 polymorphisms were genotyped by using PCR-HRM. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of VDR genotypes and alleles between MetS and the control groups. VDR TaqI TT, and BsmI BB + Bb genotypes were associated with lower 25(OH)D levels (p < 0.05) in comparison to TaqI Tt, and BsmI bb genotypes in the MetS group, respectively. In addition, the VDR Cdx2 GG genotype was associated with higher WC compared with the AG genotype in all subjects (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that BB + Bb genotypes of the VDR BsmI had significantly increased the odds ratio (OR) of hypertriglyceridemia when compared with the bb genotype (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.10-3.19, p = 0.022). In conclusion, VDR BsmI variant was associated with hypertriglyceridemia and may be predisposed to developing MetS. VDR TaqI and BsmI polymorphisms seems to influence serum 25(OH)D levels in MetS subjects, while Cdx2 polymorphism may influence WC in all subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boonnisa Sangkaew
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Manit Nuinoon
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand; Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Nutjaree Jeenduang
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand; Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
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Jusu S, Presley JF, Williams C, Das SK, Jean-Claude B, Kremer R. Examination of VDR/RXR/DRIP205 Interaction, Intranuclear Localization, and DNA Binding in Ras-Transformed Keratinocytes and Its Implication for Designing Optimal Vitamin D Therapy in Cancer. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1303-1327. [PMID: 29300860 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) occupies a central position within the nuclear receptor superfamily, serving as an obligatory partner to numerous other nuclear receptors, including vitamin D receptor (VDR). In the current study, we examined whether phosphorylation of RXRα at serine 260 affects VDR/RXR and VDR interacting protein (DRIP) 205 coactivator recruitment, interactions, and binding of the VDR/human RXRα (hRXRα)/DRIP205 complex to chromatin. Serine 260 is a critical amino acid on the hRXRα that is located in close spatial proximity to regions of coactivator and corepressor interactions. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and immunofluorescence studies, we showed that the physical interaction between hRXRα and DRIP205 coactivator was impaired in human keratinocytes with the ras oncogene (HPK1Aras) or transfected with the wild-type hRXRα. Furthermore, the nuclear colocalization of VDR/DRIP205, hRXRα/DRIP205, and VDR/hRXRα/DRIP205 complex binding to chromatin is impaired in the HPK1Aras cells when compared with the normal human keratinocytes (HPK1A cells). However, transfection with the nonphosphorylatable hRXRα (S260A) mutant or treatment with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor UO126 rescued their nuclear localization, interaction, and binding of the complex to chromatin in the HPK1Aras cells. In summary, we have demonstrated, using highly specific intracellular tagging methods in live and fixed cells, important alterations of the vitamin D signaling system in cancer cells in which the ras-raf-MAPK system is activated, suggesting that specific inhibition of this commonly activated pathway could be targeted therapeutically to enhance vitamin D efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Jusu
- Department of Medicine and Calcium Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Metabolic Diseases and Complications Program, Research institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John F Presley
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sanjoy Kumar Das
- Drug Discovery Core, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bertrand Jean-Claude
- Metabolic Diseases and Complications Program, Research institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Drug Discovery Core, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A 3J1, Canada
| | - Richard Kremer
- Department of Medicine and Calcium Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Metabolic Diseases and Complications Program, Research institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kamelian T, Saki F, Jeddi M, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Omrani GHR. Effect of Cholecalciferol therapy on serum FGF 23 in vitamin D deficient patients: a randomized clinical trial. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:299-306. [PMID: 28795342 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblast growth factor-23 plays an important role in regulating systemic phosphate homeostasis, and vitamin D metabolism. However, the effect of Cholecalciferol therapy on FGF23 serum level in patients with vitamin D deficiency has not been studied, yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a double-blind, randomized clinical trial on 119 vitamin D deficient patients in 2016. Biochemical variables of treatment and placebo groups were analyzed after 12 weeks of 50,000 IU of Cholecalciferol vs. placebo therapy once a week, by SPSS18. RESULTS After Cholecalciferol therapy, delta of serum PTH in treatment group was less than the controls (P < 0.001). However, delta values of serum 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3 and FGF23 in vitamin D treated group were more than the placebo-treated ones (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, and P = 0.04, respectively). Moreover, FGF23 serum level in treatment group was associated with serum calcium (P = 0.005, r = -0.256), and serum 1,25(OH)2D3 (P < 0.001, r = 0.529). CONCLUSIONS We propose that in these patients 1,25(OH)2D3 has a positive association with serum FGF23, and hypostasized that serum calcium might be a down regulator of serum FGF23.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kamelian
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran
| | - F Saki
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - M Jeddi
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M H Dabbaghmanesh
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran
| | - G H R Omrani
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran.
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Fabisiak A, Brzeminski P, Berkowska K, Marcinkowska E, Sicinski RR. Synthesis of 19-norcalcitriol analogs with alkylidene moieties at C-2 based on succinic acid and l-methionine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:235-239. [PMID: 28756293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the literature data, our previous research work and docking experiments, we designed novel 19-norvitamin D compounds having elongated 2-alkylidene substituents. These 19-norcalcitriol derivatives have attached 2-(3'-aminopropylidene) substituent in which the nitrogen atom bears acyl residue derived from succinic acid and l-methionine. Both compounds were obtained by the same synthetic strategy involving Julia coupling of the A-ring ketone with the known C/D-ring sulfone. In the obtained 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 derivative, the alkylidene substituent at C-2 was further elaborated to the desired structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Brzeminski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Berkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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208
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Brzeminski P, Fabisiak A, Sektas K, Berkowska K, Marcinkowska E, Sicinski RR. Synthesis of 19-norcalcitriol analogs with elongated side chain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:231-234. [PMID: 28823515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pronounced biological potency of 19-norvitamin D compounds as well as interesting biological action of the vitamin D analogs possessing elongated side chains encouraged us to expand the scope of our structure-activity studies to encompass such modifications of the 1α,25-(OH)2D3 (calcitriol) molecule. The aim of our studies was the synthesis of calcitriol analog, designed on the basis of results of molecular modeling and docking experiments, and characterized by a presence of a long, nitrogen-containing substituent attached to carbon 26, and an exomethylene moiety transferred from C-10 to C-2. The convergent synthesis of such 19-norcalcitriol compound, described in this communication, consisted of the preparation and combining four building blocks. The crucial point of the synthesis, coupling of the known A-ring phosphine oxide and the synthesized Grundmann ketone analog, was achieved using Wittig-Horner protocol. It provided the protected analog of 1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 which was further transformed into the target compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Brzeminski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sektas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Berkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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209
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Pérez-Hernández N, Aptilon-Duque G, Blachman-Braun R, Vargas-Alarcón G, Rodríguez-Cortés AA, Azrad-Daniel S, Posadas-Sánchez R, Rodríguez-Pérez JM. Vascular Calcification: Current Genetics Underlying This Complex Phenomenon. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:1113-1121. [PMID: 28469108 PMCID: PMC5421183 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.204931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular calcification is the consequence of the complex interaction between genetic, environmental, and vascular factors, which ultimately lead to the deposition of calcium in the tunica intima (atherosclerotic calcification) or tunica media (Mönckenberg's sclerosis). Vascular calcification is also closely related to other pathologies, such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease. It has been concluded that the degree of vascular calcification may vary from person to person, even if the associated pathologies and environmental factors are the same. Therefore, this suggests an important genetic contribution to the development of vascular calcification. This review aimed to find the most recent evidence about vascular calcification pathophysiology regarding the genetic aspects and molecular pathways. DATA SOURCES We conducted an exhaustive search in Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed with the keywords "genetics and vascular calcification", "molecular pathways, genetic and vascular calcification" and included the main articles from January 1995 up to August 2016. We focused on the most recent evidence about vascular calcification pathophysiology regarding the genetic aspects and molecular pathways. STUDY SELECTION The most valuable published original and review articles related to our objective were selected. RESULTS Vascular calcification is a multifactorial disease; thus, its pathophysiology cannot be explained by a single specific factor, rather than by the result of the association of several genetic variants, molecular pathway interactions, and environmental factors that promote its development. CONCLUSION Although several molecular aspects of this mechanism have been elucidated, there is still a need for a better understanding of the factors that predispose to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Gad Aptilon-Duque
