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Zhao X, Palma Medina LM, Stobernack T, Glasner C, de Jong A, Utari P, Setroikromo R, Quax WJ, Otto A, Becher D, Buist G, van Dijl JM. Exoproteome Heterogeneity among Closely Related Staphylococcus aureus t437 Isolates and Possible Implications for Virulence. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2859-2874. [PMID: 31119940 PMCID: PMC6617432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus with spa-type t437 has been identified as a predominant community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus clone from Asia, which is also encountered in Europe. Molecular typing has previously shown that t437 isolates are highly similar regardless of geographical regions or host environments. The present study was aimed at assessing to what extent this high similarity is actually reflected in the production of secreted virulence factors. We therefore profiled the extracellular proteome, representing the main reservoir of virulence factors, of 20 representative clinical isolates by mass spectrometry. The results show that these isolates can be divided into three groups and nine subgroups based on exoproteome abundance signatures. This implies that S. aureus t437 isolates show substantial exoproteome heterogeneity. Nonetheless, 30 highly conserved extracellular proteins, of which about 50% have a predicted role in pathogenesis, were dominantly identified. To approximate the virulence of the 20 investigated isolates, we employed infection models based on Galleria mellonella and HeLa cells. The results show that the grouping of clinical isolates based on their exoproteome profile can be related to virulence. We consider this outcome important as our approach provides a tool to pinpoint differences in virulence among seemingly highly similar clinical isolates of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Tim Stobernack
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Corinna Glasner
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anne de Jong
- University of Groningen , Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Putri Utari
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wim J Quax
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Otto
- Institut für Mikrobiologie , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8 , 17475 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institut für Mikrobiologie , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8 , 17475 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Girbe Buist
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
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252
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Graf AC, Leonard A, Schäuble M, Rieckmann LM, Hoyer J, Maass S, Lalk M, Becher D, Pané-Farré J, Riedel K. Virulence Factors Produced by Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms Have a Moonlighting Function Contributing to Biofilm Integrity. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1036-1053. [PMID: 30850421 PMCID: PMC6553939 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of various biofilm-associated infections in humans causing major healthcare problems worldwide. This type of infection is inherently difficult to treat because of a reduced metabolic activity of biofilm-embedded cells and the protective nature of a surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). However, little is known about S. aureus biofilm physiology and the proteinaceous composition of the ECM. Thus, we cultivated S. aureus biofilms in a flow system and comprehensively profiled intracellular and extracellular (ECM and flow-through (FT)) biofilm proteomes, as well as the extracellular metabolome compared with planktonic cultures. Our analyses revealed the expression of many pathogenicity factors within S. aureus biofilms as indicated by a high abundance of capsule biosynthesis proteins along with various secreted virulence factors, including hemolysins, leukotoxins, and lipases as a part of the ECM. The activity of ECM virulence factors was confirmed in a hemolysis assay and a Galleria mellonella pathogenicity model. In addition, we uncovered a so far unacknowledged moonlighting function of secreted virulence factors and ribosomal proteins trapped in the ECM: namely their contribution to biofilm integrity. Mechanistically, it was revealed that this stabilizing effect is mediated by the strong positive charge of alkaline virulence factors and ribosomal proteins in an acidic ECM environment, which is caused by the release of fermentation products like formate, lactate, and acetate because of oxygen limitation in biofilms. The strong positive charge of these proteins most likely mediates electrostatic interactions with anionic cell surface components, eDNA, and anionic metabolites. In consequence, this leads to strong cell aggregation and biofilm stabilization. Collectively, our study identified a new molecular mechanism during S. aureus biofilm formation and thus significantly widens the understanding of biofilm-associated S. aureus infections - an essential prerequisite for the development of novel antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Graf
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology
| | - Anne Leonard
- §Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolomics
| | - Manuel Schäuble
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology
| | - Lisa M Rieckmann
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology
| | - Juliane Hoyer
- ¶Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics; University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Maass
- ¶Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics; University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- §Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolomics
| | - Dörte Becher
- ¶Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics; University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Pané-Farré
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology
| | - Katharina Riedel
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology;
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253
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Related to Persistent Endovascular Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020071. [PMID: 31146412 PMCID: PMC6627527 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia (PB) represents an important subset of S. aureus infection and correlates with poor clinical outcomes. MRSA isolates from patients with PB differ significantly from those of resolving bacteremia (RB) with regard to several in vitro phenotypic and genotypic profiles. For instance, PB strains exhibit less susceptibility to cationic host defense peptides and vancomycin (VAN) killing under in vivo-like conditions, greater damage to endothelial cells, thicker biofilm formation, altered growth rates, early activation of many global virulence regulons (e.g., sigB, sarA, sae and agr) and higher expression of purine biosynthesis genes (e.g., purF) than RB strains. Importantly, PB strains are significantly more resistant to VAN treatment in experimental infective endocarditis as compared to RB strains, despite similar VAN minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in vitro. Here, we review relevant phenotypic and genotypic characteristics related to the PB outcome. These and future insights may improve our understanding of the specific mechanism(s) contributing to the PB outcome, and aid in the development of novel therapeutic and preventative measures against this life-threatening infection.
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254
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Berger S, Kunerl A, Wasmuth S, Tierno P, Wagner K, Brügger J. Menstrual toxic shock syndrome: case report and systematic review of the literature. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:e313-e321. [PMID: 31151811 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) is a life-threatening disease caused by superantigen-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Incidence ranges from 0·03 to 0·50 cases per 100 000 people, with overall mortality around 8%. In this Grand Round, we present the case of a previously healthy 23-year-old menstruating woman who was diagnosed with mTSS after she presented at our hospital with a septic condition for the second time. The diagnosis was confirmed by fulfilment of the clinical criteria outlined by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC; fever, rash, desquamation, hypotension, and multi-system involvement) as well as a nasal swab positive for the S aureus strain and presence of the gene encoding for toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). In the early 1980s, when mTSS was first described, use of tampons was considered the main risk factor. Today, the complex interplay between pathogenic factors of S aureus, immunological mechanisms of the host, and changes in the vaginal ecosystem during menstruation has broadened current understanding of the disease, and the CDC criteria have appreciable limitations in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sonnenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anika Kunerl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sonnenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Wasmuth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sonnenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip Tierno
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karoline Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Brügger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sonnenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ono HK, Hirose S, Narita K, Sugiyama M, Asano K, Hu DL, Nakane A. Histamine release from intestinal mast cells induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) evokes vomiting reflex in common marmoset. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007803. [PMID: 31112582 PMCID: PMC6546250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus are known as causative agents of emetic food poisoning. We previously demonstrated that SEA binds with submucosal mast cells and evokes mast cell degranulation in a small emetic house musk shrew model. Notably, primates have been recognized as the standard model for emetic assays and analysis of SE emetic activity. However, the mechanism involved in SEA-induced vomiting in primates has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we established common marmosets as an emetic animal model. Common marmosets were administered classical SEs, including SEA, SEB and SEC, and exhibited multiple vomiting responses. However, a non-emetic staphylococcal superantigen, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, did not induce emesis in these monkeys. These results indicated that the common marmoset is a useful animal model for assessing the emesis-inducing activity of SEs. Furthermore, histological analysis uncovered that SEA bound with submucosal mast cells and induced mast cell degranulation. Additionally, ex vivo and in vivo pharmacological results showed that SEA-induced histamine release plays a critical role in the vomiting response in common marmosets. The present results suggested that 5-hydroxytryptamine also plays an important role in the transmission of emetic stimulation on the afferent vagus nerve or central nervous system. We conclude that SEA induces histamine release from submucosal mast cells in the gastrointestinal tract and that histamine contributes to the SEA-induced vomiting reflex via the serotonergic nerve and/or other vagus nerve. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is a bacterial toxin that has been recognized as a leading causative agent of staphylococcal food poisoning since 1930. The primary symptoms of staphylococcal food poisoning are nausea and emesis, which develop up to 1–6 h after ingestion of the causative foods contaminated by the bacteria. In the present study, we established the common marmoset as an emetic animal model and investigated the mechanisms of SEA-induced emesis in the primate model. Common marmosets that received SEA showed multiple emetic responses. We observed that SEA bound with submucosal mast cells in the intestinal tract and induced mast cell degranulation. Furthermore, SEA promoted histamine release from mast cells. We also demonstrated that histamine plays an important role in the SEA-induced emetic response in common marmosets. We conclude that SEA induces histamine release from submucosal mast cells in the intestinal tract and that the stimulation is transmitted from intestine to the brain via nerves, causing emesis. Our study provides a novel insight into functions of submucosal mast cells in the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya K. Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kouji Narita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugiyama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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256
