EMT Transition States during Tumor Progression and Metastasis

Prognostic significance of TNFRSF4 expression and development of a pathomics model to predict expression in hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

TNFRSF4 plays a significant role in cancer progression, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aims to investigate the prognostic value of TNFRSF4 expression in patients with HCC and to develop a predictive pathomics model for its expression.

Methods

A cohort of patients with HCC retrieved from the TCGA database was analyzed using RNA-seq analysis to determine TNFRSF4 expression and its impact on overall survival (OS). Additionally, hematoxylin-eosin staining analysis was performed to construct a pathomics model for predicting TNFRSF4 expression. Then, pathway enrichment analysis was conducted, immune checkpoint markers were investigated, and immune cell infiltration was examined to explore the underlying biological mechanism of the pathomics score.

Results

TNFRSF4 expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues than in normal tissues. TNFRSF4 expression also exhibited significant correlations with various clinical variables, including pathologic stage III/IV and R1/R2/RX residual tumor. Furthermore, elevated TNFRSF4 expression was associated with unfavorable OS. Interestingly, in the subgroup analysis, elevated TNFRSF4 expression was identified as a significant risk factor for OS in male patients. The newly developed pathomics model successfully predicted TNFRSF4 expression with good performance and revealed a significant association between high pathomics scores and worse OS. In male patients, high pathomics scores were also associated with a higher risk of mortality. Moreover, pathomics scores were also involved in specific hallmarks, immune-related characteristics, and apoptosis-related genes in HCC, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Tregs, and BAX expression.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that TNFRSF4 expression and the newly devised pathomics scores hold potential as prognostic markers for OS in patients with HCC. Additionally, gender influenced the association between these markers and patient outcomes.

Protein interactome analysis of ATP1B1 in alveolar epithelial cells using Co-Immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry and parallel reaction monitoring assay

Aims

Alveolar epithelial barrier integrity is essential for lung homeostasis. Na, K-ATPase β1 subunit (ATP1B1) involves alveolar edema fluid clearance and alveolar epithelial barrier stability. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of ATP1B1 in alveolar epithelial cells still needs to be understood.

Main methods

We utilized Co-Immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry proteomic analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, enrichment analysis, and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to investigate proteins interacting with ATP1B1 in A549 cells.

Key findings

A total of 159 proteins were identified as significant proteins interacting with ATP1B1 in A549 cells. Ribosomal and heat shock proteins were major constituents of the two main functional modules based on the PPI network. Enrichment analysis showed that significant proteins were involved in protein translation, posttranslational processing, and function regulation. Moreover, 10 proteins of interest were verified by PRM, and fold changes in 6 proteins were consistent with proteomics results. Finally, HSP90AB1, EIF4A1, TUBB4B, HSPA8, STAT1, and PLEC were considered candidates for binding to ATP1B1 to function in alveolar epithelial cells.

Significance

Our study provides new insights into the role of ATP1B1 in alveolar epithelial cells and indicates that six proteins, in particular HSP90AB1, may be key proteins interacting with and regulating ATP1B1, which might be potential targets for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Comprehensive Immunohistochemical Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Biomarkers in the Invasive Micropapillary Cancer of the Breast

Background: Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the breast is commonly associated with a poor prognosis due to its high incidence of lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis (LNM). Our study is aimed at investigating the prognostic significance of the expressions of E-cadherin (E-cad), N-cadherin (N-cad), CD44s, and β-catenin (β-cat). In addition, it is aimed at deciphering the consistency of these markers between the IMPC, the invasive breast carcinoma, no-special type (IBC-NST), and LNM components in the same IMPC cases. Methods: Sixty-two IMPC cases with LNM from 1996 to 2018 were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining was performed separately on the three regions for each patient. Statistical analyses included Kaplan-Meier, Cox regression, and McNemar's statistical tests. Results: Loss of CD44 expression in IMPC, IBC-NST, and LNM areas was associated with poor prognosis in overall survival (OS) (p = 0.010, p < 0.0005, p = 0.025). Loss of CD44 expression in the IBC-NST, gain of N-cad expression in the IMPC, and loss of β-cat expression in the LNM areas were indicators of poor prognosis in disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.005, p = 0.041, p = 0.009). Conclusion: Our evaluation of this rare subtype, focusing on the expression of key epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) molecules, revealed that it shares characteristics with the IBC-NST component within mixed tumors. Notably, contrary to expectations, a reduction in CD44 expression was found to adversely affect both OS and DFS. By conducting staining procedures simultaneously across three regions within the same patient, a novel approach has provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of EMT.

Hawthorn with "homology of medicine and food": a review of anticancer effects and mechanisms

Over the past few years, there has been a gradual increase in the incidence of cancer, affecting individuals at younger ages. With its refractory nature and substantial fatality rate, cancer presents a notable peril to human existence and wellbeing. Hawthorn, a medicinal food homology plant belonging to the Crataegus genus in the Rosaceae family, holds great value in various applications. Due to its long history of medicinal use, notable effects, and high safety profile, hawthorn has garnered considerable attention and plays a crucial role in cancer treatment. Through the integration of modern network pharmacology technology and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), a range of anticancer active ingredients in hawthorn have been predicted, identified, and analyzed. Studies have shown that ingredients such as vitexin, isoorientin, ursolic acid, and maslinic acid, along with hawthorn extracts, can effectively modulate cancer-related signaling pathways and manifest anticancer properties via diverse mechanisms. This review employs network pharmacology to excavate the potential anticancer properties of hawthorn. By systematically integrating literature across databases such as PubMed and CNKI, the review explores the bioactive ingredients with anticancer effects, underlying mechanisms and pathways, the synergistic effects of drug combinations, advancements in novel drug delivery systems, and ongoing clinical trials concerning hawthorn's anticancer properties. Furthermore, the review highlights the preventive health benefits of hawthorn in cancer prevention, offering valuable insights for clinical cancer treatment and the development of TCM with anticancer properties that can be used for both medicinal and edible purposes.

SULF1 regulates malignant progression of colorectal cancer by modulating ARSH via FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the third highest incidence and second mortality rate of malignant tumors globally, highlighting the urgency to explore the mechanisms underlying CRC progression for refined treatment of this patient population.

METHODS

R Studio was used for data sorting and analysis. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle detection were performed by flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to explore mRNA expression levels. Western blotting was used to explore protein expression levels. CCK8, EdU, and colony formation assays were performed to explore the proliferation capacity of CRC cells. Transwell invasion and migration assays, along with the wound healing assay, were used to explore the invasive and migratory abilities of CRC cells. Subcutaneous Xenograft Assay was utilized to evaluate the tumorigenic capacity of CRC cells in vivo.