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Ruben Blachman-Braun
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Adrián Asael Rodríguez-Cortés
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Shely Azrad-Daniel
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez
- Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, México City 14080, México
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", México, Mexico City 14080, México
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Güleç Yılmaz S, Gül T, Attar R, Yıldırım G, İşbir T. Association between fok1 polymorphism of vitamin D receptor gene with uterine leiomyoma in Turkish populations. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2018; 19:128-131. [PMID: 29391329 PMCID: PMC6085526 DOI: 10.4274/jtgga.2018.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this research was to determine the association between the fok1 polymorphism and uterine leiomyomas. Material and Methods: For genotyping the fok1 polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor, real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on blood samples of uterine leiomyoma (n=27) and control (n=33) groups. For statistical analyses, SPSS v.23 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed for the frequency of the CC genotype between the uterine leiomyoma and control groups, and the frequencies of the T allele in the uterine leiomyoma groups were significantly higher than in the control group. Conclusion: The presence of the fok1 CC genotype may be a risk-reducing factor and the T allele may be a potential risk factor for developing uterine leiomyoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Güleç Yılmaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Yeditepe University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Gül
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Yeditepe University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Rukset Attar
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gazi Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Yeditepe University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Turgay İşbir
- Department of Medical Biology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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211
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Dussik CM, Hockley M, Grozić A, Kaneko I, Zhang L, Sabir MS, Park J, Wang J, Nickerson CA, Yale SH, Rall CJ, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Borror CM, Sandrin TR, Jurutka PW. Gene Expression Profiling and Assessment of Vitamin D and Serotonin Pathway Variations in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:96-106. [PMID: 29291611 PMCID: PMC5753908 DOI: 10.5056/jnm17021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a multifaceted disorder that afflicts millions of individuals worldwide. IBS is currently diagnosed based on the presence/duration of symptoms and systematic exclusion of other conditions. A more direct manner to identify IBS is needed to reduce healthcare costs and the time required for accurate diagnosis. The overarching objective of this work is to identify gene expression-based biological signatures and biomarkers of IBS. METHODS Gene transcripts from 24 tissue biopsy samples were hybridized to microarrays for gene expression profiling. A combination of multiple statistical analyses was utilized to narrow the raw microarray data to the top 200 differentially expressed genes between IBS versus control subjects. In addition, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was employed for validation of the DNA microarray data. Gene ontology/pathway enrichment analysis was performed to investigate gene expression patterns in biochemical pathways. Finally, since vitamin D has been shown to modulate serotonin production in some models, the relationship between serum vitamin D and IBS was investigated via 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) chemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS A total of 858 genetic features were identified with differential expression levels between IBS and asymptomatic populations. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed the serotonergic pathway as most prevalent among the differentially expressed genes. Further analysis via real-time polymerase chain reaction suggested that IBS patient-derived RNA exhibited lower levels of tryptophan hydroxylase-1 expression, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in serotonin biosynthesis. Finally, mean values for 25(OH)D were lower in IBS patients relative to non-IBS controls. CONCLUSIONS Values for serum 25(OH)D concentrations exhibited a trend towards lower vitamin D levels within the IBS cohort. In addition, the expression of select IBS genetic biomarkers, including tryptophan hydroxylase 1, was modulated by vitamin D. Strikingly, the direction of gene regulation elicited by vitamin D in colonic cells is "opposite" to the gene expression profile observed in IBS patients, suggesting that vitamin D may help "reverse" the pathological direction of biomarker gene expression in IBS. Thus, our results intimate that IBS pathogenesis and pathophysiology may involve dysregulated serotonin production and/or vitamin D insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Dussik
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ,
USA
| | - Maryam Hockley
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ,
USA
| | - Aleksandra Grozić
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ,
USA
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ,
USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ,
USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ,
USA
| | - Marya S Sabir
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ,
USA
| | - Jin Park
- School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ,
USA
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ,
USA
| | - Cheryl A Nickerson
- School of Life Sciences, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ,
USA
| | - Steven H Yale
- Department of Medicine, North Florida Regional Medical Center, Gainesville, FL,
USA
| | | | - Amy E Foxx-Orenstein
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ,
USA
| | - Connie M Borror
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ,
USA
| | - Todd R Sandrin
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ,
USA
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ,
USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ,
USA
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Yakabe M, Ogawa S, Ota H, Iijima K, Eto M, Ouchi Y, Akishita M. Inhibition of interleukin-6 decreases atrogene expression and ameliorates tail suspension-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191318. [PMID: 29351340 PMCID: PMC5774788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory cytokine. Whether systemic IL-6 affects atrogene expression and disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is unclear. METHODS Tail-suspended mice were used as a disuse-induced muscle atrophy model. We administered anti-mouse IL-6 receptor antibody, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and vitamin D to the mice and examined the effects on atrogene expression and muscle atrophy. RESULTS Serum IL-6 levels were elevated in the mice. Inhibition of IL-6 receptor suppressed muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) expression and prevented muscle atrophy. HMB and vitamin D inhibited the serum IL-6 surge, downregulated the expression of MuRF1 and atrogin-1 in the soleus muscle, and ameliorated atrophy in the mice. CONCLUSION Systemic IL-6 affects MuRF1 expression and disuse-induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Yakabe
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumito Ogawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hidetaka Ota
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Iijima
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Eto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ouchi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Toranomon Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Akishita
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Yin F, Liu J, Fan MX, Zhou XL, Zhang XL. Association between the vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and diabetic nephropathy risk: A meta-analysis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 23:107-116. [PMID: 28703918 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yin
- Department of Nephrology; Weifang People’s Hospital; Weifang China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Nephrology; Weifang People’s Hospital; Weifang China
| | - Ming-Xiu Fan
- Department of Nephrology; Weifang People’s Hospital; Weifang China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhou
- Department of Nephrology; Weifang People’s Hospital; Weifang China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhang
- Department of Nephrology; Weifang People’s Hospital; Weifang China
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LPS-induced Vitamin D Receptor Decrease in Oral Keratinocytes Is Associated With Oral Lichen Planus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:763. [PMID: 29335479 PMCID: PMC5768778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The suppressive function of vitamin D on oral lichen planus (OLP) have been documented previously. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression is down-regulated in OLP, but the molecular mechanism of its decrease and the related anti-inflammatory contributor of epithelial VDR signaling is unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) remarkedly down-regulated VDR expression of keratinocytes, and the reduced regulation was dependent on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-miR-346 pathway. In human specimen studies, VDR levels of oral mucosal epithelia from OLP patients decreased substantially accompanied with robust TNFα and miR-346 induction, compared to the normal tissues. In addition, vitamin D/VDR signaling inhibited LPS-induced p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) induction in keratinocytes via impeding nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, resulting in keratinocytes apoptosis reduction. Importantly, PUMA activity was up-regulated strongly in diseased epithelium, reversely correlated with VDR expression. Totally, our data indicate that LPS is responsible for VDR downregulation in oral keratinocytes, which is associated with OLP development.