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Choi WS, Son N, Cho JI, Joo IS, Han JA, Kwak HS, Hong JH, Suh SH. Predictive model of Staphylococcus aureus growth on egg products. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:913-922. [PMID: 31093450 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg products are widely consumed in Korea and continue to be associated with risks of Staphylococcus aureus-induced food poisoning. This prompted the development of predictive mathematical models to understand growth kinetics of S. aureus in egg products in order to improve the production of domestic food items. Egg products were inoculated with S. aureus and observe S. aureus growth. The growth kinetics of S. aureus was used to calculate lag-phase duration (LPD) and maximum specific growth rate (µmax) using Baranyi model as the primary growth model. The secondary models provided predicted values for the temperature changes and were created using the polynomial equation for LPD and a square root model for µmax. In addition, root mean square errors (RMSE) were analyzed to evaluate the suitability of the mathematical models. The developed models demonstrated 0.16-0.27 RMSE, suggesting that models properly represented the actual growth of S. aureus in egg products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Seok Choi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Nari Son
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Il Cho
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sun Joo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-A Han
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun Kwak
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Hong
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hwan Suh
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
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257
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Park KH, Greenwood-Quaintance KE, Cunningham SA, Rajagopalan G, Chia N, Jeraldo PR, Mandrekar J, Patel R. Lack of correlation of virulence gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia isolates with mortality. Microb Pathog 2019; 133:103543. [PMID: 31102653 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of Staphylococcus aureus is increasingly used in clinical practice. Although bioinformatics tools used in WGS analysis readily define the S. aureus virulome, the clinical value of this type of analysis is unclear. Here, virulence genes in S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) isolates were evaluated by WGS, with superantigens (SAgs) further evaluated by conventional PCR and functional assays, and results correlated with mortality. METHODS 152 SAB isolates collected throughout 2015 at a large Minnesota medical center were studied and associated clinical data analyzed. Virulence genes were identified from previously-reported WGS data (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179003). SAg genes sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, and tst were also assessed by individual PCR assays. Mitogenicity of SAgs was assessed using an in vitro proliferation assay with splenocytes from HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. RESULTS Of the 152 SAB isolates studied, 106 (69%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The number of deaths attributed and not attributed to SAB, and 30-day survivors were 24 (16%), 2 (1%), and 128 (83%), respectively. From WGS data, both MSSA and MRSA had high proportions of adhesion (>80%) and immune-evasion (>70%) genes. There was no difference in virulomes between survivor- and non-survivor-associated isolates. Although over 60% of SAB isolates produced functional SAgs, there were no differences in the distribution or prevalence of SAg genes between survivor- and non-survivor-associated isolates. CONCLUSION In this study of one year of SAB isolates from a large medical center, the S. aureus virulome, as assessed by WGS, and also for SAgs using individual PCRs and phenotypic characterization, did not impact mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwa Park
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | | | - Scott A Cunningham
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Govindarajan Rajagopalan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Patricio R Jeraldo
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jayawant Mandrekar
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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258
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Dai J, Wu S, Huang J, Wu Q, Zhang F, Zhang J, Wang J, Ding Y, Zhang S, Yang X, Lei T, Xue L, Wu H. Prevalence and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Pasteurized Milk in China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:641. [PMID: 31001225 PMCID: PMC6454862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important food-borne pathogens globally. It produces various toxins and invasive enzymes and can be found in numerous food products. Milk is an important source of staphylococcal food poisoning. After pasteurization, this microorganism or its enterotoxins might still remain in pasteurized milk. Therefore, this study was to investigate the contamination of S. aureus in 258 pasteurized milk from 39 cities of China. The prevalence and levels of S. aureus in these samples as well as antibiotic susceptibility profiles, virulence genes, biofilm formation, and biofilm related genes, spa typing and MLST were used to determine the characterization among the isolates. It was found 3.9% of samples were detected S. aureus in 8 of 39 cities in China. The contaminated level were not very excessive which showed the MPN values of the most positive samples (9/10) were less than 1 MPN/g. All pasteurized milk-related S. aureus isolates have ability to produce biofilm and harbored icaA, icaD, eno, clfA, clfB, fnbA, fnbB, fib genes, other biofilm related genes icaC were showed in 91.7% of isolates and cna gene were showed in 50%, except bap gene which were free in all isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility test showed that all isolates were resistant or intermediate-resistant to different concentrations of the antibiotics. Furthermore, 75.0% of the isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotic classes, which indicated multidrug resistance. The isolates had virulence potential, which showed 66.7% (8/12) of the isolates carried one or more virulence-associated genes. Molecular typing by MLST and spa typing enabled classification of these isolates into a total of 11 sequence types (STs) and spa types, which indicated high genetic diversity. Most of these types were related to various clinical S. aureus infections. Thus, the findings of this study reflect the potential risk of S. aureus infection in China. Our study also provides comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of S. aureus in pasteurized milk and helps ensure more accurate treatment of human infection with effective antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsha Dai
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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259
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Huang Y, Xue C, He W, Zhao X. Inhibition effect of Zedoary turmeric oil on Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus growth and exotoxin proteins production. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:657-666. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Huang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tonghua Normal University, 134000 Tonghua, PR China
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, PR China
| | - Changsong Xue
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tonghua Normal University, 134000 Tonghua, PR China
| | - Wenbing He
- Changbai Mountain Edible Plant Resources Research and Development Engineering Center, Tonghua Normal University, 134002 Tonghua, PR China
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tonghua Normal University, 134000 Tonghua, PR China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tonghua Normal University, 134000 Tonghua, PR China
- Changbai Mountain Edible Plant Resources Research and Development Engineering Center, Tonghua Normal University, 134002 Tonghua, PR China
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260
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Gharaibeh MH, Khalifeh MS, Zattout EM, Abu-Qatouseh LF. Potential antimicrobial effect of plant essential oils and virulence genes expression in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Vet World 2019; 13:669-675. [PMID: 32546910 PMCID: PMC7245711 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.669-675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of eight commercially available essential oil (EO) blends and characterize the effect on the expression of some virulence genes against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of oils against MRSA was performed using the disk diffusion method and by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The EOs (A-F) were contained (β-pinene, carvacrol, carvone, dimethyl trisulfide, linalool, limonene, menthol, monoterpene hydrocarbons, and thymol) in different amounts. In addition, a real-time polymerase chain reaction was also used to determine the gene expression of the virulence genes (intercellular adhesion cluster [ica]-9, ica-15, and RNA III) against MRSA (ATCC 43300) after treatment with selected oils. RESULTS Among the eight EOs evaluated, EO (D), (E), and (A) showed, in general, the greatest antimicrobial activity against MRSA. EO at 1/3 MIC has effectively down-regulated ica-9 and ica-15 of MRSA by 17.83 and 4.94 folds, respectively. Meanwhile, EO (A) has effectively down-regulated RNAIII by 3.74 folds. Our results indicated that some of the EOs exhibit promising antimicrobial effects against MRSA isolates. Moreover, the results of the analyzed virulence genes related to the pathogenicity of MRSA were down-regulated at the sub-MIC concentrations of EOs, indicated that EOs could be successfully used to suppress the virulence factors and, consequently, decreased the pathogenicity of MRSA. CONCLUSION These encouraging results indicate that some of the EOs used in this study can be utilized as a natural antibiotic for the treatment of MRSA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Gharaibeh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Mohammad S. Khalifeh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Esam M. Zattout
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Luay F. Abu-Qatouseh
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
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261
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Chen G, Karauzum H, Long H, Carranza D, Holtsberg FW, Howell KA, Abaandou L, Zhang B, Jarvik N, Ye W, Liao GC, Gross ML, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK, Aman MJ, Sidhu SS. Potent Neutralization of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B In Vivo by Antibodies that Block Binding to the T-Cell Receptor. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4354-4367. [PMID: 30928493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To develop an antibody (Ab) therapeutic against staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a potential incapacitating bioterrorism agent and a major cause of food poisoning, we developed a "class T" anti-SEB neutralizing Ab (GC132) targeting an epitope on SEB distinct from that of previously developed "class M" Abs. A systematic engineering approach was applied to affinity-mature Ab GC132 to yield an optimized therapeutic candidate (GC132a) with sub-nanomolar binding affinity. Mapping of the binding interface by hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry revealed that the class T epitope on SEB overlapped with the T-cell receptor binding site, whereas other evidence suggested that the class M epitope overlapped with the binding site for the major histocompatibility complex. In the IgG format, GC132a showed ∼50-fold more potent toxin-neutralizing efficacy than the best class M Ab in vitro, and fully protected mice from lethal challenge in a toxic shock post-exposure model. We also engineered bispecific Abs (bsAbs) that bound tetravalently by utilizing two class M binding sites and two class T binding sites. The bsAbs displayed enhanced toxin neutralization efficacy compared with the respective monospecific Ab subunits as well as a mixture of the two, indicating that enhanced efficacy was due to heterotypic tetravalent binding to two non-overlapping epitopes on SEB. Together, these results suggest that class T anti-SEB Ab GC132a is an excellent candidate for clinical development and for bsAb engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Department of Molecular Genetics, and the Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | | | - Hua Long
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Department of Molecular Genetics, and the Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Danielle Carranza
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Department of Molecular Genetics, and the Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | | | - Katie A Howell
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Laura Abaandou
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Bojie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Nick Jarvik
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Department of Molecular Genetics, and the Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Wei Ye
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Department of Molecular Genetics, and the Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Grant C Liao
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Department of Molecular Genetics, and the Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.