RESULTS

SULF1 was highly expressed in CRC samples and cell lines. The knockdown of SULF1 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CRC and increased the rate of cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that SULF1 could negatively regulate ARSH through the FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated that SULF1 could promote CRC progression by regulating ARSH. The SULF1/ARSH/FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway represents a promising target for the treatment of this patient population. Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the third highest incidence and second mortality rate of malignant tumors globally. Sulfatase 1 (SULF1) belongs to the sulfatase family, The function of SULF1 in CRC remains elusive. Our study demonstrated that the knockdown of SULF1 could inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CRC. Meanwhile, our findings indicated that SULF1 could interact with Arylsulfatase Family Member H (ARSH) to regulate the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CRC via the FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings suggest that SULF1 might be a new therapeutic target in CRC.

Biological role and expression of translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) in tumorigenesis and development and its potential for targeted tumor therapy

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), also known as histamine-releasing factor (HRF) or fortilin, is a highly conserved protein found in various species. To date, multiple studies have demonstrated the crucial role of TCTP in a wide range of cellular pathophysiological processes, including cell proliferation and survival, cell cycle regulation, cell death, as well as cell migration and movement, all of which are major pathogenic mechanisms of tumorigenesis and development. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the functional role of TCTP in tumor initiation and progression, with a particular focus on cell proliferation, cell death, and cell migration. It will highlight the expression and pathological implications of TCTP in various tumor types, summarizing the current prevailing therapeutic strategies that target TCTP.

N6-methyladenosine modification and post-translational modification of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Traditionally, colorectal cancer has been recognized as a disease caused by genetic mutations. However, recent studies have revealed the significant role of epigenetic alterations in the progression of colorectal cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a critical step in cancer cell metastasis, has been found to be closely associated with the tumor microenvironment and immune factors, thereby playing a crucial role in many kinds of biological behaviors of cancers. In this review, we explored the impact of N6-methyladenosine and post-translational modifications (like methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, glycosylation, etc.) on the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer and the epigenetic regulation for the transcription factors and pathways correlated to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, we emphasized that the complex regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by epigenetics can provide new strategies for overcoming drug resistance and improving treatment outcomes. This review aims to provide important scientific evidence for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer based on epigenetic modifications.

Alpha-6 integrin deletion delays the formation of Brca1/p53-deficient basal-like breast tumors by restricting luminal progenitor cell expansion

BACKGROUND

The aberrant amplification of mammary luminal progenitors is at the origin of basal-like breast cancers associated with BRCA1 mutations. Integrins mediate cell-matrix adhesion and transmit mechanical and chemical signals that drive epithelial stem cell functions and regulate tumor progression, metastatic reactivation, and resistance to targeted therapies. Consistently, we have recently shown that laminin-binding integrins are essential for the expansion and differentiation of mammary luminal progenitors in physiological conditions. As over-expression of the laminin-binding α6 integrin (Itgα6) is associated with poor prognosis and reduced survival in breast cancer, we here investigate the role of Itgα6 in mammary tumorigenesis.

METHODS

We used Blg-Cre; Brca1F/F; Trp53F/F mice, a model that phenocopies human basal-like breast cancer with BRCA1 mutations. We generated mutant mice proficient or deficient in Itgα6 expression and followed tumor formation. Mammary tumors and pretumoral tissues were characterized by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, Western blotting and organoid cultures. Clonogenicity of luminal progenitors from preneoplastic glands was studied in 3D Matrigel cultures.

RESULTS

We show that Itga6 deletion favors activation of p16 cell cycle inhibitor in the preneoplastic tissue. Subsequently, the amplification of luminal progenitors, the cell of origin of Brca1-deficient tumors, is restrained in Itgα6-deficient gland. In addition, the partial EMT program operating in Brca1/p53-deficient epithelium is attenuated in the absence of Itgα6. As a consequence of these events, mammary tumor formation is delayed in Itgα6-deficient mice. After tumor formation, the lack of Itgα6 does not affect tumor growth but rather alters their differentiation, resulting in reduced expression of basal cell markers.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data indicate that Itgα6 has a pro-tumorigenic role in Blg-Cre; Brca1F/F; Trp53F/F mice developing basal-like mammary tumors. In particular, we reveal that Itgα6 is required for the luminal progenitor expansion and the aberrant partial EMT program that precedes the formation of BRCA1 deficient tumors.

ACSS2 enables melanoma cell survival and tumor metastasis by negatively regulating the Hippo pathway

Introduction

Acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2), one of the enzymes that catalyze the conversion of acetate to acetyl-CoA, has been proved to be an oncogene in various cancers. However, the function of ACSS2 is still largely a black box in melanoma.

Methods

The ACSS2 expression was detected in melanoma cells and melanocytes at both protein and mRNA levels. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion were investigated after ACSS2 knockdown. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology was employed to identify differentially expressed genes caused by ACSS2 knockdown, which were then verified by immunoblotting analysis. Animal experiments were further performed to investigate the influence of ACSS2 on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.

Results

Firstly, we found that ACSS2 was upregulated in most melanoma cell lines compared with melanocytes. In addition, ACSS2 knockdown dramatically suppressed melanoma cell migration and invasion, whereas promoted cell apoptosis in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Furthermore, tumor growth and metastasis were dramatically suppressed by ACSS2 knockdown in vivo. RNA-Seq suggested that the Hippo pathway was activated by ACSS2 knockdown, which was forwardly confirmed by Western blotting and rescue experiments. Taken together, we demonstrated that ACSS2 enables melanoma cell survival and tumor metastasis via the regulation of the Hippo pathway.

Discussion

In summary, this study demonstrated that ACSS2 may promote the growth and metastasis of melanoma by negatively regulating the Hippo pathway. Targeting ACSS2 may be a promising target for melanoma treatment.

LncRNA PVT1 facilitates the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer by sponging with miR-3619-5p to regulate TRIM29 expression

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is involved in many malignant tumors. This study aimed to clarify the role of the lncRNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) in CRC growth and metastasis.

METHODS

Differentially expressed lncRNAs in CRC were analyzed using the Cancer Genome Atlas. Gene expression profiling interactive analysis and a comprehensive resource for lncRNAs from cancer arrays databases were used to analyze lncRNA PVT1 expression and CRC prognosis, respectively. Cell counting kit-8, wound healing, colony formation, Transwell, and immunofluorescence assays were used to evaluate CRC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), respectively. Tumor growth and metastasis models were used to explore the PVT1 effect on the growth and metastasis of CRC in vivo.