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Washington K, Ghosh S, Reeves IV. A Review: Molecular Concepts and Common Pathways Involving Vitamin D in the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2018.83023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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216
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Yin X, Wang H, Guo J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Li L, Hou S. Association of vitamin D receptor BsmI rs1544410 and ApaI rs7975232 polymorphisms with susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9627. [PMID: 29480871 PMCID: PMC5943872 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIS is the most common spinal deformity disease, yet its etiology remains uncertain. Significant associations have been found between AIS risk and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms; however, some of these results are controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether VDR BsmI rs1544410 and ApaI rs7975232 polymorphisms are correlated with AIS. METHODS Databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and the Wanfang Database, were systematically searched, and eligible case-control studies that explored the association of VDR (BsmI and ApaI) and the susceptibility to AIS were selected. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated to assess the associations, and subgroup meta-analyses were performed according to the ethnicity of the study population. RESULTS A total of 5 studies with 717 cases and 554 controls fulfilled the inclusion criteria after assessment by 2 reviewers. Generally, significant correlations were found between the BsmI polymorphism and AIS risk in overall populations and in Asian populations (overall population: B vs b: OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.21-3.75, P = .009; BB vs bb: OR = 3.38, 95% CI = 1.08-10.57, P = .036; Bb vs bb: OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.29-4.82, P = .006; BB/Bb vs bb: OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 1.31-5.63, P = .007; Asian population: B vs b: OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.27-4.61, P = .007; BB vs bb: OR = 4.09, 95% CI = 1.03-16.22, P = .045; Bb vs bb: OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.42-6.10, P = .004; BB/Bb vs bb: OR = 3.23, 95% CI = 1.42-7.35, P = .005). There was no significant association observed in Caucasian populations (all P > .05). With regard to the ApaI polymorphism, we found that it significantly decreased the risk of AIS (Aa vs AA: OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.24-0.77, P = .004; Aa/aa vs AA: OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.30-0.91, P = .023); however, we could not draw a definitive conclusion for Caucasian populations, as no studies have been conducted in this group to determine the role of the VDR ApaI polymorphism in AIS etiology and development. CONCLUSION VDR BsmI was significantly associated with AIS susceptibility in the overall and Asian populations, while the VDR ApaI polymorphism only played a key role in AIS etiology and development in Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing
| | - Huadong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing
| | - Jidong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing
| | - Li Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing
| | - Shuxun Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing
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Yang S, Li A, Wang J, Liu J, Han Y, Zhang W, Li YC, Zhang H. Vitamin D Receptor: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Kidney Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2018; 25:3256-3271. [PMID: 29446731 PMCID: PMC6142412 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180214122352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney disease is a serious problem that adversely affects human health, but critical knowledge is lacking on how to effectively treat established chronic kidney disease. Mounting evidence from animal and clinical studies has suggested that Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) activation has beneficial effects on various renal diseases. METHODS A structured search of published research literature regarding VDR structure and function, VDR in various renal diseases (e.g., IgA nephropathy, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, renal cell carcinoma, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis) and therapies targeting VDR was performed for several databases. RESULT Included in this study are the results from 177 published research articles. Evidence from these papers indicates that VDR activation is involved in the protection against renal injury in kidney diseases by a variety of mechanisms, including suppression of RAS activation, anti-inflammation, inhibiting renal fibrogenesis, restoring mitochondrial function, suppression of autoimmunity and renal cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION VDR offers an attractive druggable target for renal diseases. Increasing our understanding of VDR in the kidney is a fertile area of research and may provide effective weapons in the fight against kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hao Zhang
- Address correspondence to this author is at the Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Tel: 86-731-88638238; E-mail:
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Abstract
Rickets is a bone disease associated with abnormal serum calcium and phosphate levels. The clinical presentation is heterogeneous and depends on the age of onset and pathogenesis but includes bowing deformities of the legs, short stature and widening of joints. The disorder can be caused by nutritional deficiencies or genetic defects. Mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in vitamin D metabolism or action, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) production or degradation, renal phosphate handling or bone mineralization have been identified. The prevalence of nutritional rickets has substantially declined compared with the prevalence 200 years ago, but the condition has been re-emerging even in some well-resourced countries; prematurely born infants or breastfed infants who have dark skin types are particularly at risk. Diagnosis is usually established by medical history, physical examination, biochemical tests and radiography. Prevention is possible only for nutritional rickets and includes supplementation or food fortification with calcium and vitamin D either alone or in combination with sunlight exposure. Treatment of typical nutritional rickets includes calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation, although instances infrequently occur in which phosphate repletion may be necessary. Management of heritable types of rickets associated with defects in vitamin D metabolism or activation involves the administration of vitamin D metabolites. Oral phosphate supplementation is usually indicated for FGF23-independent phosphopenic rickets, whereas the conventional treatment of FGF23-dependent types of rickets includes a combination of phosphate and activated vitamin D; an anti-FGF23 antibody has shown promising results and is under further study.
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220
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Chen H, Zhu J. Vitamin D receptor rs2228570 polymorphism and susceptibility to ovarian cancer: An updated meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 44:556-565. [PMID: 29239065 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The FokI polymorphism (C>T, rs2228570) of the vitamin D receptor gene is a coding nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in the translational initiation codon reported to have functional significance. Although the role of rs2228570 in the risk of ovarian cancer has been widely researched, the association is still unclear. We performed an updated meta-analysis to clarify this issue. METHODS Eligible studies were retrieved from electronic databases for the period 2007-2016. The association was measured by unadjusted odds ratio combined with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Random-effect or fixed-effect models were used according to the heterogeneity of the studies. We further appreciated the strength of evidence according to Venice guidance. RESULTS Fourteen studies (4448 cases and 7242 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. Studies were predominantly conducted in Caucasian populations (4152 cases and 6693 controls). A dominant genetic model was determined to be the most appropriate genetic model. Overall meta-analysis showed a fixed-effect odds ratio of 1.14 (95% CI 1.05-1.23) under a dominant model. The fixed-effect odds ratios were 1.12 (95% CI 1.03-1.21) and 1.49 (95% CI 1.06-2.09) in Caucasian and Asian populations, respectively. The strength of the evidence was moderate. CONCLUSION The rs2228570 polymorphism increased the risk of ovarian cancer in Caucasian populations in a dominant genetic model. The role of this polymorphism in the risk of ovarian cancer in Asian populations should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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221
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Mukhtar M, Batool A, Wajid A, Qayyum I. Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Influence T1D Susceptibility among Pakistanis. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:4171254. [PMID: 29333433 PMCID: PMC5733195 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4171254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene regulates insulin secretion from the pancreas and acts as a mediator of the immune response through vitamin D. Polymorphism in VDR causes alterations in the functioning of vitamin D, leading to type 1 diabetes (T1D) predisposition. The aim of the present study was to determine VDR gene polymorphism in association with T1D in Pakistanis. METHODS The association was evaluated by selecting rs2228570 (FokΙ), rs7975232 (ApaΙ), and rs731236 (TaqΙ) polymorphic sites in 102 patients and 100 controls. Genotypes were identified by DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP. RESULTS The allelic and genotypic frequencies of FokΙ and ApaI were significantly associated with T1D (p < 0.001) development. At the FokΙ site, tryptophan was replaced with arginine due to polymorphism. A novel SNP (GeneBank acc number KT280406) was identified through the sequencing of intron 8, 62 bp downstream from the ApaI polymorphic site, and significantly associated with T1D development. The TaqΙ did not depict any association with T1D at the allelic or genotypic level (p > 0.05). CCGC, CCGG, CCTC, and CCTG haplotypes were significantly associated with disease development (p < 0.05). However, CTGG haplotype was protective towards T1D (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION VDR polymorphisms were identified as susceptible regions for T1D development in the Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mukhtar
- Department of Zoology, G.C. University, Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Andleeb Batool
- Department of Zoology, G.C. University, Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 1-Davis Road Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Iram Qayyum
- Department of Zoology, G.C. University, Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Hasan HA, AbuOdeh RO, Muda WAMBW, Mohamed HJBJ, Samsudin AR. Association of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome and its components among adult Arabs from the United Arab Emirates. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11 Suppl 2:S531-S537. [PMID: 28392355 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim was to investigate relationships of Vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) polymorphisms to the components of MetS among Arabs adult residing in the United Arab Emirates. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 198 Arabs adult (50 males and 148 females). Serum levels of glucose, vitamin D, HDL-C, and TG, and blood pressure were measured. FokI, BsmI & TaqI genotyping of VDR were investigated using PCR-RFLP technique. RESULTS Age of the participants was 21(9) years with a BMI of 26.8(7.8) kg/m2. About 15% had MetS with serum vitamin D levels of 25.5(18.2) nmol/L. VDR genotyping yielded: FokI: 57.1% FF and 38.9% Ff, BsmI: 29.8% bb and 51.5% Bb, while TaqI showed 39.4% TT and 43.4% Tt. The ff carriers had higher total cholesterol [174(12.4) mg/dl] than FF and Ff genotypes. Bb carriers showed higher BMI and LDL-C than BB and bb genotypes. In females, FokI VDR polymorphism showed significant association with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and F allele carriers were at higher risk of developing high SBP [x2=4.4, df1, OR=0.29 (95%CI: 0.087-0.98), p=0.035]. CONCLUSION VDR gene polymorphisms were not associated with MetS, yet it may affect the severity of some of components of MetS, namely the association of BsmI with obesity, FokI and BsmI with dyslipidemia and FokI with SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder A Hasan