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262
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Artificial Selection for Pathogenicity Mutations in Staphylococcus aureus Identifies Novel Factors Relevant to Chronic Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00884-18. [PMID: 30642903 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00884-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus to host microenvironments during chronic infection involves spontaneous mutations, yet changes underlying adaptive phenotypes remain incompletely explored. Here, we employed artificial selection and whole-genome sequencing to better characterize spontaneous chromosomal mutations that alter two pathogenicity phenotypes relevant to chronic infection in S. aureus: intracellular invasiveness and intracellular cytotoxicity. We identified 23 genes whose alteration coincided with enhanced virulence, 11 that were previously known and 12 (52%) that had no previously described role in S. aureus pathogenicity. Using precision genome editing, transposon mutants, and gene complementation, we empirically assessed the contributions of individual genes to the two virulence phenotypes. We functionally validated 14 of 21 genes tested as measurably influencing invasion and/or cytotoxicity, including 8 newly implicated by this study. We identified inactivating mutations (murA, ndhC, and a hypothetical membrane protein) and gain-of-function mutations (aroE Thr182Ile, yhcF Thr74Ile, and Asp486Glu in a hypothetical peptidase) in previously unrecognized S. aureus virulence genes that enhance pathogenesis when introduced into a clean genetic background, as well as a novel activating mutation in the known virulence regulator gene saeS (Ala106Thr). Investigation of potentially epistatic interactions identified a tufA mutation (Ala271Val) that enhances virulence only in the context of purine operon repressor gene (purR) inactivation. This project reveals a functionally diverse range of genes affected by gain- or loss-of-function mutations that contribute to S. aureus adaptive virulence phenotypes. More generally, the work establishes artificial selection as a means to determine the genetic mechanisms underlying complex bacterial phenotypes relevant to adaptation during infection.
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263
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Staphylococcal Superantigens: Pyrogenic Toxins Induce Toxic Shock. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030178. [PMID: 30909619 PMCID: PMC6468478 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related superantigenic toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are potent activators of the immune system. These protein toxins bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCRs), resulting in the activation of both monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes. The bridging of TCRs with MHC class II molecules by superantigens triggers an early “cytokine storm” and massive polyclonal T-cell proliferation. Proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 elicit fever, inflammation, multiple organ injury, hypotension, and lethal shock. Upon MHC/TCR ligation, superantigens induce signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, which results in NFκB activation and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. In addition, gene profiling studies have revealed the essential roles of innate antimicrobial defense genes in the pathogenesis of SEB. The genes expressed in a murine model of SEB-induced shock include intracellular DNA/RNA sensors, apoptosis/DNA damage-related molecules, endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondrial stress responses, immunoproteasome components, and IFN-stimulated genes. This review focuses on the signaling pathways induced by superantigens that lead to the activation of inflammation and damage response genes. The induction of these damage response genes provides evidence that SEB induces danger signals in host cells, resulting in multiorgan injury and toxic shock. Therapeutics targeting both host inflammatory and cell death pathways can potentially mitigate the toxic effects of staphylococcal superantigens.
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264
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Abstract
Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious infectious disease associated with vaginal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus producing the exotoxin TSS toxin 1 (TSST-1). We show that menstrual TSS occurs after TSST-1 interaction with an immune costimulatory molecule called CD40 on the surface of vaginal epithelial cells. Other related toxins, where the entire family is called the superantigen family, bind to CD40, but not with a high-enough apparent affinity to cause TSS; thus, TSST-1 is the only exotoxin superantigen associated. Once the epithelial cells become activated by TSST-1, they produce soluble molecules referred to as chemokines, which in turn facilitate TSST-1 activation of T lymphocytes and macrophages to cause the symptoms of TSS. Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the interaction of TSST-1 with CD40 may be useful so that they may serve as additives to medical devices, such as tampons and menstrual cups, to reduce the incidence of menstrual TSS. Mucosal and skin tissues form barriers to infection by most bacterial pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus causes diseases across these barriers in part dependent on the proinflammatory properties of superantigens. We showed, through use of a CRISPR-Cas9 CD40 knockout, that the superantigens toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) B and C stimulated chemokine production from human vaginal epithelial cells (HVECs) through human CD40. This response was enhanced by addition of antibodies against CD40 through an unknown mechanism. TSST-1 was better able to stimulate chemokine (IL-8 and MIP-3α) production by HVECs than SEB and SEC, suggesting this is the reason for TSST-1’s exclusive association with menstrual TSS. A mutant of TSST-1, K121A, caused TSS in a rabbit model when administered vaginally but not intravenously, emphasizing the importance of the local vaginal environment. Collectively, our data suggested that superantigens facilitate infections by disruption of mucosal barriers through their binding to CD40, with subsequent expression of chemokines. The chemokines facilitate TSS and possibly other epithelial conditions after attraction of the adaptive immune system to the local environment.
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265
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Necidová L, Bursová Š, Haruštiaková D, Bogdanovičová K, Lačanin I. Effect of heat treatment on activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins of type A, B, and C in milk. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3924-3932. [PMID: 30852018 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intoxication by staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) is among the most common causes of food-poisoning outbreaks resulting from the consumption of raw milk or products made thereof. The aim of our study was to analyze the thermal stability of SE and evaluate the inactivation of SE types A, B, and C (SEA, SEB, SEC) by autoclaving at 100°C, 110°C, and 121°C. Milk samples were inoculated with 38 Staphylococcus aureus strains that possessed the ability to produce SEA, SEB, or SEC and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. This incubation was followed by heat treatment at 100°C, 110°C, or 121°C for 3 min. Samples were analyzed by Staph. aureus plate count method on Baird-Parker agar and specifically for the presence of SE. An enzyme-linked immunofluorescent assay (ELFA) on a MiniVIDAS analyzer (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Étoile, France) was used to detect SE, which were determined semi-quantitatively based on test values. The obtained results were analyzed by means of nonparametric statistical methods. All samples (100%; 38/38) were SE-positive before heat treatment, and the positivity rates decreased after heat treatment at 100°C, 110°C, and 121°C to 36.8% (14/38), 34.2% (13/38), and 31.6% (12/38), respectively. The rates of positive samples differed between SEA, SEB, and SEC producers: SEA was detected in the highest amounts both before and after heat treatment. The amount of SE (expressed as test values) decreased significantly after heat treatment. Comparing amounts of SE in positive and negative samples before and after heat treatment, we can conclude that the success of SE inactivation depends on the amount present before heat treatment. The highest amount of SE and the highest rate of SE-positive samples after all heat treatments were found in samples with strains producing SEA. For SEB and SEC, lower amounts of enterotoxin were present and were inactivated at 100°C. Although temperatures of 100°C, 110°C, and 121°C may inactivate SE in milk, the key measures in prevention of staphylococcal enterotoxicosis are avoiding initial contamination of milk by Staph. aureus, promoting consumption of heat-treated milk, and preventing disruption of the cold chain during milk production and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Necidová
- Department of Milk Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Š Bursová
- Department of Milk Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - D Haruštiaková
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Bogdanovičová
- Department of Gastronomy, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - I Lačanin
- Inspecto d.o.o., Vukovarska cesta 239b, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
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266
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Investigation of vancomycin susceptibility and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene among Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients and ICU staff in the north of Iran. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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267
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Nasser A, Azizian R, Tabasi M, Khezerloo JK, Heravi FS, Kalani MT, Sadeghifard N, Amini R, Pakzad I, Radmanesh A, Jalilian FA. Specification of Bacteriophage Isolated Against Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019; 10:20-24. [PMID: 30847267 PMCID: PMC6396822 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.1.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The emergence of resistant bacteria is being increasingly reported around the world, potentially threatening millions of lives. Amongst resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most challenging to treat. This is due to emergent MRSA strains and less effective traditional antibiotic therapies to Staphylococcal infections. The use of bacteriophages (phages) against MRSA is a new, potential alternate therapy. In this study, morphology, genetic and protein structure of lytic phages against MRSA have been analysed. Methods Isolation of livestock and sewage bacteriophages were performed using 0.4 μm membrane filters. Plaque assays were used to determine phage quantification by double layer agar method. Pure plaques were then amplified for further characterization. Sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and random amplification of polymorphic DNA were run for protein evaluation, and genotyping respectively. Transmission electron microscope was also used to detect the structure and taxonomic classification of phage visually. Results Head and tail morphology of bacteriophages against MRSA were identified by transmission electron microscopy and assigned to the Siphoviridae family and the Caudovirales order. Conclusion Bacteriophages are the most abundant microorganism on Earth and coexist with the bacterial population. They can destroy bacterial cells successfully and effectively. They cannot enter mammalian cells which saves the eukaryotic cells from lytic phage activity. In conclusion, phage therapy may have many potential applications in microbiology and human medicine with no side effect on eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nasser
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St., Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Azizian
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tabasi
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Morovat Taheri Kalani
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Norkhoda Sadeghifard
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Pakzad
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Amin Radmanesh
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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268