RESULTS

PVT1 was highly expressed in CRC, associated with a poor prognosis of CRC, and showed good diagnostic value. Transfection of sh-PVT1 or pcDNA3.1-PVT1 reduced or increased the proliferation, wound healing rate, colony formation, invasion, and EMT of CRC cells. PVT1 and miR-3619-5p were co-expressed in CRC cytoplasm, and PVT1 acted as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miR-3619-5p to up-regulate tripartite motif containing 29 (TRIM29) expression. MiR-3619-5p overexpression and TRIM29 knockdown reduced proliferation, wound healing rate, invasion, and EMT of CRC cells. However, simultaneous PVT1 and miR-3619-5p overexpression or knockdown of miR-3619-5p and TRIM29 knockdown rescued the malignant phenotype of CRC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

We first clarified the ceRNA mechanism of PVT1 in CRC, which induced growth and metastasis by sponging with miR-3619-5p to regulate TRIM29.

LINC01806 Promotes Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis via Sponging miR-1286 to Disinhibit ZEB1 Expression

Breast cancer (BC) is the most abundant and aggressive cancer that impacts millions of women with poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we aimed to investigate the function of LINC01806 in BC development. Human BC tissues and nearby normal specimens were taken from diagnosed BC patients. The expression levels of LINC01806, miR-1286, ZEB1, and EMT-related markers were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting. FISH was used to visualize the subcellular localization of LINC01806. The viability, proliferation, migration and invasion capacities of BC cells were assessed by MTT, colony formation, and transwell assays. Interactions among LINC01806, miR-1286 and ZEB1 were validated by dual luciferase assay. The unpaired Student t-test (for two groups) or one-way ANOVA following with Tukey post-hoc test (for more than three groups) was employed for statistical analysis. LINC01806 level was elevated in BC tissues. Knockdown of LINC01806 suppressed EMT process and BC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. LINC01806 co-localized and directly bound with miR-1286 in the cytoplasm. MiR-1286 inhibitor blocked the effects of LINC01806 knockdown on BC cell EMT, proliferation and migration. MiR-1286 targeted ZEB1 and overexpression of ZEB1 blocked the regulatory functions of miR-1286 mimics in BC. LINC01806 facilitates EMT and accelerates BC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via acting as miR-1286 sponge to disinhibit ZEB1 expression.

Wnt/β-catenin signalling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and crosslink signalling in colorectal cancer cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC), with its significant incidence and metastatic rates, profoundly affects human health. A common oncogenic event in CRC is the aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, which drives both the initiation and progression of the disease. Persistent Wnt/β-catenin signalling facilitates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which accelerates CRC invasion and metastasis. This review provides a summary of recent molecular studies on the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling axis in regulating EMT in CRC cells, which triggers metastatic pathogenesis. We present a comprehensive examination of the EMT process and its transcriptional controllers, with an emphasis on the crucial functions of β-catenin, EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs). We also review recent evidences showing that hyperactive Wnt/β-catenin signalling triggers EMT and metastatic phenotypes in CRC via "Destruction complex" of β-catenin mechanisms. Potential therapeutic and challenges approache to suppress EMT and prevent CRC cells metastasis by targeting Wnt/β-catenin signalling are also discussed. These include direct β-catenin inhibitors and novel targets of the Wnt pathway, and finally highlight novel potential combinational treatment options based on the inhibition of the Wnt pathway.

Exosomal lncRNA LINC02191 Promotes Laryngeal Squamous cell Carcinoma Progression by Targeting miR-204-5p/RAB22A Axis and Regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

Recent research has explored the potential use of serum-derived biomarkers in cancer screening, and mounting evidence has illustrated the pivotal roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) progression. LINC02191 is a newly identified lncRNA and no studies have investigated its role in malignant tumors. This study aims to explore the functions and mechanisms of lncRNA LINC02191 in LSCC. LINC02191 was knocked down in LSCC cells using shRNAs for loss-of-function experiments. RT-qPCR revealed that LINC02191 was upregulated in LSCC patients' serum exosomes, tissues and cells. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were implemented for detecting molecular protein and RNA levels. Colony formation, CCK-8, wound healing and Transwell assays were employed for examining LSCC cell malignant behaviors in vitro. A tumor-bearing mouse model (n = 4/group) was established for examining LINC02191 role in vivo. The results showed that LINC02191 silencing hindered LSCC cell proliferation, invasiveness, migration as well as EMT in vitro and impeded tumorigenesis in xenograft mouse model. Luciferase reporter assay was utilized for verifying the interaction between LINC02191, miR-204-5p and RAB22A. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to evaluate their expression correlation in LSCC tissue specimens (N = 30). Mechanistically, LINC02191 upregulated RAB22A by binding to miR-204-5p, and knocking down LINC02191 inhibited PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling transduction in LSCC cells and tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, RAB22A overexpression reversed LINC02191 depletion-triggered suppression of LSCC cell aggressiveness and inactivation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. In conclusion, LINC02191 aggravates LSCC by targeting miR-204-5p/RAB22A/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which indicates that LINC02191 may serve as a promising target for LSCC treatment.

The implication of ciliary signaling pathways for epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which plays an essential role in development, tissue repair and fibrosis, and cancer progression, is a reversible cellular program that converts epithelial cells to mesenchymal cell states characterized by motility-invasive properties. The mostly signaling pathways that initiated and controlled the EMT program are regulated by a solitary, non-motile organelle named primary cilium. Acting as a signaling nexus, primary cilium dynamically concentrates signaling molecules to respond to extracellular cues. Recent research has provided direct evidence of connection between EMT and primary ciliogenesis in multiple contexts, but the mechanistic understanding of this relationship is complicated and still undergoing. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about the ciliary signaling pathways involved in EMT and list the direct evidence that shows the link between them, trying to figure out the intricate relationship between EMT and primary ciliogenesis, which may aid the future development of primary cilium as a novel therapeutic approach targeted to EMT.

Cervical cancer cell-derived Tie1 expression via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway promotes tumor progression

BACKGROUND

Tie1 orphan receptor has become a focus of research, Tie1 can form a polymer with Tie2, regulate the Ang/Tie2 pathway and play a vital role in pathological angiogenesis and tumor progression, the function of Tie1 has remained uncertain in the progression of cervical cancer (CC). Here, we investigated the functional influences of Tie1 overexpress on CC in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

We used Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis to detect the relative expression of Tie1 in CC, and we analyzed its connection with the overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS)of CC patients. To prove the role of Tie1 in cell proliferation and metastatic, Tie1 expression in CC cell lines was upregulated by lentivirus.