- College of Health Sciences, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ra'ed O AbuOdeh
- College of Health Sciences, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Ab Rani Samsudin
- College of Dentistry, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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223
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Zhang SL, Wang SN, Miao CY. Influence of Microbiota on Intestinal Immune System in Ulcerative Colitis and Its Intervention. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1674. [PMID: 29234327 PMCID: PMC5712343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with chronic and recurrent characteristics caused by multiple reasons. Although the pathogenic factors have not been clarified yet, recent studies have demonstrated that intestinal microbiota plays a major role in UC, especially in the immune system. This review focuses on the description of several major microbiota communities that affect UC and their interactions with the host. In this review, eight kinds of microbiota that are highly related to IBD, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa, Bacteroides, Roseburia species, Eubacterium rectale, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium, and Candida albicans are demonstrated on the changes in amount and roles in the onset and progression of IBD. In addition, potential therapeutic targets for UC involved in the regulation of microbiota, including NLRPs, vitamin D receptor as well as secreted proteins, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Long Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Bahrami A, Sadeghnia HR, Tabatabaeizadeh SA, Bahrami-Taghanaki H, Behboodi N, Esmaeili H, Ferns GA, Mobarhan MG, Avan A. Genetic and epigenetic factors influencing vitamin D status. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4033-4043. [PMID: 29030989 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of vitamin D deficiency appears to be increasing, and the impact of this on human health is important because of the association of vitamin D insufficiency with increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. There are few studies on the genetic factors that can influence vitamin D levels. In particular, the data from twin and family-based studies have reported that circulating vitamin D concentrations are partially determined by genetic factors. Moreover, it has been shown that genetic variants (e.g., mutation) and alteration (e.g., deletion, amplification, inversion) in genes involved in the metabolism, catabolism, transport, or binding of vitamin D to it receptor, might affect vitamin D level. However, the underlying genetic determinants of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D] concentrations remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, the association between epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and vitamin D level has now been reported in several studies. The aim of current review was to provide an overview of the possible value of loci associated to vitamin D metabolism, catabolism, and transport as well epigenetic modification and environmental factors influencing vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Bahrami-Taghanaki
- Complementary and Chinese Medicine, Persian and Complementary Medicine Faculty, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negin Behboodi
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Habibollah Esmaeili
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Health, Management & Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Sussex BN1 9PH, Brighton, UK
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Yu EA, Huey SL, Peña‐Rosas JP, Mehta S. The effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and non‐communicable diseases among infants and children younger than five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 2017:CD012875. [PMCID: PMC6486017 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on preventing and treating stunting and non‐communicable diseases among infants and children younger than five years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Yu
- Cornell UniversityDivision of Nutritional Sciences316 Savage HallIthacaUSA14853
| | - Samantha L Huey
- Cornell UniversityDivision of Nutritional Sciences316 Savage HallIthacaUSA14853
| | - Juan Pablo Peña‐Rosas
- World Health OrganizationEvidence and Programme Guidance, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development20 Avenue AppiaGenevaSwitzerland1211
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Cornell UniversityDivision of Nutritional Sciences316 Savage HallIthacaUSA14853
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Szybinski M, Sokolowska K, Sicinski RR, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. D-seco-Vitamin D analogs having reversed configurations at C-13 and C-14: Synthesis, docking studies and biological evaluation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:57-63. [PMID: 27576086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prompted by results of molecular modeling performed on the seco-d-ring-vitamins D, we turned our attention to such analogs, having reversed configurations at C-13 and C-14, as the next goals of our studies on the structure-activity relationship for vitamin D compounds. First, we developed an efficient total synthesis of the "upper" C/seco-d-ring fragment with a 7-carbon side chain. Then, we coupled it with A-ring fragments using Sonogashira or Wittig-Horner protocol, providing the targeted D-seco analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 possessing a vinyl substituent at C-14 and a double bond between C-17 and C-20. The affinities of the synthesized vitamin D analogs to the full-length recombinant rat VDR were examined, as well as their differentiating and transcriptional activities. In these in vitro tests, they were significantly less active compared to 1α,25-(OH)2D3. Moreover, it was established that the analogs tested in vivo in rats showed no calcemic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Szybinski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sokolowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Xu J, Yang J, Chen J, Luo Q, Zhang Q, Zhang H. Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin‑angiotensin system. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7432-7438. [PMID: 28944831 PMCID: PMC5865875 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are the clinical manifestations of severe lung damage and respiratory failure. ALI and ARDS result are associated with high mortality in patients. At present, no effective treatments for ALI and ARDS exist. It is established that vitamin D exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, however, the specific effect of vitamin D on ALI remains largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether, and by which mechanism, vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. The results demonstrated that a vitamin D agonist, calcitriol, exhibited a beneficial effect on LPS-induced ALI in rats; calcitriol pretreatment significantly improved LPS-induced lung permeability, as determined using Evans blue dye. Results from reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and ELISA analysis demonstrated that calcitriol also modulated the expression of members of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including angiotensin (Ang) I-converting enzymes (ACE and ACE2), renin and Ang II, which indicates that calcitriol may exert protective effects on LPS-induced lung injury, at least partially, by regulating the balance between the expression of members of the RAS. The results of the present study may provide novel targets for the future treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Jialai Yang
- Emergency Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, Southside of Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Qingli Luo
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Emergency Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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228
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Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Childhood Autism. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7090115. [PMID: 28891930 PMCID: PMC5615256 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of heterogeneous, behaviorally defined disorders whereby currently no biological markers are common to all affected individuals. A deregulated immune response may be contributing to the etiology of ASD. The active metabolite of vitamin D3 has an immunoregulatory role mediated by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in monocyte, macrophages, and lymphocytes. The effects of vitamin D and interaction with the VDR may be influenced by polymorphism in the VDR gene. Methods: Genetic association of four different VDR polymorphisms (Apa-I, Bsm-I, Taq-I, Fok-I) associated with susceptibility to the development of autism in children was investigated. Results: We uniquely found an association between the presence of the T allele at position Taq-I and presence of the a allele at position Apa-I of the VDR gene with decreased ASD incidence. There was also an association between female gender and the presence of the T allele. We found no statistical significant correlation between VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and vitamin D3 concentration in serum of ASD children. Conclusion: Genetic polymorphism in two SNP in VDR may be correlated with development of ASD symptoms by influencing functionality of vitamin D3 metabolism, while vitamin D3 levels were not significantly different between ASD and non-ASD children.
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229
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Liu K, Han B, Meng H, Hou J. Influence of rs2228570 on Transcriptional Activation by the Vitamin D Receptor in Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Periodontal Ligament Cells. J Periodontol 2017; 88:915-925. [PMID: 28492361 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaining Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology
| | - Huanxin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianxia Hou
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
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230
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Dietary factors and polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolism genes: the risk and prognosis of colorectal cancer in northeast China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8827. [PMID: 28821819 PMCID: PMC5562792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 are critical genes determining 1α,25(OH)2D3 concentration and impacting on carcinogenesis. A case–control study including 528 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and 605 cancer-free controls and a follow-up study with 317 cases were conducted in northeast China. Genotypes were tested by TaqMan Genotyping Assays. Individuals carrying the GG genotype of CYP27B1 G > T (rs10877012) exhibited decreased CRC risk compared with those with the TT genotype (ORadjusted (ORadj) = 0.57, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.38–0.84). Compared with the TT genotype, a significant association between the CC genotype of CYP27B1 C > T (rs4646536) and a reduced risk of CRC was observed (ORadj = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.40–0.88). We also observed significant combined effects of the two polymorphisms in CYP27B1 with dietary factors, including the intake of cereals, overnight meal, allium vegetables, pork, canned fruit, and braised fish, on CRC risk. These associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The Hazard Ration (HR) of patients with the AA genotype (CYP24A1 A > G, rs4809957) was 2.38 (95% CI = 1.30–4.37) when compared with the GG genotype. Thus, our findings suggested that two polymorphisms in CYP27B1 are associated with CRC susceptibility. CYP24A1 A > G (rs4809957) polymorphism may lead to a worse prognosis of CRC.