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Chen X, Alonzo F. Bacterial lipolysis of immune-activating ligands promotes evasion of innate defenses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3764-3773. [PMID: 30755523 PMCID: PMC6397559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817248116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal and pathogenic bacteria hydrolyze host lipid substrates with secreted lipases and phospholipases for nutrient acquisition, colonization, and infection. Bacterial lipase activity on mammalian lipids and phospholipids can promote release of free fatty acids from lipid stores, detoxify antimicrobial lipids, and facilitate membrane dissolution. The gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus secretes at least two lipases, Sal1 and glycerol ester hydrolase (Geh), with specificities for short- and long-chain fatty acids, respectively, each with roles in the hydrolysis of environmental lipids. In a recent study from our group, we made the unexpected observation that Geh released by S. aureus inhibits activation of innate immune cells. Herein, we investigated the possibility that S. aureus lipases interface with the host immune system to blunt innate immune recognition of the microbe. We found that the Geh lipase, but not other S. aureus lipases, prevents activation of innate cells in culture. Mutation of geh leads to enhancement of proinflammatory cytokine production during infection, increased innate immune activity, and improved clearance of the bacterium in infected tissue. These in vitro and in vivo effects on innate immunity were not due to direct functions of the lipase on mammalian cells, but rather a result of inactivation of S. aureus lipoproteins, a major pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) of extracellular gram-positive bacteria, via ester hydrolysis. Altogether, these studies provide insight into an adaptive trait that masks microbial recognition by innate immune cells through targeted inactivation of a broadly conserved PAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
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269
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Ziesemer S, Möller N, Nitsch A, Müller C, Beule AG, Hildebrandt JP. Sphingomyelin Depletion from Plasma Membranes of Human Airway Epithelial Cells Completely Abrogates the Deleterious Actions of S. aureus Alpha-Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020126. [PMID: 30791542 PMCID: PMC6409578 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin (hemolysin A, Hla) with eukaryotic cell membranes is mediated by proteinaceous receptors and certain lipid domains in host cell plasma membranes. Hla is secreted as a 33 kDa monomer that forms heptameric transmembrane pores whose action compromises maintenance of cell shape and epithelial tightness. It is not exactly known whether certain membrane lipid domains of host cells facilitate adhesion of Ha monomers, oligomerization, or pore formation. We used sphingomyelinase (hemolysin B, Hlb) expressed by some strains of staphylococci to pre-treat airway epithelial model cells in order to specifically decrease the sphingomyelin (SM) abundance in their plasma membranes. Such a pre-incubation exclusively removed SM from the plasma membrane lipid fraction. It abrogated the formation of heptamers and prevented the formation of functional transmembrane pores. Hla exposure of rHlb pre-treated cells did not result in increases in [Ca2+]i, did not induce any microscopically visible changes in cell shape or formation of paracellular gaps, and did not induce hypo-phosphorylation of the actin depolymerizing factor cofilin as usual. Removal of sphingomyelin from the plasma membranes of human airway epithelial cells completely abrogates the deleterious actions of Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ziesemer
- University of Greifswald, Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Felix Hausdorff-Straße 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Nils Möller
- University of Greifswald, Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Felix Hausdorff-Straße 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Andreas Nitsch
- University of Greifswald, Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Felix Hausdorff-Straße 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Christian Müller
- University of Greifswald, Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Felix Hausdorff-Straße 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Achim G Beule
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Greifswald University Hospital, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jan-Peter Hildebrandt
- University of Greifswald, Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Felix Hausdorff-Straße 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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270
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Kobayashi M, Kitano T, Nishiyama S, Sanjo H, Onozaki K, Taki S, Itoh S, Hida S. Staphylococcal superantigen-like 12 activates murine bone marrow derived mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:350-355. [PMID: 30795864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigen-like (SSL) protein is a family of exotoxins that consists of 14 SSLs, and the roles of several SSLs in immune evasion of the cocci have been revealed. However little is known whether they act as immune activators and are involved in inflammatory disorders such as atopic dermatitis. In this study we examined whether SSLs activate mast cells, the key player of local inflammation. SSL12 evoked the release of a granule enzyme β-hexosaminidase from bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMCs) in the absence of IgE. The release of the granule enzyme caused by SSL12 was not accompanied with the leakage of a cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), unlike staphylococcal δ-toxin that was reported to induce both the release of β-hexosaminidase and the leakage of LDH from the cells, suggesting that SSL12 evokes the degranulation of mast cells without cell membrane damage. Furthermore SSL12 induced IL-6 and IL-13 in both mRNA and protein levels indicating that SSL12 induces de novo synthesis of the cytokines. Evans blue extravasation was elevated by the intradermal injection of SSL12, suggesting that SSL12 is also able to evoke local inflammation in vivo. These findings indicate the novel mast cell activating activity of SSLs, and SSL12 is likely an important factor in both initiation phase and effector phase of allergic and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takuma Kitano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Saishi Nishiyama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hideki Sanjo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, School of Medicine Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kikuo Onozaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Taki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, School of Medicine Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Saotomo Itoh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Shigeaki Hida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
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271
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Sehgal P, Pollanen M, Daneman N. A Retrospective Forensic Review of Unexpected Infectious Deaths. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz081. [PMID: 30956993 PMCID: PMC6441567 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There exists a knowledge gap in identifying the spectrum of infectious pathogens and syndromes that lead to fulminant decline and death. The aim of this study was to better characterize patient-, pathogen-, and disease-related factors in the phenomenon of unexpected infectious deaths. Methods We conducted a population-based, retrospective cohort study of all community-based, unexpected infectious deaths in Ontario, Canada between January 2016 and December 2017. Patient-related information, infection-related information, and circumstances around the death were extracted for each case to facilitate descriptive analyses. Results Of the 7506 unexpected deaths over the study period, 418 (6%) were due to infectious diseases. Bacterial pneumonia (43%) was the most common infectious syndrome, followed by disseminated infection with no clear focus (12%), peritonitis (10%), myocarditis (6%), and pyelonephritis (5%). A pathogen was identified in 210 cases (50%), with the most common being Staphylococcus aureus (n = 35), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 30), Streptococcus pyogenes (n = 25), Klebsiella spp. (n = 23), and Escherichia coli (n = 19). Prodromal symptoms were present in 68% of persons before death, with a median (interquartile range) duration of only 1.0 (0.0–4.0) days; just 30% of those who died had had recent healthcare contact before their death. Conclusion Infectious diseases have the capacity to cause fulminant decline and death. The most common cause of unexpected infectious death is bacterial pneumonia, with a predominance of gram-positive bacteria. Given the rapidity of these deaths, preventing a majority of them would require upstream strategies to reduce infection susceptibility and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nick Daneman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Canada
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272
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Jain S, Chowdhury R, Datta M, Chowdhury G, Mukhopadhyay AK. Characterization of the clonal profile of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with early post-operative orthopedic implant based infections. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2019; 18:8. [PMID: 30760263 PMCID: PMC6373053 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-019-0307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze the molecular epidemiology and to compare between the major methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus biotypes for association with patient characteristics who had an implant for closed fracture and developed early post-operative wound infections (POWI) in a tertiary care hospital of India. METHODS Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), antimicrobial resistance, accessory gene regulator (agr) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, Paton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene, toxin gene profiling, biofilm formation and patient demographics were correlated with MLST clonal complexes (CC). FINDINGS Overall eight different sequence types (STs) were detected with a predominance of ST239 (66%), ST22 (18%) and some minor types ST772, ST30 (4% each) ST1, ST642, ST6, ST107 (2% each). All ST239 isolates belong to CC239 and SCCmec III whereas ST22 isolates belong to CC22 and SCCmec IV. The isolates varied in the distribution of various toxin genes. With 63.63% biofilm formers ST239 were all multidrug resistant with frequent resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, cefuroxime, amoxyclav and ciprofloxacin indicating doxycycline, amikacin, vancomycin and linezolid can be the drug of choice. CONCLUSION This study shows that ST239 MRSA is still most prevalent strain with new emergence of ST642 and ST107 isolates in association with orthopedic implant based POWI. As compare to other ST types ST239 strain was associated with adverse treatment outcomes. This highlights the importance of improving nosocomial infection control measures in this unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jain
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mousumi Datta
- Department of Community Medicine, Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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273
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Sundararaj N, Kalagatur NK, Mudili V, Krishna K, Antonysamy M. Isolation and identification of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Indian food samples: evaluation of in-house developed aptamer linked sandwich ELISA (ALISA) method. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 56:1016-1026. [PMID: 30906059 PMCID: PMC6400782 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major food contaminants worldwide, and its enterotoxins are documented as food poisoning and bioterrorism agents. In the present study, an attempt was made to account on the incidences of toxigenic S. aureus and its antibiotic resistance profiles in ready to eat bakery food products from different parts of Southern India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana). A total of 100 food samples, including milk, cake, cheese and chicken products were assessed for S. aureus and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) by PCR. Among the subjected food samples, a total of 51 isolates belong to genus Staphylococcus and out of that, 34 isolates were S. aureus. Among 34 S. aureus isolates, 14 isolates were found positive for SEB. The PCR results were further co-evaluated with in-house developed aptamer linked immunosorbent assay (ALISA) for the specific and sensitive detection of SEB. The obtained ALISA results were promising and found consistent with PCR analysis. Furthermore, 24%, 47%, 91%, 82%, 59%, and 47% of S. aureus isolates were found resistant to chloramphenicol, methicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and oxacillin, respectively and concluded as a multidrug resistance (MDR). In conclusion, the present study revealed high presence of toxigenic and MDR resistant S. aureus species among the studied regions of Southern India. The present study cautions the need of stringent food safety regulations in India to control the toxigenic and MDR S. aureus from food sources and to minimize the risks associated with S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sundararaj