RESULTS

The high expression of Tie1 in tumor cells of cervical cancer tissues is significantly correlated with FIGO stage, differentiated tumors, tumors with diameters, deep stromal invasion. We found that cell progression was promoted in Tie1-overexpress CC cell lines in vivo and in vitro. Tie1 potentially exerts a commanding influence on the expression of markers associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research indicates that Tie1 is highly connected to CC progression as it may play a role in the EMT process through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Scutellarin Alleviates Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Remodeling in Mice and TGF-β-Induced Pro-fibrotic Phenotype in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells via MAPK and Smad2/3 Signaling Pathways

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation, and remodeling. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential player in these alterations. Scutellarin is isolated from Erigeron breviscapus. Its vascular relaxative, myocardial protective, and anti-inflammatory effects have been well established. This study was designed to detect the biological roles of scutellarin in asthma and its related mechanisms. The asthma-like conditions were induced by ovalbumin challenges. The airway resistance and dynamic compliance were recorded as the results of AHR. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and processed for differential cell counting. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, and Masson staining were conducted to examine histopathological changes. The levels of asthma-related cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For in vitro analysis, the 16HBE cells were stimulated with 10 ng/mL transforming growth beta-1 (TGF-β1). Cell migration was estimated by Transwell assays and wound healing assays. E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were analyzed by western blotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining, and immunohistochemistry staining. The underlying mechanisms of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Smad pathways were investigated by western blotting. In an ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mouse model, scutellarin suppressed inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration into the lungs and attenuated AHR and airway remodeling. Additionally, scutellarin inhibited airway EMT (upregulated E-cadherin level and downregulated N-cadherin and α-SMA) in ovalbumin-challenged asthmatic mice. For in vitro analysis, scutellarin prevented the TGF-β1-induced migration and EMT in 16HBE cells. Mechanistically, scutellarin inhibits the phosphorylation of Smad2, Smad3, ERK, JNK, and p38 in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, scutellarin can inactivate the Smad/MAPK pathways to suppress the TGF-β1-stimulated epithelial fibrosis and EMT and relieve airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma. This study provides a potential therapeutic strategy for asthma.

Pterostilbene suppresses gastric cancer proliferation and metastasis by inhibiting oncogenic JAK2/STAT3 signaling: In vitro and in vivo therapeutic intervention

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) represents a significant health burden with dire prognostic implications upon metastasis and recurrence. Pterostilbene (PTE) has been proven to have a strong ability to inhibit proliferation and metastasis in other cancers, while whether PTE exhibits anti-GC activity and its potential mechanism remain unclear.

PURPOSE

To explore the efficacy and potential mechanism of PTE in treating GC.

METHODS

We employed a comprehensive set of assays, including CCK-8, EdU staining, colony formation, flow cytometry, cell migration, and invasion assays, to detect the effect of PTE on the biological function of GC cells in vitro. The xenograft tumor model was established to evaluate the in vivo anti-GC activity of PTE. Network pharmacology was employed to predict PTE's potential targets and pathways within GC. Subsequently, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry were utilized to analyze protein levels related to the cell cycle, EMT, and the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

RESULTS

Our study demonstrated strong inhibitory effects of PTE on GC cells both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, PTE significantly induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and S phases and suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells. In vivo, PTE led to a dose-dependent reduction in tumor volume and weight. Importantly, PTE exhibited notable safety, leaving mouse weight, liver function, and kidney function unaffected. The involvement of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in PTE's anti-GC effect was predicted utilizing network pharmacology. PTE suppressed JAK2 kinase activity by binding to the JH1 kinase structural domain and inhibited the downstream STAT3 signaling pathway. Western blotting confirmed PTE's inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and EMT-associated protein levels. The anti-GC effect was partially reversed upon STAT3 activation, validating the pivotal role of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in PTE's activity.

CONCLUSION

Our investigation validates the potent inhibitory effects of PTE on the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells. Importantly, we present novel evidence implicating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway as the key mechanism through which PTE exerts its anti-GC activity. These findings not only establish the basis for considering PTE as a promising lead compound for GC therapeutics but also contribute significantly to our comprehension of the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying its exceptional anti-cancer properties.

Emerging roles of long noncoding RNA H19 in human lung cancer

Lung cancer holds the position of being the primary cause of cancer-related fatalities on a global scale. Furthermore, it exhibits the highest mortality rate among all types of cancer. The survival rate within a span of 5 years is less than 20%, primarily due to the fact that the disease is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, resulting in less effective treatment options compared to earlier stages. There are two main types of primary lung cancer: nonsmall-cell lung cancer, which accounts for approximately 80%-85% of all cases, and small-cell lung cancer, which is categorized based on the specific type of cells in which the cancer originates. The understanding of the biology of this disease and the identification of oncogenic driver alterations have significantly transformed the landscape of therapeutic approaches. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating various physiological and pathological processes through diverse molecular mechanisms. Among these lncRNAs, lncRNA H19, initially identified as an oncofetal transcript, has garnered significant attention due to its elevated expression in numerous tumors. Extensive research has confirmed its involvement in tumorigenesis and malignant progression by promoting cell growth, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and therapy resistance. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the aberrant overexpression of lncRNA H19 and the molecular pathways through which it contributes to the advancement of lung cancer. The findings of this review highlight the potential for further investigation into the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, offering promising avenues for future research.

FOXS1 acts as an oncogene and induces EMT through FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway by upregulating HILPDA in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a widespread global health concern characterized by elevated rates of occurrence, and there is a need for novel therapeutic targets to enhance patient outcomes. FOXS1 is closely linked to different cancers, but its function in PCa is still unknown. The expression of FOXS1, its prognostic role, clinical significance in PCa, and the potential mechanism by which FOXS1 affects PCa progression were investigated through bioinformatics analysis utilizing public data. The levels of FOXS1 and HILPDA were evaluated in clinical PCa samples using various methods, such as western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and qRT-PCR. To examine the function and molecular mechanisms of FOXS1 in PCa, a combination of experimental techniques including CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, wound-healing assay, Transwell assay, and Co-IP assay were employed. The FOXS1 expression levels were significantly raised in PCa, correlating strongly with tumor aggressiveness and an unfavorable prognosis. Regulating FOXS1 expression, whether upregulating or downregulating it, correspondingly enhanced or inhibited the growth, migration, and invasion capabilities of PCa cells. Mechanistically, we detected a direct interaction between FOXS1 and HILPDA, resulting in the pathway activation of FAK/PI3K/AKT and facilitation EMT in PCa cells. FOXS1 collaborates with HILPDA to initiate EMT, thereby facilitating the PCa progression through the FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway activation.