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231
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The role of vitamin D in hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 20:259-273. [PMID: 28801869 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant health burden worldwide, comprising approximately 10% of annual cancer cases globally. Hepatic metastases are the most common site of CRC metastasis, and are the leading cause of death in CRC patients. There is strong epidemiologic evidence for an inverse association between vitamin D status and risk of CRC; however, the role of vitamin D in the natural history of liver metastases has not yet been investigated. Several researchers have proposed hallmarks of metastases; crucially, metastases can be blocked by interrupting just one rate-limiting step. Vitamin D status has been implicated in each proposed hallmark of metastasis. The aim of this review is to examine the potential role for vitamin D in reducing the development of hepatic metastases from CRC and outline the candidate mechanisms by which vitamin D may mediate these effects. The results of ongoing randomised intervention trials are eagerly awaited to determine whether addressing vitamin D insufficiency in CRC patients could reduce the occurrence of liver metastases, and the consequent morbidity and mortality.
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232
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Arichi N, Fujiwara S, Ishizawa M, Makishima M, Hua DH, Yamada KI, Yamaoka Y, Takasu K. Synthesis and biological evaluation of steroidal derivatives bearing a small ring as vitamin D receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3408-3411. [PMID: 28610979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 3-ketolithocholic acid derivatives as well as estrone derivatives bearing a small ring for the conformational fixation of the side chain were synthesized by using a catalytic [2+2] cycloaddition and a ring-contraction rearrangement. The steroidal derivatives were evaluated for transcriptional activation of vitamin D receptor by luciferase reporter assays. Among them, two estrone derivatives showed a higher efficacy of the transactivation of vitamin D receptor than 3-ketolithocholic acid, and the small ring moieties were found to be important for the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Arichi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinichi Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Ishizawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Duy H Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0401, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yousuke Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyosei Takasu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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233
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Louka ML, Fawzy AM, Naiem AM, Elseknedy MF, Abdelhalim AE, Abdelghany MA. Vitamin D and K signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 2017; 629:108-116. [PMID: 28764978 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver malignancy, and is now the six most common in between malignancies. Early diagnosis of HCC with prompt treatment increases the opportunity of patients to survive. With the advances in understanding the molecular biology of HCC, new therapeutic strategies to treat HCC have emerged. There is a growing consensus that vitamins are important for the control of various cancers. Biochemical evidence clearly indicates that HCC cells are responsive to the inhibitory effect of vitamin D, vitamin D analogues and vitamin K. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms used by vitamin D and K to influence the development of HCC and the latest development of vitamin analogues for potential HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal L Louka
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Fawzy
- Biomedical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman M Naiem
- Biomedical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mustafa F Elseknedy
- Biomedical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Abdelhalim
- Biomedical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Abdelghany
- Biomedical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
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234
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Yang J, Zhu S, Lin G, Song C, He Z. Vitamin D enhances omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Shenglong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Guangxiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Ci Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhao He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- School of Medicine; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
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235
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Trohatou O, Tsilibary EF, Charonis A, Iatrou C, Drossopoulou G. Vitamin D3 ameliorates podocyte injury through the nephrin signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2599-2609. [PMID: 28664547 PMCID: PMC5618699 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal podocytes form the main filtration barrier possessing unique phenotype maintained by proteins including podocalyxin and nephrin, which are modulated in pathological conditions. In diabetic nephropathy (DN), podocytes become structurally and functionally compromised. Nephrin, a structural backbone protein of the slit diaphragm, acts as regulator of podocyte intracellular signalling with renoprotective role. Vitamin D3 through its receptor, VDR, provides renal protection in DN but limited data exist about its effect on podocytes. In this study, we used isolated rat glomeruli to assess podocalyxin and nephrin expression after treatment with the 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogue paricalcitol in the presence of normal and diabetic glucose levels. The role of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) and its analogue, paricalcitol, on podocyte morphology and survival was also investigated in the streptozotocin (STZ)‐diabetic animal model. In our ex vivo model, glomeruli exhibited high glucose‐mediated down‐regulation of podocalyxin, and nephrin, while paricalcitol reversed the high glucose‐induced decrease of nephrin and podocalyxin expression. Paricalcitol treatment enhanced VDR expression and promoted VDR and RXR co‐localization in the nucleus. Our data also indicated that hyperglycaemia impaired survival of cultured glomeruli and suggested that the implemented nephrin down‐regulation was reversed by paricalcitol treatment, initiating Akt signal transduction which may be involved in glomerular survival. Our findings were further verified in vivo, as in the STZ‐diabetic animal model, calcitriol and paricalcitol treatment resulted in significant amelioration of hyperglycaemia and restoration of nephrin signalling, suggesting that calcitriol and paricalcitol may provide molecular bases for protection against loss of the permselective renal barrier in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania Trohatou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aristidis Charonis
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Iatrou
- Center for Nephrology, G. Papadakis General Hospital of Nikea-Pireaus, Athens, Greece
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236
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A reappraised meta-analysis of the genetic association between vitamin D receptor BsmI (rs1544410) polymorphism and pulmonary tuberculosis risk. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170247. [PMID: 28533426 PMCID: PMC5463263 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BsmI (rs1544410) polymorphism located in intron 8 at the 3′-end of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is known to be involved in the regulation of mRNA stability. Many studies evaluated the possible correlation between VDR BsmI polymorphism and the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), and reported conflicting results. In the present study, an updated meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the above-said association. PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar web-databases were searched for the relevant studies and a meta-analysis was performed by calculating pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for all the genetic models. A total of 19 studies comprising 3644 controls and 2635 cases were included in the present study. Overall no association of PTB in allelic contrast (b compared with B: P=0.285; OR =0.909, 95% CI =0.762–1.083), homozygous (bb compared with BB: P=0.881; OR =0.975, 95% CI =0.700–1.359), heterozygous (bB compared with BB: P=0.834; OR =1.017, 95% CI =0.872–1.185), dominant (bb compared with BB + Bb: P=0.451; OR =0.954, 95% CI =0.843–1.079) and recessive (bb + Bb compared with BB: P=0.983; OR =1.002, 95% CI =0.868–1.156) genetic models in comparison with wild-type allele and genotype BB were observed. However, variant allele (b compared with B: P=0.001; OR =2.289, 95% CI =1.661–3.154) showed increased risk of PTB in Asians. In conclusion, VDR BsmI polymorphism is not a risk factor for PTB in overall population. However, this polymorphism may be interrelated to an increased risk of PTB amongst Asians.
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237
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Moukayed M, Grant WB. The roles of UVB and vitamin D in reducing risk of cancer incidence and mortality: A review of the epidemiology, clinical trials, and mechanisms. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2017; 18:167-182. [PMID: 28213657 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-017-9415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Global cancer incidence and mortality rates are high and increasing. Thus, it is imperative to find novel solutions to preventing cancer incidence and treating it at an affordable yet efficacious manner. The solar UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis was first proposed in 1980 based on a geographical ecological study. Since then, numerous ecological and observational studies as well as studies of mechanisms have provided support for the hypothesis. However, observational studies have not provided consistent support, in part due to using a single blood draw from any season to use for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration in prospective studies with long follow-up times. Case-controls studies, in which blood is drawn near time of diagnosis, and prospective studies in which blood is drawn in the sunnier half of the year, are more likely to find significant inverse relations between 25(OH)D and cancer incidence. Three vitamin D plus calcium clinical trials have found significant reduction in all-cancer incidence. This paper reviews the evidence for vitamin D in reducing incidence of and increasing survival from breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancer. The epidemiological evidence provides strong support for all of these types of cancer except for non-aggressive prostate cancer. Studies of the cellular mechanisms of vitamin D action in different cancer cell types, strongly indicate that vitamin D can exert protective and anti-tumorigenic activities that would retard cellular transformation, hyperplasia and cancer progression. Based on the scientific evidence reviewed in this paper, individuals and health providers can consider increasing 25(OH)D concentrations through sensible sun exposure and/or vitamin D supplementation to reduce risk of and, in conjunction with standard care, treat cancer. Public health acceptance of vitamin D for cancer prevention and treatment requires stronger support from vitamin D clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meis Moukayed
- School of Arts and Sciences, American University in Dubai, P.O. Box 28282, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA, 94164-1603, USA.