- Department of Microbiology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641020 India
| | - Naveen Kumar Kalagatur
- Toxicology and Immunology Division, DRDO-BU-Center for Life Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641020 India
| | - Venkataramana Mudili
- Toxicology and Immunology Division, DRDO-BU-Center for Life Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641020 India
| | - Kadirvelu Krishna
- Toxicology and Immunology Division, DRDO-BU-Center for Life Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641020 India
| | - Michael Antonysamy
- Department of Microbiology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 641020 India
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274
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Divyakolu S, Chikkala R, Ratnakar KS, Sritharan V. Hemolysins of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>—An Update on Their Biology, Role in Pathogenesis and as Targets for Anti-Virulence Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/aid.2019.92007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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275
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Tang A, Caballero AR, Bierdeman MA, Marquart ME, Foster TJ, Monk IR, O'Callaghan RJ. Staphylococcus aureus Superantigen-Like Protein SSL1: A Toxic Protease. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8010002. [PMID: 30609641 PMCID: PMC6471365 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of corneal infections that can cause reduced vision, even blindness. Secreted toxins cause tissue damage and inflammation resulting in scars that lead to vision loss. Identifying tissue damaging proteins is a prerequisite to limiting these harmful reactions. The present study characterized a previously unrecognized S. aureus toxin. This secreted toxin was purified from strain Newman ΔhlaΔhlg, the N-terminal sequence determined, the gene cloned, and the purified recombinant protein was tested in the rabbit cornea. The virulence of a toxin deletion mutant was compared to its parent and the mutant after gene restoration (rescue strain). The toxin (23 kDa) had an N-terminal sequence matching the Newman superantigen-like protein SSL1. An SSL1 homodimer (46 kDa) had proteolytic activity as demonstrated by zymography and cleavage of a synthetic substrate, collagens, and cytokines (IL-17A, IFN-γ, and IL-8); the protease was susceptible to serine protease inhibitors. As compared to the parent and rescue strains, the ssl1 mutant had significantly reduced virulence, but not reduced bacterial growth, in vivo. The ocular isolates tested had the ssl1 gene, with allele type 2 being the predominant type. SSL1 is a protease with corneal virulence and activity on host defense and structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Armando R Caballero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Michael A Bierdeman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Mary E Marquart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Timothy J Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland.
| | - Ian R Monk
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 3000 Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Richard J O'Callaghan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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276
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Villa TG, Feijoo-Siota L, Sánchez-Pérez A, Rama JLR, Sieiro C. Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria, an Overview of the Mechanisms Involved. HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER 2019:3-76. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21862-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
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277
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Hayashi K, Itoh S, Morikawa A, Onozaki K, Taki S, Tsuji T, Hida S. Staphylococcal α-hemolysin does not induce cell damage in murine mast cells but it augments the degranulation induced by FcεRI cross-linking and ionomycin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:263-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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278
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Partial prediction of the duration and the clinical status of Staphylococcus aureus bovine intramammary infections based on the phenotypic and genotypic analysis of isolates. Vet Microbiol 2019; 228:188-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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279
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Motamedi H, Asghari B, Tahmasebi H, Arabestani MR. Identification of Hemolysine Genes and their Association with Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in West of Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:153. [PMID: 30662882 PMCID: PMC6319038 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_143_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is expressing a broad range of different hemolysins enhancing its ability to establish and maintain infection in humans. The aim of this study was to identify the types of hemolysins in different clinical isolates of S. aureus and their association with antibiotic resistance patterns. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, clinical isolates of S. aureus were collected from Hamedan's hospitals during an 11-month period from June 2016 to January 2017 and identified by using biochemical tests. To determine the antibiotic resistance pattern, disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were conducted. Genomic DNA was extracted using extraction kit. The polymerase chain reaction was done with specific primers for identification of hla, hlb, hld, and hld genes. Results Among a total of 389 clinical samples, 138 isolates (35.45%) of S. aureus were identified, which 87 isolates (63.04%) were cefoxitin MIC of >4 μg/ml and resistant to methicillin. The highest frequency of antibiotic resistance was observed against erythromycin in 108 isolates (78.26%) and penicillin in 133 isolates (96.37%) and the lowest resistance was against gatifloxacin in 50 isolates (36.23%) and Cefazolin in 11 isolates (97.7%). Furthermore, the hla, hlb, hld, and hlg genes were detected among 11 (7.97%), 7 (5.07%), 16 (11.59%), and 4 (2.89%) isolates, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the presence of alpha and delta hemolysin-encoding genes and the antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates (P < 0.05). Conclusion The results exhibited that the association between the presence of the hemolysin genes and the antibiotic resistance pattern can be considered as a serious issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Motamedi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hamed Tahmasebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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280
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Kadhim S, Singh NP, Zumbrun EE, Cui T, Chatterjee S, Hofseth L, Abood A, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M. Resveratrol-Mediated Attenuation of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B-Induced Acute Liver Injury Is Associated With Regulation of microRNA and Induction of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2910. [PMID: 30619104 PMCID: PMC6304356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenolic compound found abundantly in plant products including red grapes, peanuts, and mulberries. Because of potent anti-inflammatory properties of RES, we investigated whether RES can protect from Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced acute liver injury in mice. SEB is a potent super antigen that induces robust inflammation and releases inflammatory cytokines that can be fatal. We observed that SEB caused acute liver injury in mice with increases in enzyme aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, and massive infiltration of immune cells into the liver. Treatment with RES (100 mg/kg body weight) attenuated SEB-induced acute liver injury, as indicated by decreased AST levels and cellular infiltration in the liver. Interestingly, RES treatment increased the number of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the liver. RES treatment led to alterations in the microRNA (miR) profile in liver mononuclear cells (MNCs) of mice exposed to SEB, and pathway analysis indicated these miRs targeted many inflammatory pathways. Of these, we identified miR-185, which was down-regulated by RES, to specifically target Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF1) using transfection studies. Moreover, the levels of CSF1 were significantly increased in RES-treated SEB mice. Because CSF1 is critical in MDSC induction, our studies suggest that RES may induce MDSCs by down-regulating miR-185 leading to increase the expression of CSF1. The data presented demonstrate for the first time that RES can effectively attenuates SEB-induced acute liver injury and that this may result from its action on miRs and induction of MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Kadhim
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Narendra P. Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Elizabeth E. Zumbrun
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Taixing Cui
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Lorne Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Abduladheem Abood
- College of Dental Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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281
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Sadeghi J, Alizadeh N, Ahangar Oskouei M, Laghusi D, Savadi Oskouei D, Nikanfar M, Seyyed Mousavi MN. Frequency of superantigen encoding genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and nasal carriers. Microb Pathog 2018; 127:316-319. [PMID: 30553909 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial superantigens are potent T cell activators that can have acute or chronic effects on the central nervous system. OBJECTIVES In this study, the role of enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin of Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in MS patients and healthy nasal carriers. METHODS Three-hundred fifty nasal swabs were collected from healthy nasal carriers (n = 210) and MS (n = 140) patients. Staphylococcus aureus superantigens were detected by multiplex PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was performed using disk diffusion method. RESULTS The highest rates of nasal colonization were seen in MS patients (46.42%). The rates of nasal colonization in the healthcare workers were 30.95%. The most commonly detected superantigens were SEA (31.5%), SEB (17.7%) and ETA (16.9%). The Staphylococcus aureus isolates had the highest levels of resistance against erythromycin (57.7%), clindamycin (55.4%) and co-trimoxazole (43.1%). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, and mupirocin. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that the frequency of superantigen producing Staphylococcus aureus isolates is high in the MS patients. As well as these isolates are sensitive to mupirocin. Thus it is better to use of mupirocin for nasal decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus in the MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Sadeghi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Naser Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahin Ahangar Oskouei
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Delara Laghusi
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Daryush Savadi Oskouei
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Masoud Nikanfar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mir Naser Seyyed Mousavi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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282