CILP2 is a potential biomarker for the prediction and therapeutic target of peritoneal metastases in colorectal cancer

Peritoneal metastases (PM) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with a dismal prognosis. Identifying and exploiting new biomarkers, signatures, and molecular targets for personalised interventions in the treatment of PM in CRC is imperative. We conducted transcriptomic profiling using RNA-seq data generated from the primary tissues of 19 CRC patients with PM. Using our dataset established in a previous study, we identified 1422 differentially expressed genes compared to non-metastatic CRC. The profiling demonstrated no differential expression in liver and lung metastatic CRC. We selected 12 genes based on stringent criteria and evaluated their expression patterns in a validation cohort of 32 PM patients and 84 without PM using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We selected cartilage intermediate layer protein 2 (CILP2) because of high mRNA expression in PM patients in our validation cohort and its association with a poor prognosis in The Cancer Genome Atlas. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis in our validation cohort demonstrated that CRC patients with high CILP2 expression had significantly poor survival outcomes. Knockdown of CILP2 significantly reduced the proliferation, colony-forming ability, invasiveness, and migratory capacity and downregulated the expression of molecules related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HCT116 cells. In an in vivo peritoneal dissemination mouse knockdown of CILP2 also inhibited CRC growth. Therefore, CILP2 is a promising biomarker for the prediction and treatment of PM in CRC.

Poria acid inhibit the growth and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma by inhibiting the PI3K/akt/NF-κb signaling pathway

Background

Poria acid (PAC) is a triterpene compound found in Poria cocos, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The current study aims to explore the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of PAC on the migration and proliferation of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells as well as tumor growth in animal model.

Methods

Cell viability and proliferative capacity of normal renal cells and RCC cells were investigated by MTT assay. In addition, 786-O cells were divided into four groups and treated with different concentrations of PAC (0, 20, 40, and 60 μM) for 48 h. Cell scratch test and cell invasion assay were performed to evaluate the effects of PAC on the invasion and migration of RCC cells, respectively. The effects of PAC on apoptosis of RCC cells and expression levels of PI3K/Akt/NF-kB signaling pathway-related biomarkers were investigated using TUNEL staining and Western blotting methods, respectively. Effects of PAC on the inhibitory activity of RCC tumor in mice were evaluated in a 786-O CDX model.

Results

The study found that PAC inhibited the viability of RCC cells in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by in vitro cell assays (p < 0.05). However, PAC showed no significant inhibitory effect on normal renal cells (p > 0.05). PAC also significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of RCC via EMT/MMP signaling pathways (p < 0.05). Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting results showed that PAC induced the apoptosis of RCC, which was accompanied by changes in the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins (p < 0.05). Moreover, PAC significantly downregulated the PI3K/Akt/NF-kB signaling pathway in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The effect of PAC on RCC apoptosis was dramatically reversed by 740Y-P (PI3K agonist) (p < 0.05) but significantly enhanced in the presence of LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) (p < 0.05). The results of in vivo experiment also demonstrated that the antitumor activity of PAC was achieved by affecting the PI3K/Akt/NF-kB signaling pathway.

Conclusions

PAC can effectively suppress the proliferation, invasion and migration of RCC cells, and exhibit anti-tumor effects in RCC model by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/NF-kB signaling pathway.

Unravelling the Mysteries of the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway in Cancer Stem Cells: Activity, Crosstalk and Regulation

The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signalling pathway plays a critical role in normal development and tissue homeostasis, guiding cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Aberrant activation of this pathway, however, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers, largely due to its role in regulating cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a subpopulation of cancer cells with the ability to self-renew, differentiate, and initiate tumour growth, contributing significantly to tumorigenesis, recurrence, and resistance to therapy. This review focuses on the intricate activity of the Shh pathway within the context of CSCs, detailing the molecular mechanisms through which Shh signalling influences CSC properties, including self-renewal, differentiation, and survival. It further explores the regulatory crosstalk between the Shh pathway and other signalling pathways in CSCs, highlighting the complexity of this regulatory network. Here, we delve into the upstream regulators and downstream effectors that modulate Shh pathway activity in CSCs. This review aims to cast a specific focus on the role of the Shh pathway in CSCs, provide a detailed exploration of molecular mechanisms and regulatory crosstalk, and discuss current and developing inhibitors. By summarising key findings and insights gained, we wish to emphasise the importance of further elucidating the interplay between the Shh pathway and CSCs to develop more effective cancer therapies.

Predicting the Prognosis of Bladder Cancer Patients Through Integrated Multi-omics Exploration of Chemotherapy-Related Hypoxia Genes

Bladder cancer is a prevalent malignancy with high mortality rates worldwide. Hypoxia is a critical factor in the development and progression of cancers. However, whether and how hypoxia-related genes (HRGs) could affect the development and the chemotherapy response of bladder cancer is still largely unexplored. This study comprehensively explored the complex molecular landscape associated with hypoxia in bladder cancer by analyzing 260 hypoxia genes based on transcriptomic and genomic data in 411 samples. Employing the 109 dysregulated hypoxia genes for consensus clustering, we delineated two distinct bladder cancer clusters characterized by disparate survival outcomes and distinct oncogenic roles. We defined a HPscore that was correlated with a variety of clinical features, including TNM stages and pathologic grades. Tumor immune landscape analysis identified three immune clusters and close interactions between hypoxia genes and the various immune cells. Utilizing a network-based method, we defined 129 HRGs exerting influence on apoptotic processes and critical signaling pathways in cancer. Further analysis of chemotherapy drug sensitivity identified potential drug-target HRGs. We developed a Risk Score model that was related to the overall survival of bladder cancer patients based on doxorubicin-target HRGs: ACTG2, MYC, PDGFRB, DHRS2, and KLRD1. This study not only enhanced our understanding of bladder cancer at the molecular level but also provided promising avenues for the development of targeted therapies, representing a significant step toward the identification of effective treatments and addressing the urgent need for advancements in bladder cancer management.

The emerging role of lactate in tumor microenvironment and its clinical relevance

In recent years, the significant impact of lactate in the tumor microenvironment has been greatly documented. Acting not only as an energy substance in tumor metabolism, lactate is also an imperative signaling molecule. It plays key roles in metabolic remodeling, protein lactylation, immunosuppression, drug resistance, epigenetics and tumor metastasis, which has a tight relation with cancer patients' poor prognosis. This review illustrates the roles lactate plays in different aspects of tumor progression and drug resistance. From the comprehensive effects that lactate has on tumor metabolism and tumor immunity, the therapeutic targets related to it are expected to bring new hope for cancer therapy.