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238
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is considered to be the most common autoimmune disease. It is currently accepted that genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and immune disorders contribute to its development. With regard to nutritional factors, evidence implicates high iodine intake and deficiencies of selenium and iron with a potential relevance of vitamin D status. To elucidate the role of nutritional factors in the risk, pathogenesis, and treatment of HT, PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for publications on iodine, iron, selenium, and vitamin D and risk/treatment of HT. SUMMARY Chronic exposure to excess iodine intake induces autoimmune thyroiditis, partly because highly iodinated thyroglobulin (Tg) is more immunogenic. Recent introduction of universal salt iodization can have a similar, though transient, effect. Selenoproteins are essential to thyroid action. In particular, the glutathione peroxidases protect the thyroid by removing excessive hydrogen peroxide produced for Tg iodination. Genetic data implicate the anti-inflammatory selenoprotein S in HT risk. There is evidence from observational studies and randomized controlled trials that selenium/selenoproteins can reduce thyroid peroxidase (TPO)-antibody titers, hypothyroidism, and postpartum thyroiditis. Iron deficiency impairs thyroid metabolism. TPO, the enzyme responsible for the production of thyroid hormones, is a heme (iron-containing) enzyme which becomes active at the apical surface of thyrocytes only after binding heme. HT patients are frequently iron deficient, since autoimmune gastritis, which impairs iron absorption, is a common co-morbidity. Treatment of anemic women with impaired thyroid function with iron improves thyroid-hormone concentrations, while thyroxine and iron together are more effective in improving iron status. Lower vitamin D status has been found in HT patients than in controls, and inverse relationships of serum vitamin D with TPO/Tg antibodies have been reported. However, other data and the lack of trial evidence suggest that low vitamin D status is more likely the result of autoimmune disease processes that include vitamin D receptor dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should check patients' iron (particularly in menstruating women) and vitamin D status to correct any deficiency. Adequate selenium intake is vital in areas of iodine deficiency/excess, and in regions of low selenium intake a supplement of 50-100 μg/day of selenium may be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Hu
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, United Kingdom
- 2 Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, United Kingdom
- 2 Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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239
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Lepsch J, Eshriqui I, Farias DR, Vaz JS, Cunha Figueiredo AC, Adegboye ARA, Brito A, Mokhtar R, Allen LH, Holick MF, Kac G. Association between early pregnancy vitamin D status and changes in serum lipid profiles throughout pregnancy. Metabolism 2017; 70:85-97. [PMID: 28403948 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations between first trimester 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status and changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) concentrations, TG/HDL-c, and TC/HDL-c ratios throughout pregnancy. We hypothesized that first trimester 25(OH)D inadequacy is associated with lower concentrations of HDL-c and higher LDL-c, TC, TG, TG/HDL-c, and TC/HDL-c ratios throughout pregnancy. METHODS A prospective cohort study with 3 visits at 5-13 (baseline), 20-26, and 30-36 gestational weeks, recruited 194 pregnant women attending a public health care center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in the first trimester using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. 25(OH)D concentrations were classified as adequate (≥75nmol/L) or inadequate (<75nmol/L). Serum TC, HDL-c, and TG concentrations were measured enzymatically. Crude and adjusted longitudinal linear mixed-effects models were employed to evaluate the association between the first trimester 25(OH)D status and changes in serum lipid concentrations throughout pregnancy. Confounders adjusted for in the multiple analysis were age, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), early pregnancy BMI, leisure time physical activity before pregnancy, energy intake, and gestational age. RESULTS At baseline, 69% of the women had inadequate concentrations of 25(OH)D. Women with 25(OH)D inadequacy had higher mean LDL-c than those with adequate concentrations (91.3 vs. 97.5mg/dL; P=0.064) at baseline. TC, HDL-c, LDL-c TG, TG/HDL-c ratios, and TC/HDL-c ratios, increased throughout pregnancy independently of 25(OH)D concentrations (ANOVA for repeated measures P<0.001). The adjusted models showed direct associations between the first trimester 25(OH)D status and changes in TC (β=9.53; 95%CI=1.12-17.94), LDL-c (β=9.99; 95% CI=3.62-16.36) concentrations, and TC/HDL-c ratios (β=0.16; 95% CI=0.01-0.31) throughout pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Inadequate plasma 25(OH)D concentrations during early pregnancy were associated with more pronounced changes of TC, LDL-c concentrations, and TC/HDL-c ratios throughout pregnancy. Changes in these cardiovascular markers suggest the importance of ensuring adequate vitamin D status at the beginning of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Lepsch
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ilana Eshriqui
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dayana Rodrigues Farias
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Vaz
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Cunha Figueiredo
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Brito
- USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Lindsay H Allen
- USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Gilberto Kac
- Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - CCS - Bloco J, Suite 29, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.
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Thanapirom K, Suksawatamnuay S, Sukeepaisarnjaroen W, Tangkijvanich P, Treeprasertsuk S, Thaimai P, Wasitthankasem R, Poovorawan Y, Komolmit P. Vitamin D-related gene polymorphism predict treatment response to pegylated interferon-based therapy in Thai chronic hepatitis C patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17:54. [PMID: 28415985 PMCID: PMC5392932 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-017-0613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection have high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. Genome-wide association study data has showed that several genetic variants within vitamin D cascade affect vitamin D function. This study aimed to determine whether genetic polymorphisms of genes in the vitamin D pathway are associated with treatment responses to pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)-based therapy in patients with chronic HCV infection. METHODS The study included 623 Thai patients from 2 university hospitals diagnosed with chronic HCV infection who were treated with a PEG-IFN and ribavirin. Patients were genotyped for functional variants on vitamin D synthetic pathway including GC (rs4588, rs7041, rs22020, rs2282679), CYP2R1 (rs2060793, rs12794714), CYP27B1 (rs10877012), and DHCR7 (rs12785878). Pre-treatment predictors of sustained virologic response (SVR) at 24 weeks following discontinuation of therapy were identified using a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS SVR was achieved by 60.5% of patients (52.9% with HCV genotype 1; 66.7% with HCV non-genotype 1). In 44.6% of HCV genotype 1-infected patients, only the variant rs12785878 in the DHCR7 locus was significantly associated with an SVR. HCV genotype 1 patients who had DHCR7 rs12785878 GT/TT had a higher rate of SVR than those with the GG allele (59.7% vs. 43.4%, P = 0.03), but in HCV non-genotype 1-infected patients, the SVR rate did not differ between the two groups (63.3% and 59.1% for GT/TT and GG allele, P = 0.54). By multivariate analysis, liver fibrosis stage 0-1 (OR = 5.00; 95% CI, 2.02-12.37; P < 0.001), and DHCR7 rs12785878 GT/TT allele (OR = 2.69; 95% CI, 1.03-7.05; P = 0.04) were independent pre-treatment predictors of SVR following PEG-IFN-based therapy in HCV genotype 1 patients. Baseline HCV RNA < 400,000 IU/ml (OR = 1.96; 95% CI, 1.13-3.39; P = 0.02) was the only independent predictor of SVR in HCV non-genotype 1 patients. The polymorphisms of GC, CYP2R1 and CYP27B1 were not associated with treatment outcome even in genotype 1 or non-genotype 1 HCV infection. CONCLUSION The DHCR7 polymorphism may be a pre-treatment predictive marker for response to PEG-IFN-based therapy in chronic HCV genotype 1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kessarin Thanapirom
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sirinporn Suksawatamnuay
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Wattana Sukeepaisarnjaroen
- Gastroenterology unit, Department of Medicine, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, No. 123 Mittraparp Highway, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Pisit Tangkijvanich
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sombat Treeprasertsuk
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Panarat Thaimai
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Rujipat Wasitthankasem
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Piyawat Komolmit