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Dweba CC, Zishiri OT, El Zowalaty ME. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: livestock-associated, antimicrobial, and heavy metal resistance. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:2497-2509. [PMID: 30555249 PMCID: PMC6278885 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s175967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen of human and other mammals that is of increasing clinical and veterinary importance due to its ability to rapidly develop antimicrobial resistance. The injudicious use of antibiotics has given rise to the emergence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains, most importantly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The emergence of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) has highlighted the importance of directed research toward its prevention, as well as the need for the discovery and development of more efficient treatment than is currently available. Furthermore, the treatment of MRSA is complicated by the co-selection of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance genes by microorganisms. Livestock and livestock production systems are large reservoirs of heavy metals due to their use in feed as well as environmental contaminant, which has allowed for the selection of LA-MRSA isolates with heavy metal resistance. The World Health Organization reported that Africa has the largest gaps in data on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, with no reports on rates for LA-MRSA harboring heavy metal resistance in South Africa. This review aimed to report the emergence of LA-MRSA in South Africa, specifically the most frequent sequence type ST398, globally. Furthermore, we aimed to highlight the importance of LA-MRSA in clinical and food security, as well as this research gap in South Africa. This review sheds light on the prevalence of heavy metals in livestock farms and abattoirs, and focuses on the phenomenon of the co-selection of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance genes in MRSA, emphasizing the importance of a focused direction for research in humans, animals as well as environment using one-health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cwengile C Dweba
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oliver T Zishiri
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Microbiology and Virology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,
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283
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Haddad O, Merghni A, Elargoubi A, Rhim H, Kadri Y, Mastouri M. Comparative study of virulence factors among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:560. [PMID: 30424731 PMCID: PMC6234561 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is recognized worldwide as a leading cause of hospital and community infections. Biofilm formation by MRSA is an extremely important virulence factor to be understood. Our aim was to establish phenotypic and genotypic characterization of virulence factors among 43 MRSA clinical isolates in a Tunisian hospital. Methods We investigated enzymatic profiles, biofilm production and prevalences of genes encoding intracellular adhesion molecules (icaA and icaD), Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules genes (fnbA, fnbB and cna) and exoenzymes genes (geh, sspA and sspB). Results Our findings revealed that caseinase, gelatinase, lipase and lecithinase activities were detected in 100%, 100%, 76.6% and 93.3% of cases respectively. This study showed that 23 strains (76.7%) were slime producers on Congo red medium. Furthermore, 46.5% and 53.5% of isolates were respectively highly and moderately biofilm-forming on polystyrene. Significant association was found between both biofilm tests. PCR detection showed that 74.4%, 18.6%, 69.8%, 65.1% and 74.4% of isolates harbored fnbA, fnbB, icaA, icaD and cna genes respectively. In addition, 34.9%, 18.6% and 30.2% of MRSA strains were found positive for sspA, sspB and geh genes respectively. Further, statistical data showed that the presence of the fnbA and fnbB genes was significantly associated with a high biofilm production on polystyrene. However, no statistical association was observed for the icaA, icaD and cna genes. Conclusions This study indicates that the detection of fnbA and fnbB contributing to the first step of biofilm formation has been predictable of high biofilm production. As studied factors contribute to MRSA virulence, this research could be of value in orienting towards the development of new preventive and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ons Haddad
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CHU Fatouma Bourguiba de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie. .,Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissible et Substances Biologiquement Actives, LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie.
| | - Abderrahmen Merghni
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissible et Substances Biologiquement Actives, LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Aida Elargoubi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CHU Fatouma Bourguiba de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie.,Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissible et Substances Biologiquement Actives, LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Hajer Rhim
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CHU Fatouma Bourguiba de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie.,Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissible et Substances Biologiquement Actives, LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Yosr Kadri
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CHU Fatouma Bourguiba de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie.,Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissible et Substances Biologiquement Actives, LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Maha Mastouri
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CHU Fatouma Bourguiba de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie.,Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissible et Substances Biologiquement Actives, LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
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284
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Manara S, Pasolli E, Dolce D, Ravenni N, Campana S, Armanini F, Asnicar F, Mengoni A, Galli L, Montagnani C, Venturini E, Rota-Stabelli O, Grandi G, Taccetti G, Segata N. Whole-genome epidemiology, characterisation, and phylogenetic reconstruction of Staphylococcus aureus strains in a paediatric hospital. Genome Med 2018; 10:82. [PMID: 30424799 PMCID: PMC6234625 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen and a leading cause of nosocomial infections. It can acquire resistance to all the antibiotics that entered the clinics to date, and the World Health Organization defined it as a high-priority pathogen for research and development of new antibiotics. A deeper understanding of the genetic variability of S. aureus in clinical settings would lead to a better comprehension of its pathogenic potential and improved strategies to contrast its virulence and resistance. However, the number of comprehensive studies addressing clinical cohorts of S. aureus infections by simultaneously looking at the epidemiology, phylogenetic reconstruction, genomic characterisation, and transmission pathways of infective clones is currently low, thus limiting global surveillance and epidemiological monitoring. METHODS We applied whole-genome shotgun sequencing (WGS) to 184 S. aureus isolates from 135 patients treated in different operative units of an Italian paediatric hospital over a timespan of 3 years, including both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) from different infection types. We typed known and unknown clones from their genomes by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec), Staphylococcal protein A gene (spa), and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), and we inferred their whole-genome phylogeny. We explored the prevalence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in our cohort, and the conservation of genes encoding vaccine candidates. We also performed a timed phylogenetic investigation for a potential outbreak of a newly emerging nosocomial clone. RESULTS The phylogeny of the 135 single-patient S. aureus isolates showed a high level of diversity, including 80 different lineages, and co-presence of local, global, livestock-associated, and hypervirulent clones. Five of these clones do not have representative genomes in public databases. Variability in the epidemiology is mirrored by variability in the SCCmec cassettes, with some novel variants of the type IV cassette carrying extra antibiotic resistances. Virulence and resistance genes were unevenly distributed across different clones and infection types, with highly resistant and lowly virulent clones showing strong association with chronic diseases, and highly virulent strains only reported in acute infections. Antigens included in vaccine formulations undergoing clinical trials were conserved at different levels in our cohort, with only a few highly prevalent genes fully conserved, potentially explaining the difficulty of developing a vaccine against S. aureus. We also found a recently diverged ST1-SCCmecIV-t127 PVL- clone suspected to be hospital-specific, but time-resolved integrative phylogenetic analysis refuted this hypothesis and suggested that this quickly emerging lineage was acquired independently by patients. CONCLUSIONS Whole genome sequencing allowed us to study the epidemiology and genomic repertoire of S. aureus in a clinical setting and provided evidence of its often underestimated complexity. Some virulence factors and clones are specific of disease types, but the variability and dispensability of many antigens considered for vaccine development together with the quickly changing epidemiology of S. aureus makes it very challenging to develop full-coverage therapies and vaccines. Expanding WGS-based surveillance of S. aureus to many more hospitals would allow the identification of specific strains representing the main burden of infection and therefore reassessing the efforts for the discovery of new treatments and clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Manara
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pasolli
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Daniela Dolce
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Interdisciplinary Specialist Department, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Novella Ravenni
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Interdisciplinary Specialist Department, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Campana
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Interdisciplinary Specialist Department, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlotta Montagnani
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Venturini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Guido Grandi
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanni Taccetti
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Interdisciplinary Specialist Department, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Segata
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
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285
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Ono HK, Hachiya N, Suzuki Y, Naito I, Hirose S, Asano K, Omoe K, Nakane A, Hu DL. Development of an Immunoassay for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-Like J, A Non-Characterized Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110458. [PMID: 30404173 PMCID: PMC6266802 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are the cause of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. Recently, many new types of SEs and SE-like toxins have been reported, but it has not been proved whether these new toxins cause food poisoning. To develop an immunoassay for detection of SE-like J (SElJ), a non-characterized toxin in SFP, a mutant SElJ with C-terminus deletion (SElJ∆C) was expressed and purified in an E. coli expression system. Anti-SElJ antibody was produced in rabbits immunized with the SElJ∆C. Western blotting and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection systems were established and showed that the antibody specifically recognizes SElJ without cross reaction to other SEs tested. The limit of detection for the sandwich ELISA was 0.078 ng/mL, showing high sensitivity. SElJ production in S. aureus was detected by using the sandwich ELISA and showed that selj-horboring isolates produced a large amount of SElJ in the culture supernatants, especially in that of the strain isolated from a food poisoning outbreak in Japan. These results demonstrate that the immunoassay for detection of SElJ is specific and sensitive and is useful for determining the native SElJ production in S. aureus isolated from food poisoning cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya K Ono
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Nobuaki Hachiya
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan.