What is the role of circRNAs in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer? A systematic literature review

Cervical Cancer (CC) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms among women, considered the leading cause of gynecological death worldwide, and the fourth most common type of cancer. Regional metastasis is closely related to the low effectiveness of treatment, and validating biomarkers can optimize accuracy in diagnosis and prognosis. Among the potential biomarkers associated with disease metastasis are circular RNAs (circRNAs), whose altered expression has been linked to CC progression. In this context, this systematic review aims to compile information on the clinical-pathological significance and describe the biological function of circRNAs. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to include relevant literature, followed by in silico analysis. Additionally, we employed the UALCAN tools to search for host genes of circRNAs and expression data, miRTargetLink 2.0 to predict interactions of microRNA target genes and the Cytoscape software to predict possible interactions of microRNA target genes. According to the research, most circRNAs were found to be overexpressed and described as regulators of processes such as invasion, cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. They were also implicated in clinical significance, including metastasis, TNM staging and microRNA interactions. CircRNAs may participate in critical processes in tumorigenesis; therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of gene regulation in CC can contribute to the accuracy of diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.

CEACAM6 expression and function in tumor biology: a comprehensive review

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) is an immunoglobulin superfamily protein primarily expressed on epithelial surfaces and myeloid cells. It plays a significant role in cancer progression by inhibiting apoptosis, promoting drug resistance, and facilitating cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Overexpression of CEACAM6 has been observed in various cancers, including lung, breast, colorectal, and hepatocellular cancers, and is associated with poorer overall survival and disease-free survival. Its differential expression on tumor cell surfaces makes it a promising cancer marker. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of CEACAM6's role in different cancer types, its involvement in signaling pathways, and recent advancements in CEACAM6-targeted treatments.

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and NF-kB pathways are promoted by a mutant form of DDB2, unable to bind PCNA, in UV-damaged human cells

BACKGROUND

DNA-Damaged Binding protein 2 (DDB2) is a protein involved in the early step of Nucleotide Excision Repair. Recently, it has been reported that DDB2 is involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), key process in tumour invasiveness and metastasis formation. However, its role is not completely known.

METHODS

Boyden chamber and cell adhesion assays, and ICELLigence analysis were performed to detect HEK293 adhesion and invasion. Western blotting and gelatine zymography techniques were employed to assess the EMT protein levels and MMP enzymatic activity. Immunofluorescence analysis and pull-down assays facilitated the detection of NF-kB sub-cellular localization and interaction.

RESULTS

We have previously demonstrated that the loss of DDB2-PCNA binding favours genome instability, and increases cell proliferation and motility. Here, we have investigated the phenotypic and molecular EMT-like changes after UV DNA damage, in HEK293 clones stably expressing DDB2Wt protein or a mutant form unable to interact with PCNA (DDB2PCNA-), as well as in HeLa cells transiently expressing the same DDB2 constructs. Cells expressing DDB2PCNA- showed morphological modifications along with a reduced expression of E-cadherin, an increased activity of MMP-9 and an improved ability to migrate, in concomitance with a significant upregulation of EMT-associated Transcription Factors (TFs), whose expression has been reported to favour tumour invasion. We observed a higher expression of c-Myc oncogene, NF-kB, both regulating cell proliferation and metastatic process, as well as ZEB1, a TF significantly associated with tumorigenic potential and cell migratory ability. Interestingly, a novel interaction of DDB2 with NF-kB was detected and found to be increased in cells expressing the DDB2PCNA-, suggesting a direct modulation of NF-kB by DDB2.

CONCLUSION

These results highlight the role of DDB2-PCNA interaction in counteracting EMT since DDB2PCNA- protein induces in HEK293 transformed cells a gain of function contributing to the acquisition of a more aggressive phenotype.

miR-200c-141 induces a hybrid E/M state and promotes collective cell migration in MDA-MB-231 cells

The microRNA-200 (miR-200) family is a potent suppressor of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). While its role as a tumor suppressor has been well documented, recent studies suggested that it can promote cancer progression in several stages. In this study, we investigated whether the miR-200 family members play a role in the acquisition of a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) state, which is reported to be associated with cancer malignancy, in mesenchymal MDA-MB-231 cells. Our results demonstrated that the induction of miR-200c-141, a cluster of the miR-200 family member, can induce the expression of epithelial gene and cell-cell junction while mesenchymal markers are retained. Moreover, induction of miR-200c-141 promoted collective migration accompanied by the formation of F-actin cables anchored by adherens junction. These results suggest that the miR-200 family can induce a hybrid E/M state and endows with the ability of collective cell migration in mesenchymal cancer cells.

Apigenin: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential against Cancer Spreading

Due to its propensity to metastasize, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Thanks in part to their intrinsic low cytotoxicity, the effects of the flavonoid family in the prevention and treatment of various human cancers, both in vitro and in vivo, have received increasing attention in recent years. It is well documented that Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone), among other flavonoids, is able to modulate key signaling molecules involved in the initiation of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, including JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, as well as the oncogenic non-coding RNA network. Based on these premises, the aim of this review is to emphasize some of the key events through which Apigenin suppresses cancer proliferation, focusing specifically on its ability to target key molecular pathways involved in angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), cell cycle arrest, and cancer cell death.

Novel cancer-fighting role of ticagrelor inhibits GTSE1-induced EMT by regulating PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in malignant glioma

Background

Glioma is the most common malignant brain tumor of the central nervous system. Despite of the improvement of therapeutic strategy, the prognosis of malignant glioma patients underwent by STUPP strategy is still unexpected. Previous studies have suggested that ticagrelor exerted chemotherapeutic effects by inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various diseases including tumors. However, whether ticagrelor can exhibit the antitumor efficiency in glioma by affecting the EMT process is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the cancer-fighting role of ticagrelor and demonstrated its chemotherapeutic mechanism in glioma.

Materials and methods

The MTT assay was performed to detect the cytotoxicity of ticagrelor in glioma cells. We evaluated the expression of Ki67 in glioma cells by immunofluorescence assay after ticagrelor treatment. We conducted wound healing assay and transwell assay to determine the effects of ticagrelor on the migration and invasion of glioma cells. RNA-seq analysis was conducted to examine potential target genes and alternative signaling pathways for ticagrelor treatment. The expression levels of key EMT -related proteins were examined by Western blot experiment.

Results

Ticagrelor inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells with a favorable toxicity profile in vitro. Ticagrelor downregulated the expression of GTSE1 in glioma cells. RNA-seq analysis explored that GTSE1 acted as the potential target gene for ticagrelor treatment. Upregulation of GTSE1 antagonized the inhibitory effect of ticagrelor on the invasion of glioma and EMT progression by regulation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. And ticagrelor also exhibited the similar chemotherapeutic effect of glioma in vivo.