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Liver Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, No. 1873 Rama IV road, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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Alexander BM, Ingold BC, Young JL, Fensterseifer SR, Wechsler PJ, Austin KJ, Larson-Meyer DE. Sunlight exposure increases vitamin D sufficiency in growing pigs fed a diet formulated to exceed requirements. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017; 59:37-43. [PMID: 27930936 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditional confinement practices limit exposure to sunlight and vitamin D synthesis, and vitamin insufficiency occurs even with dietary supplementation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of limited sun exposure on serum concentration of vitamin D and the expression of vitamin D synthesizing enzymes in the liver and kidney of pigs on a vitamin D sufficient diet. White-pigmented grower pigs (29.7 ± 2.3 kg) fed 15% CP diet ad libitum providing >1,200 IU vitamin D3/kg of feed were exposed to sunlight for 1 h each day at solar noon for 14 d at the spring equinox (March pigs, n = 10) or summer solstice (June pigs, n = 5) and again before slaughter in June (March pigs) and September (June pigs). Blood for the analysis of 25(OH)D was collected before and after sunlight exposure. Traditionally housed pigs served as controls. After initial sun exposure, blood samples were collected from June pigs daily for 5 d and weekly for 8 wk to determine vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D decay, respectively. Kidney and liver samples were collected from the June pigs at slaughter after sun exposure for analysis of messenger RNA expression of vitamin D binding protein and synthesizing/degrading enzymes. Average daily gain (ADG) was not influenced (P > 0.5) by sunlight exposure. June pigs had fewer days on feed, lower (P = 0.003) ADG and were slaughtered at a lighter (P < 0.001) weight. Exposure to sunlight increased (P < 0.001) 25(OH) vitamin D for all pigs. March pigs, obtained from a Midwest producer, had lower (P < 0.001) concentration of 25(OH)D than June pigs born on-farm. Initial sunlight exposure increased serum concentration of 25(OH)D in March pigs by 200% and June pigs by 67%. Serum concentration of vitamin D3 was decreased (P < 0.05) by 72 h with 25(OH)D decreased (P < 0.05) by wk 4 after exposure. Expression of vitamin D binding protein, vitamin D synthesizing CYP2R1, CYP27A1, CYP2D25, or degrading enzyme CYP24A1 were not influenced (P ≥ 0.19) by sunlight exposure. Expression of CYP27B1 was decreased (P = 0.04) in the kidney but tended to be increased (P = 0.06) in the liver after sun exposure. These results suggest limited sun exposure can efficiently increase serum concentration of vitamin D in growing pigs with varying levels of vitamin sufficiency. The lack of major changes in vitamin synthesizing enzymes suggests the 14-d exposure period did not saturate the capacity of slaughter-weight pigs to synthesize vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Alexander
- Deparment of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
| | - B C Ingold
- Department of Family and Consumer Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - J L Young
- Deparment of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - S R Fensterseifer
- Deparment of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - P J Wechsler
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - K J Austin
- Deparment of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - D E Larson-Meyer
- Department of Family and Consumer Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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Lacava V, Pellicanò V, Ferrajolo C, Cernaro V, Visconti L, Conti G, Buemi M, Santoro D. Novel avenues for treating diabetic nephropathy: new investigational drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:445-462. [PMID: 28277032 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1293039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
At present, treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is still mainly based on drugs acting on glycemic and blood pressure control, as there is no validated therapy able to halt the progression of renal failure. Because of the high incidence of DKD, due to the increase of diabetes mellitus in general population, new therapeutic strategies are needed. Areas covered: We analysed ongoing and already completed clinical trials, from clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed, dealing with new therapies for DKD. Expert opinion: Among the drugs currently being explored, the most promising molecules are those that interfere with glucose-dependent pathways, in particular polyol, protein kinase, hexosamine and AGEs metabolic pathways, and impaired renal vascular regulation. One of the recent goals achieved by molecular biology is the development of monoclonal antibodies able to interfere with extracellular matrix accumulation and fibrosis. Other interesting therapies are under investigation and further studies with a greater number of patients will establish a better approach for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Lacava
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pellicanò
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Carmen Ferrajolo
- b Department of Experimental Medicine , Second University of Naples , Napoli , Italy
| | - Valeria Cernaro
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Luca Visconti
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Giovanni Conti
- c Unit of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Michele Buemi
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
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243
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Choi JY, Yi JW, Lee JH, Song RY, Yu H, Kwon H, Chai YJ, Kim SJ, Lee KE. VDR mRNA overexpression is associated with worse prognostic factors in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:172-178. [PMID: 28223310 PMCID: PMC5424767 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) expression and prognostic factors in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). mRNA sequencing and somatic mutation data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed. VDR mRNA expression was compared to clinicopathologic variables by linear regression. Tree-based classification was applied to find cutoff and patients were split into low and high VDR group. Logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier analysis, differentially expressed gene (DEG) test and pathway analysis were performed to assess the differences between two VDR groups. VDR mRNA expression was elevated in PTC than that in normal thyroid tissue. VDR expressions were high in classic and tall-cell variant PTC and lateral neck node metastasis was present. High VDR group was also associated with classic and tall cell subtype, AJCC stage IV and lower recurrence-free survival. DEG test reveals that 545 genes were upregulated in high VDR group. Thyroid cancer-related pathways were enriched in high VDR group in pathway analyses. VDR mRNA overexpression was correlated with worse prognostic factors such as subtypes of papillary thyroid carcinoma that are known to be worse prognosis, lateral neck node metastasis, advanced stage and recurrence-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Young Choi
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Yi
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Hyup Lee
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ra-Yeong Song
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeongwon Yu
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Hyungju Kwon
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jun Chai
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Eun Lee
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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244
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Yang J, Wang H, Ji A, Ma L, Wang J, Lian C, Wei Z, Wang L. Vitamin D Signaling Pathways Confer the Susceptibility of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Northern Chinese Population. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:593-600. [PMID: 28362172 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1299873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have determined the chemopreventive effects of vitamin D against the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); however, results from the epidemiological studies are not yet well established. The current study aimed to evaluate the associations between plasma vitamin D levels and variants on vitamin D metabolic-related genes with the risks for ESCC. A hospital-based case-control study was performed. Five hundred eighty-two ESCC patients and 569 controls were recruited in a Northern Chinese population. Common variants on vitamin D metabolism-related genes CYP24A1, DHCR7, GC, CYP27B1, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the plasma 25(OH)D level were determined. The unconditional logistic regression method was applied to determine the associations between the variants and vitamin D level and ESCC. Higher plasma 25(OH)D was associated with a reduced risk for ESCC, especially for rs2296241, rs11568820, and rs4646536. The variants rs2296241 on CYP24A1 and rs11568820 on VDR are significantly associated with ESCC cancer. Vitamin D signaling pathways may participate in the ESCC development. Further studies with larger sample size are warranted to confirm the results. Intervention studies are needed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation may reduce the ESCC risk in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou Yang
- a School of Public Health, Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China.,b Department of Preventive Medicine , Changzhi Medical College , Changzhi , China
| | - Haili Wang
- c Central Laboratory , Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College , Changzhi , China
| | - Aifang Ji
- c Central Laboratory , Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College , Changzhi , China
| | - Liang Ma
- c Central Laboratory , Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College , Changzhi , China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- c Central Laboratory , Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College , Changzhi , China
| | - Changhong Lian
- d Department of Oncology , Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College , Changzhi , China
| | - Zibai Wei
- d Department of Oncology , Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College , Changzhi , China
| | - Lidong Wang
- e Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
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245
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Du J, Li R, Yu F, Yang F, Wang J, Chen Q, Wang X, Zhao B, Zhang F. Experimental study on 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 amelioration of oral lichen planus through regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Oral Dis 2017; 23:770-778. [PMID: 28231625 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the protective function of vitamin D (VD)/vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the development of oral lichen planus (OLP) and elaborate the underling mechanism of it. METHODS H&E staining, myeloid peroxidase (MPO) assays, quantitative PCR (qPCR), Western blotting, and Elisa were used to test the human biopsies and serum. QPCR, Western blotting, Elisa, and siRNA transfection were also performed in LPS-induced keratinocytes to observe the functions of vitamin D and VDR. RESULTS The lack of VDR in the diseased biopsies from OLP patients was associated with activated helper T-cell type 1 (Th1)-driven inflammatory response. Importantly, the status of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D of OLP patients was reduced consistently. In a cultured cell model, 1,25(OH)2 D3 could downregulate excessive production of pro-inflammatory factors induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in keratinocyte HaCat cells. Mechanistically, even though LPS-induced cytokines in keratinocytes were inhibited both by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor and by activator protein 1 (AP-1) inhibitor, VDR-dependent 1,25(OH)2 D3 blocked the activation of phosphorylated-NF-κB p65 rather than c-Jun/c-Fos in the presence of LPS stimulation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that 1,25(OH)2 D3 plays an anti-inflammatory role in OLP by mediating NF-κB signaling pathway but not AP-1 signaling pathway with a VDR-dependent manner, predicting vitamin D supplement may be a potential strategy for the OLP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Du