| | - Ikunori Naito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Omoe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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286
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Zhu Q, Wen W, Wang W, Sun B. Transcriptional regulation of virulence factors Spa and ClfB by the SpoVG-Rot cascade in Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 309:39-53. [PMID: 30392856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can produce numerous surface proteins involved in the adhesion and internalization of host cells, immune evasion, and inflammation initiation. Among these surface proteins, the microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules contain many crucial cell wall-anchored virulence factors. The Sar-family regulatory protein Rot has been reported to regulate many important extracellular virulence factors at the transcriptional level, including Spa and clumping factor B. SpoVG, a global regulator in S. aureus, is known to control the expression of numerous genes. Here, we demonstrate that SpoVG can positively regulate the transcription of rot by directly binding to its promoter. SpoVG can also positively regulate the transcription of spa and clfB through direct-binding to their promoters and in a Rot-mediated manner. Furthermore, SpoVG can positively modulate the human fibrinogen-binding ability of S. aureus. In addition, phosphorylation of SpoVG by the serine/threonine kinase, Stk1, can positively regulate its binding to the promoters of rot, spa, and clfB. The human cell infection assay showed that the adhesion and internalization abilities were reduced in the spoVG mutant strain in comparison to those in the wild-type strain. Collectively, our data reveal a SpoVG-Rot regulatory cascade and novel molecular mechanisms in the virulence control in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Wanying Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Baolin Sun
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China.
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287
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Pierson JD, Hansmann MA, Davis CC, Forney LJ. The effect of vaginal microbial communities on colonization by Staphylococcus aureus with the gene for toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1): a case-control study. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4919727. [PMID: 29762733 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Menstrual toxic shock syndrome is associated with vaginal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus strains that encode toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tst+). Interestingly, a small proportion of women are colonized by S. aureus tst+ but do not have symptoms of toxic shock syndrome. Here we sought to determine if differences in the species composition of vaginal bacterial communities reflect a differential risk of colonization by S. aureus capable of producing toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). The composition of vaginal communities of women that were or were not colonized with S. aureus tst+ were compared based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiles and sequences of cloned 16S rRNA genes. There were no detectable differences in community composition or species rank abundance between communities of women vaginally colonized with S. aureus tst+ as compared to those that were not. Phylogenetic analysis of cloned 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the predominant members of communities of women colonized with S. aureus tst+ were indistinguishable from those of other healthy women. The data suggest that the numerically dominant members of vaginal communities do not preclude colonization and proliferation of S. aureus tst+ within indigenous microbial communities of the vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Pierson
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies and Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
| | - Melanie A Hansmann
- FemCare Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs, The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Catherine C Davis
- FemCare Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs, The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Larry J Forney
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies and Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
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Study of Virulence Factors in Urease-Positive Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections Clinical Specimens. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.3.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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289
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Muluk NB, Altın F, Cingi C. Role of Superantigens in Allergic Inflammation: Their Relationship to Allergic Rhinitis, Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Asthma, and Atopic Dermatitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018; 32:502-517. [PMID: 30253652 DOI: 10.1177/1945892418801083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our intention was to review all material published to date regarding superantigens (SAgs) and allergy from an otorhinolaryngological viewpoint to understand this association more clearly. METHODS We identified all materials published mentioning both SAg and allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic sinusitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis (AD) that are indexed on PubMed, Google, or the ProQuest Central databases. RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterial pathogen in humans and has the ability to produce enterotoxins with superantigenic features. The inflammatory response in allergy seen in both B cell and T cell may be attributed to SAgs. Sufferers of both allergic asthma with rhinitis and AR alone produce serological evidence of immunoglobulin E formation to SAgs produced by S. aureus. Perennial AR sufferers carry S. aureus more frequently and the presence of the organism within the nasal cavity may exacerbate perennial AR. SAg produced by S. aureus potentially worsens the asthmatic inflammatory response within the airway and may lead to the airways becoming hyperresponsive, as well as possibly activating T cells if asthmatic control is poor. Staphylococcal SAgs potentially increase the risk of developing chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, additionally being a marker for more severe disease. If SAgs bring about chronic inflammatory responses in the nose and sinuses, then T cells excreting interferon-gamma may be a crucial mediator. In allergic dermatitis, S. aureus could be a key player in exacerbation of the condition. Even in younger pediatric patients with allergic dermatitis, allergic hypersensitivity to SAgs is frequent and may be a factor explaining how severe the condition becomes. CONCLUSION Just as SAgs are known to feature in many allergic conditions, they play their part in AR, chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and AD. Further research is required before the relationship between SAgs and allergy can be adequately explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Bayar Muluk
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Fazilet Altın
- 2 ENT Clinics, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cemal Cingi
- 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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290
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Tanaka M, Kamitani S, Kitadokoro K. Staphylococcus aureus lipase: purification, kinetic characterization, crystallization and crystallographic study. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:567-570. [PMID: 30198889 PMCID: PMC6130426 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus lipase (SAL), a triacylglycerol esterase, is an important virulence factor in S. aureus and may be a therapeutic target for infectious diseases caused by S. aureus. For the purposes of anti-SAL drug development using structure-based drug design, X-ray crystallographic analysis of SAL overexpressed in Escherichia coli was performed. The recombinant protein was purified using a three-step protocol involving immobilized metal-affinity chromatography, cation-exchange chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography flowthrough methods, yielding 40 mg of protein per litre of bacterial culture. Crystals were obtained using the sitting-drop vapor-diffusion technique. Diffraction data to 3.0 Å resolution were collected on the BL44XU beamline at SPring-8 at the zinc peak of 1.2842 Å for SAD phasing. The crystals belonged to space group P4122 or P4322, with unit-cell parameters a = 131.0, b = 131.0, c = 250.6 Å, and are likely to contain four SAL molecules (408 residues) per asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Tanaka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashigami-cho, 5 Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kamitani
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, College of Health and Human Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Osaka 583-8555, Japan
| | - Kengo Kitadokoro
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashigami-cho, 5 Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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291
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Basinger JM, Fiester SE, Fulcher JW. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Parotitis Leading to Mortality in an Adolescent Male. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2018; 39:257-260. [DOI: 10.1097/paf.0000000000000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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292
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Mekonnen SA, Lam TJGM, Hoekstra J, Rutten VPMG, Tessema TS, Broens EM, Riesebos AE, Spaninks MP, Koop G. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk samples of dairy cows in small holder farms of North-Western Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:246. [PMID: 30139356 PMCID: PMC6107951 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a contagious, opportunistic pathogen that causes clinical or subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The genetic background and antimicrobial resistance of isolates from Ethiopian dairy farms has not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize S. aureus from Ethiopian hand milked dairy cows, by spa, MLST and virulence factor typing, and by assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 79 S. aureus isolates from intramammary infections was studied. A PCR was used to detect lukM-lukF’ and pvl genes encoding the bovine and human associated bi-component leukocidins, and the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene-1 (tst). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the broth microdilution method. Results Twenty different spa types were identified, most isolates were t042 (58%), and the closely related t15786 (11%). The proportion of isolates positive for lukM-lukF’, tst and pvl was low at 0.04, 0.10 and 0.09 respectively, with lukM-lukF’ often co-occurring with tst, but not with pvl. Methicillin-resistance was not found, but resistance to penicillin/ampicillin (86%) and tetracycline (54%) was very common. Conclusions We found a high degree of relatedness among bovine S. aureus isolates in North-Western Ethiopia, suggesting contagious within and between farm transmission of strains that are often resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. This highlights the need for effective preventive measures that aim at limiting transmission of bacteria rather than using antimicrobials to control S. aureus mastitis in Ethiopia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1558-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mekonnen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - T J G M Lam
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - J Hoekstra
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - T S Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - E M Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A E Riesebos
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M P Spaninks
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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293