Conclusions

Ticagrelor as a potential chemotherapeutic option induced the inhibition of the GTSE1-induced EMT progression by regulation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Biological clock regulation by the PER gene family: a new perspective on tumor development

The Period (PER) gene family is one of the core components of the circadian clock, with substantial correlations between the PER genes and cancers identified in extensive researches. Abnormal mutations in PER genes can influence cell function, metabolic activity, immunity, and therapy responses, thereby promoting the initiation and development of cancers. This ultimately results in unequal cancers progression and prognosis in patients. This leads to variable cancer progression and prognosis among patients. In-depth studies on the interactions between the PER genes and cancers can reveal novel strategies for cancer detection and treatment. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research on the role of the PER gene family in cancer.

MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of epithelial mesenchymal transition in pancreatic tumor cells

Pancreatic cancer (PC), as one of the main endocrine and digestive systems malignancies has the highest cancer related mortality in the world. Lack of the evident clinical symptoms and appropriate diagnostic markers in the early stages of tumor progression are the main reasons of the high mortality rate among PC patients. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the molecular pathways involved in the PC progression, in order to introduce novel early diagnostic methods. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical cellular process associated with pancreatic tumor cells invasion and distant metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are also important regulators of EMT process. In the present review, we discussed the role of miRNAs in regulation of EMT process during PC progression. It has been reported that the miRNAs mainly regulate the EMT process in pancreatic tumor cells through the regulation of EMT-specific transcription factors and several signaling pathways such as WNT, NOTCH, TGF-β, JAK/STAT, and PI3K/AKT. Considering the high stability of miRNAs in body fluids and their role in regulation of EMT process, they can be introduced as the non-invasive diagnostic markers in the early stages of malignant pancreatic tumors. This review paves the way to introduce a non-invasive EMT based panel marker for the early tumor detection among PC patients.

The multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in colorectal cancer: metastasis, immune suppression, therapy resistance, and autophagy crosstalk

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer structures released by all cells and widely distributed in all biological fluids. EVs are implicated in diverse physiopathological processes by orchestrating cell-cell communication. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with metastasis being the leading cause of mortality in CRC patients. EVs contribute significantly to the advancement and spread of CRC by transferring their cargo, which includes lipids, proteins, RNAs, and DNAs, to neighboring or distant cells. Besides, they can serve as non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for early detection of CRC or be harnessed as effective carriers for delivering therapeutic agents. Autophagy is an essential cellular process that serves to remove damaged proteins and organelles by lysosomal degradation to maintain cellular homeostasis. Autophagy and EV release are coordinately activated in tumor cells and share common factors and regulatory mechanisms. Although the significance of autophagy and EVs in cancer is well established, the exact mechanism of their interplay in tumor development is obscure. This review focuses on examining the specific functions of EVs in various aspects of CRC, including progression, metastasis, immune regulation, and therapy resistance. Further, we overview emerging discoveries relevant to autophagy and EVs crosstalk in CRC.

CLIP170 inhibits the metastasis and EMT of papillary thyroid cancer through the TGF-β pathway

Metastasis poses a significant challenge in combating tumors. Even in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), which typically exhibits a favorable prognosis, high recurrence rates are attributed to metastasis. Cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP170) functions as a classical microtubule plus-end tracking protein (+TIP) and has shown close association with cell migration. Nevertheless, the specific impact of CLIP170 on PTC cells remains to be elucidated. Our analysis of the GEO and TCGA databases unveiled an association between CLIP170 and the progression of PTC. To explore the impact of CLIP170 on PTC cells, we conducted various assays. We evaluated its effects through CCK-8, wound healing assay, and transwell assay after knocking down CLIP170. Additionally, the influence of CLIP170 on the cellular actin structure was examined via immunofluorescence; we further investigated the molecular expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways through Western blotting and RT-qPCR. These findings were substantiated through an in vivo nude mouse model of lung metastasis. We observed a decreased expression of CLIP170 in PTC in contrast to normal thyroid tissue. Functionally, the knockdown of CLIP170 (CLIP170KD) notably enhanced the metastatic potential and EMT of PTC cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CLIP170KD triggered the activation of the TGF-β pathway, subsequently promoting tumor cell migration, invasion, and EMT. Remarkably, the TGF-β inhibitor LY2157299 effectively countered TGF-β activity and significantly reversed tumor metastasis and EMT induced by CLIP170 knockdown. In summary, these findings collectively propose CLIP170 as a promising therapeutic target to mitigate metastatic tendencies in PTC.

LAMC2 regulates the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

OBJECTIVES

Gastric cancer (GC) is a prevalent malignant tumor widely distributed globally, exhibiting elevated incidence and fatality rates. The gene LAMC2 encodes the laminin subunit gamma-2 chain and is found specifically in the basement membrane of epithelial cells. Its expression is aberrant in multiple types of malignant tumors. This research elucidated a link between LAMC2 and the clinical characteristics of GC and investigated the potential involvement of LAMC2 in GC proliferation and advancement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

LAMC2 expressions were detected in GC cell lines and normal gastric epithelial cell lines via qRT-PCR. Silencing and overexpression of the LAMC2 were conducted by lentiviral transfection. A xenograft mouse model was also developed for in vivo analysis. Cell functional assays were conducted to elucidate the involvement of LAMC2 in cell growth, migration, and penetration. Further, immunoblotting was conducted to investigate the impact of LAMC2 on the activation of signal pathways after lentiviral transfection.

RESULTS

In the findings, LAMC2 expression was markedly upregulated in GC cell lines as opposed to normal gastric epithelial cells. In vitro analysis showed that sh-LAMC2 substantially inhibited GC cell growth, migration, and invasion, while oe-LAMC2 displayed a contrasting effect. Xenograft tumor models demonstrated that oe-LAMC2 accelerated tumor growth via high expression of Ki-67. Immunoblotting analysis revealed a substantial decrease in various signaling pathway proteins, PI3K, p-Akt, and Vimentin levels upon LAMC2 knockdown, followed by increased E-cadherin expression. Conversely, its overexpression exhibited contrasting effects. Besides, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was accelerated by LAMC2.

CONCLUSION

This study provides evidence indicating that LAMC2, by stimulating signaling pathways, facilitated EMT and stimulated the progression of GC cells in laboratory settings and mouse models. Research also explored that the abnormal LAMC2 expression acts as a biomarker for GC.