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - R Li
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - F Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - F Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Q Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - B Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - F Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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246
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Saito H, Kishimoto KN, Mori Y, Okuno H, Tanaka M, Itoi E. A vitamin D analogue, eldecalcitol, enhances expression of fast myosin heavy chain subtypes in differentiated C2C12 myoblasts. J Orthop Sci 2017; 22:345-350. [PMID: 28017710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence indicate that the active form of vitamin D has an anabolic effect on skeletal muscle. Eldecalcitol, an analogue of the active form of vitamin D, has the potential to increase bone density and decrease fracture risk. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of eldecalcitol in C2C12 myogenic cells. METHODS C2C12 cells were grown to confluency and the culture medium was replaced with low-glucose DMEM containing 2% horse serum. Eldecalcitol was added at a concentration of 1, 10 or 100 nM. Gene expression profiles of vitamin D receptor (VDR), MyoD, IGF-1, neonatal myosin heavy chain (MHC), and the fast MHC subtypes Ia, IIa, IIb and IId/x were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Protein expression of MHC subtypes was evaluated by western blotting and immunostaining. RESULTS Eldecalcitol upregulated gene expression of VDR, MyoD and IGF-1. Incubation with eldecalcitol in the absence of serum followed by the addition of serum after 1 h was associated with greater increases in the expression of these genes compared with co-incubation with eldecalcitol and serum. Gene expression of MHC subtypes IIa, IIb and IId/x was significantly increased by eldecalcitol. Protein expression of fast MHC subtypes was significantly increased by eldecalcitol at 1 and 10 nM. CONCLUSION Similar to the active form of vitamin D, eldecalcitol had an anabolic effect on fast MHC subtypes. Taking into account its pharmacokinetic profile, eldecalcitol is expected to be beneficial for the maintenance and improvement of muscle function in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koshi N Kishimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yu Mori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Okuno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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247
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Li R, Guo E, Yang J, Li A, Yang Y, Liu S, Liu A, Jiang X. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 attenuates hepatic steatosis by inducing autophagy in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:561-571. [PMID: 28145056 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 1,25(OH)2 D3 has been reported to attenuate liver steatosis; however, its exact mechanism of action remains poorly understood. This study aimed to determine whether 1,25(OH)2 D3 can attenuate hepatic steatosis by inducing autophagy. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were injected with 1,25(OH)2 D3 for 4 weeks. These mice were given 3-methyladenine (3-MA) to inhibit autophagy. HepG2 cells were preincubated with a free fatty acid (FFA) and then treated with 1,25(OH)2 D3 . Vitamin D receptor (VDR) shRNA and autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) siRNA were used for VDR knockdown or ATG16L1 silencing, respectively. RESULTS 1,25(OH)2 D3 diminished HFD-induced liver damage and steatosis, changes accompanied by autophagy and ATG16L1 expression upregulation. Inhibition of 1,25(OH)2 D3 -induced autophagy mediated by 3-MA blocked the protective effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 on hepatic steatosis. Additionally, 1,25(OH)2 D3 -induced autophagy appeared to play a role in anti-inflammation and lipid metabolism modulation in the liver. In HepG2 cells, 1,25(OH)2 D3 reduced lipid accumulation and increased autophagy and ATG16L1 expression; however, this effect was abrogated after VDR knockdown. The protective effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 -mediated autophagy against lipid accumulation were abolished by 3-MA. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated ATG16L1 knockdown prevented 1,25(OH)2 D3 -induced autophagy, resulting in increased fat accumulation. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that 1,25(OH)2 D3 may ameliorate hepatic steatosis by inducing autophagy by upregulating ATG16L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renlong Li
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Enshuang Guo
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiankun Yang
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anyi Li
- Animal Experimental Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenpei Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anding Liu
- Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Jiang
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, China
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248
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Lampl M, Schoen M. How long bones grow children: Mechanistic paths to variation in human height growth. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lampl
- Center for the Study of Human Health; Emory University; Atlanta Georgia 30324
- Department of Anthropology; Emory University; Atlanta Georgia 30324
| | - Meriah Schoen
- Center for the Study of Human Health; Emory University; Atlanta Georgia 30324
- Department of Nutrition; Georgia State University; Atlanta Georgia 30302
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Karpiński M, Galicka A, Milewski R, Popko J, Badmaev V, Stohs SJ. Association between Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphism and Serum Vitamin D Levels in Children with Low-Energy Fractures. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:64-71. [PMID: 28067591 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1218803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fractures of bones, especially forearm fractures, are very common in children and their number is increasing. This study was designed to determine the impact of vitamin D serum levels and vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms on the occurrence of low-energy fractures in children. METHODS The study group consisted of 100 children with clinically relevant bone fractures and a control group consisted of 127 children without fractures. Total vitamin D [25(OH)D3 plus 25(OH)D2] serum concentrations were evaluated in every patient. Genotypes for 4 restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene (FokI, ApaI, TaqI, and BsmI) were determined by standard polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques. RESULTS Differences in concentrations of vitamin D were observed between the group with bone fractures (median = 12 ng/ml) and the control group (median = 16 ng/ml; p = 0.000044). Higher levels of vitamin D reduced the risk of fracture by 1.06 times (p = 0.0005). No impact of particular VDR polymorphism on the occurrence of low-energy fractures in children was detected. However, there were significant differences in the prevalence of FokI polymorphism genotypes between the fracture and control groups (p = 0.05). Furthermore, the recessive "aa" genotype of ApaI polymorphism and the dominant "TT" genotype of TaqI polymorphism were associated with higher levels of vitamin D (p = 0.005 and p = 0.036, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency is an independent risk factor for fractures in children. ApaI polymorphism recessive "aa" and TaqI polymorphism dominant "TT" genotypes are associated with higher levels of vitamin D in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Karpiński
- a Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology , Medical University of Bialystok , Białystok , POLAND
| | - Anna Galicka
- b Department of Medical Chemistry , Medical University of Bialystok , Białystok , POLAND
| | - Robert Milewski
- c Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics , Medical University of Bialystok , Białystok , POLAND
| | - Janusz Popko
- a Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology , Medical University of Bialystok , Białystok , POLAND
| | | | - Sidney J Stohs
- e School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University , Omaha , Nebraska
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between the ApaI, FokI, Cdx2 and TaqI polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene in caries-active (high-moderate) and caries-free children. STUDY DESIGN A hundred and fifty children (75 males, 75 females, mean age: 10.19 ± 1.61 years) were included in the study. The subjects were divided into three groups as high caries risk group (DMFT, dft>4)(n=55), moderate caries risk group (DMFT, dft=1-4)(n=57) and caries-free group (n=38). From each individual, blood samples were collected and DNA was extracted. The VDR gene was genotyped for the polymorphisms ApaI, FokI, Cdx2 and TaqI using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. All data were analyzed by chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and t test. RESULTS There was statistically significant difference in the frequency of TaqI genotypes (tt) between caries-active and caries-free children (p=0.029). No statistically significant differences were detected between ApaI, FokI, Cdx2 genotypes and dental caries. CONCLUSION In the future, VDR gene polymorphisms may be used as a marker for the identification of patients with high caries risk.
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