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Smith IDM, Milto KM, Doherty CJ, Amyes SGB, Simpson AHRW, Hall AC. A potential key role for alpha-haemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus in mediating chondrocyte death in septic arthritis. Bone Joint Res 2018; 7:457-467. [PMID: 30123495 PMCID: PMC6076354 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.77.bjr-2017-0165.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most commonly implicated organism in septic arthritis, a condition that may be highly destructive to articular cartilage. Previous studies investigating laboratory and clinical strains of S. aureus have demonstrated that potent toxins induced significant chondrocyte death, although the precise toxin or toxins that were involved was unknown. In this study, we used isogenic S. aureus mutants to assess the influence of alpha (Hla)-, beta (Hlb)-, and gamma (Hlg)-haemolysins, toxins considered important for the destruction of host tissue, on in situ bovine chondrocyte viability. Methods Bovine cartilage explants were cultured with isogenic S. aureus mutants and/or their culture supernatants. Chondrocyte viability was then assessed within defined regions of interest in the axial and coronal plane following live- and dead-cell imaging using the fluorescent probes 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide, respectively, and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Results Hla-producing mutants caused substantial chondrocyte death compared with the toxin-deficient control (Hla-Hlb-Hlg-), whilst mutants producing Hlb and Hlg in the absence of Hla induced minimal chondrocyte death. Coronal studies established that Hla-induced chondrocyte death started in the superficial zone of cartilage and spread to deeper layers, whereas Hlb and Hlg toxins were without significant effect. Conclusion This study identified Hla as a highly potent S. aureus toxin that caused rapid chondrocyte death in bovine cartilage, with other toxins or metabolic products produced by the bacteria playing a minor role. The identification of Hla in mediating chondrocyte death may assist in the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the extent of cartilage damage during and after an episode of septic arthritis. Cite this article: I. D. M. Smith, K. M. Milto, C. J. Doherty, S. G. B. Amyes, A. H. R. W. Simpson, A. C. Hall. A potential key role for alpha-haemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus in mediating chondrocyte death in septic arthritis. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:457–467. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.77.BJR-2017-0165.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D M Smith
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - K M Milto
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C J Doherty
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S G B Amyes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A H R W Simpson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A C Hall
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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294
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Chen Y, Hammer EE, Richards VP. Phylogenetic signature of lateral exchange of genes for antibiotic production and resistance among bacteria highlights a pattern of global transmission of pathogens between humans and livestock. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 125:255-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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295
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Antibacterial Effects of Phage Lysin LysGH15 on Planktonic Cells and Biofilms of Diverse Staphylococci. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00886-18. [PMID: 29776929 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00886-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of infections caused by staphylococci has become more difficult because of the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains as well as biofilm formation. In this study, we observed the ability of the phage lysin LysGH15 to eliminate staphylococcal planktonic cells and biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus hominis All these strains were sensitive to LysGH15, showing reductions in bacterial counts of approximately 4 log units within 30 min after treatment with 20 μg/ml of LysGH15, and the MICs ranged from 8 μg/ml to 32 μg/ml. LysGH15 efficiently prevented biofilm formation by the four staphylococcal species at a dose of 50 μg/ml. At a higher dose (100 μg/ml), LysGH15 also showed notable disrupting activity against 24-h and 72-h biofilms formed by S. aureus and coagulase-negative species. In the in vivo experiments, a single intraperitoneal injection of LysGH15 (20 μg/mouse) administered 1 h after the injection of S. epidermidis at double the minimum lethal dose was sufficient to protect the mice. The S. epidermidis cell counts were 4 log units lower in the blood and 3 log units lower in the organs of mice 24 h after treatment with LysGH15 than in the untreated control mice. LysGH15 reduced cytokine levels in the blood and improved pathological changes in the organs. The broad antistaphylococcal activity exerted by LysGH15 on planktonic cells and biofilms makes LysGH15 a valuable treatment option for biofilm-related or non-biofilm-related staphylococcal infections.IMPORTANCE Most staphylococcal species are major causes of health care- and community-associated infections. In particular, Staphylococcus aureus is a common and dangerous pathogen, and Staphylococcus epidermidis is a ubiquitous skin commensal and opportunistic pathogen. Treatment of infections caused by staphylococci has become more difficult because of the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains as well as biofilm formation. In this study, we found that all tested S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus hominis strains were sensitive to the phage lysin LysGH15 (MICs ranging from 8 to 32 μg/ml). More importantly, LysGH15 not only prevented biofilm formation by these staphylococci but also disrupted 24-h and 72-h biofilms. Furthermore, the in vivo efficacy of LysGH15 was demonstrated in a mouse model of S. epidermidis bacteremia. Thus, LysGH15 exhibits therapeutic potential for treating biofilm-related or non-biofilm-related infections caused by diverse staphylococci.
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Hashem AM, Gamal AA, Mansour NM, Salama BM, Hassanein NM, Awad GE, Esawy MA. Optimization of Enterococcus faecalis Esawy KR758759 dextransucrase and evaluation of some dextran bioactivities. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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297
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Studying of Molecular Characterization and Genotyping of Food Poisoning Staphylococcus aureus: Isolated from Raw Milk and Milk Products in Iraq. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.2.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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298
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Staphylococcus aureus Toxins and Their Molecular Activity in Infectious Diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060252. [PMID: 29921792 PMCID: PMC6024779 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism resident in the skin and nasal membranes with a dreadful pathogenic potential to cause a variety of community and hospital-acquired infections. The frequency of these infections is increasing and their treatment is becoming more difficult. The ability of S. aureus to form biofilms and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains are the main reasons determining the challenge in dealing with these infections. S. aureus' infectious capacity and its success as a pathogen is related to the expression of virulence factors, among which the production of a wide variety of toxins is highlighted. For this reason, a better understanding of S. aureus toxins is needed to enable the development of new strategies to reduce their production and consequently improve therapeutic approaches. This review focuses on understanding the toxin-based pathogenesis of S. aureus and their role on infectious diseases.
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299
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Jahanshahi A, Zeighami H, Haghi F. Molecular Characterization of Methicillin and Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Hospitalized Patients. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1529-1536. [PMID: 29883257 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Nosocomial infections caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and emergence of vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA) have led to great concern in healthcare settings worldwide. Methods: A total of 100 S. aureus clinical isolates from hospitalized patients were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of resistance (mecA, vanA, and vanB) and virulence (hlaA, fnbpA, cna, clfA, tsst-1, eta, and spa) encoding genes, and molecular typing based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of spa gene. Results: All isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics, with the most frequent resistance found against amoxicillin (69%). A total of 46 isolates were MRSA, and 40% of isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Of all S. aureus isolates, two isolates were confirmed as VRSA and four isolates confirmed as vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (VISA). The frequency of clfA, cna, tsst-1, and eta genes among MRSA isolates was significantly higher than methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). The significant correlation between MDR isolates and the carriage of multiple virulence genes was seen. All MDR isolates carried at least four virulence genes. Furthermore, biofilm formation in MRSA isolates was significantly higher than MSSA. The spa gene PCR products generated 4 major and 10 minor types. After digestion of spa amplicons with HindIII restriction enzyme, 10 different patterns ranging 174-938 bp were detected. S2b and S2a subtypes were detected frequently in MRSA isolates. Conclusions: It seems that the appropriate surveillance and control measures are essential to prevent the emergence and transmission of MRSA and VRSA strains in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidin Jahanshahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Habib Zeighami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Fakhri Haghi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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300
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Wang X, Liu Q, Zhang H, Li X, Huang W, Fu Q, Li M. Molecular Characteristics of Community-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Isolates From Pediatric Patients With Bloodstream Infections Between 2012 and 2017 in Shanghai, China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1211. [PMID: 29928269 PMCID: PMC5997952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is known as an invasive human pathogen, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, information on community-associated S. aureus (CA-SA) from bloodstream infections (BSI) in children in China remains scarce. This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics of 78 CA-SA isolates recovered from pediatric patients with BSI between 2012 and 2017 in Shanghai. All isolates including 51 (65.4%) methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 27 (34.6%) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were characterized based on antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa, and SCCmec typing. A total of 18 distinct sequence types (STs) and 44 spa types were identified. ST188 and ST7 were the predominant MSSA clones and ST59-MRSA-SCCmecIV/V was the most common MRSA clone. Spa t189 (9.0%, 7/78) was the most common spa type. SCCmec types IV and V were observed at frequencies of 59.3 and 40.7%, respectively. Notably, 40 (51.3%) S. aureus BSI strains were multidrug resistant (MDR), and these were mostly resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. MRSA strains were associated with substantially higher rates of resistance to multiple antibiotics than MSSA strains. Fifty (64.1%, 50/78) isolates, including 19 (70.3%) MRSA isolates, harbored ≥ 10 tested virulence genes, as evaluated in this study. Ten (37.0%) MRSA isolates and four (7.8%) MSSA isolates harbored the gene encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). Virulence genes analysis showed diversity in different clones; the seb-sek-seq genes were present in all ST59 strains, whereas the seg-sei-sem-sen-seo genes were present in different clones including ST5, ST20, ST22, ST25, ST26, ST30, ST121, and ST487 strains. In conclusion, this study revealed that community-associated S. aureus strains from BSI in children demonstrated considerable genetic diversity, and identified major genotypes of CA-MRSA and CA-MSSA, with a high prevalence of CA-MRSA. Furthermore, major genotypes were frequently associated with specific antimicrobial resistance and toxin gene profiles. Understanding the molecular characteristics of those strains might provide further insights regarding the spread of BSI S. aureus among children between communities in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Weichun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihua Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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