Actin Cytoskeleton Remodeling Accompanied by Redistribution of Adhesion Proteins Drives Migration of Cells in Different EMT States

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process during which epithelial cells lose epithelial characteristics and gain mesenchymal features. Here, we used several cell models to study migratory activity and redistribution of cell-cell adhesion proteins in cells in different EMT states: EGF-induced EMT of epithelial IAR-20 cells; IAR-6-1 cells with a hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype; and their more mesenchymal derivatives, IAR-6-1-DNE cells lacking adherens junctions. In migrating cells, the cell-cell adhesion protein α-catenin accumulated at the leading edges along with ArpC2/p34 and α-actinin. Suppression of α-catenin shifted cell morphology from fibroblast-like to discoid and attenuated cell migration. Expression of exogenous α-catenin in MDA-MB-468 cells devoid of α-catenin drastically increased their migratory capabilities. The Y654 phosphorylated form of β-catenin was detected at integrin adhesion complexes (IACs). Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicated that α-catenin and pY654-β-catenin were associated with IAC proteins: vinculin, zyxin, and α-actinin. Taken together, these data suggest that in cells undergoing EMT, catenins not participating in assembly of adherens junctions may affect cell migration.

APLN promotes the proliferation, migration, and glycolysis of cervical cancer through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

Apelin (APLN) is an endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ (APLNR). APLN has been implicated in the development of multiple tumours. Herein, we determined the effect of APLN on the biological behaviour and underlying mechanisms of cervical cancer. The expression and survival curves of APLN were determined using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis. The cellular functions of APLN were detected using CCK-8, clone formation, EdU, Transwell assays, flow cytometry, and seahorse metabolic analysis. The underlying mechanisms were elucidated using gene set enrichment analysis and Western blotting. APLN was upregulated in the samples of patients with cervical cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. APLN knockdown decreased the proliferation, migration, and glycolysis of cervical cancer cells. The opposite results were observed when APLN was overexpressed. Mechanistically, we determined that APLN was critical for activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway via APLNR. APLN receptor inhibitor ML221 reversed the effect of APLN overexpression on cervical cancer cells. Treatment with LY294002, the PI3K inhibitor, drastically reversed the oncological behaviour of APLN-overexpressing C-33A cells. APLN promoted the proliferation, migration, and glycolysis of cervical cancer cells via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Deubiquitinase BRCC3 promotes the migration, invasion and EMT progression of colon adenocarcinoma by stabilizing MET expression

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein/breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein-containing complex subunit 3 (BRCC3), a deubiquitinase (DUBs), is overexpressed in various cancers. However, the underlying biological roles of BRCC3 in adenocarcinoma colon (COAD) have yet to be decrypted.

OBJECTIVE

In this work, we explored the potential biological function of BRCC3 in the natural process of COAD cells.

METHODS

The expression levels of BRCC3 in COAD tissues and cell lines were investigated via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analyses. Meanwhile, short hairpin RNAs targeting BRCC3 (sh-BRCC3) or mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) (sh-MET) were used to investigate the biological function, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression in COAD cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of EMT-related biomarkers were detected with western blotting analysis. Furthermore, we also performed Co-IP assay to identify the correlation between BRCC3 and MET.

RESULTS

BRCC3 expression was increased in COAD tissues and cell lines. ShRNA-mediated downmodulation of BRCC3 in COAD cell lines induced EMT progression. BRCC3 knockdown resulted in decreased migration as well as invasion and increased apoptosis of SW480 and Lovo cells. Besides, MET was regulated by BRCC3 and involved in the migration, invasion, and EMT in SW480 and Lovo cells. Finally, we uncovered that the overexpressed MET reversed the effects of BRCC3 knockdown in COAD cell development.

CONCLUSIONS

BRCC3 acted as a critical factor in the development of COAD by deubiquitinating and stabilizing MET, which might provide an emerging biomarker for the therapeutic and diagnosis strategy of COAD.

Single-cell and multi-omics analyses highlight cancer-associated fibroblasts-induced immune evasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition for smoking bladder cancer

Tobacco carcinogens are recognized as critical hazard factors for bladder tumorigenesis, affecting the prognosis of patients through aromatic amines components. However, the specific function of tobacco carcinogens and systematic assessment models in the prognosis of bladder cancer remains poorly elucidated. We retrieved bladder cancer specific tobacco carcinogens-related genes from Comparative Toxicogenomic Database, our Nanjing Bladder Cancer cohort and TCGA database. Gene×Gene interaction method was utilized to establish a prognostic signature. Integrative assessment of immunogenomics, tumor microenvironments and single-cell RNA-sequencing were performed to illustrate the internal relations of key events from different levels. Finally, we comprehensively identified 33 essential tobacco carcinogens-related genes to construct a novel prognostic signature, and found that high-risk patients were characterized by significantly worse overall survival (HR=2.25; Plog-rank < 0.01). Single-cell RNA-sequencing and multi-omics analysis demonstrated that cancer-associated fibroblasts mediated the crosstalk between epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression and immune evasion. Moreover, an adverse outcome pathway framework was established to facilitate our understanding to the tobacco carcinogens-triggered bladder tumorigenesis. Our study systematically provided immune microenvironmental alternations for smoking-induced adverse survival outcomes in bladder cancer. These findings facilitated the integrative multi-omics insights into risk assessment and toxic mechanisms of tobacco carcinogens.

microRNA-141-3p Suppressed the Progression of the Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Targeting Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 Gene Expression

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a malignant tumor of kidney epithelial cells, one of the most common tumors in the world. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)1 is a crucial factor that induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells. microRNA-141-3p (miR-141-3p) is a microRNA that is considered a tumor suppressor. However, the role and mechanism of miR-141-3p in TGFβ1-induced ccRCC cells are not fully understood. This study investigated the roles of miR-141-3p and its target gene in regulating EMT in ccRCC development. 786-0 and Caki-1cells were treated with TGFβ1 to induce EMT. The levels of miR-141-3p and TGFβ2 were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The progression of EMT was evaluated by E-cadherin detection by immunofluorescence, and E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin detection by Western blotting. Furthermore, migration and invasion capacities were assessed using a Transwell system. The direct binding of miR-141-3p with the target gene TGFβ2 was confirmed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Results indicated that TGFβ1 treatment decreased the protein abundance of E-cadherin while increasing the protein expression of N-cadherin and vimentin, indicating TGFβ1-induced EMT was constructed successfully. Moreover, TGFβ1 treatment repressed the expression of miR-141-3p. miR-141-3p mimics reversed the effect of TGFβ1 on the migration, invasion, and expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin. The miR-141-3p directly binds with the 3' untranslated region of TGFβ2 mRNA and suppresses its expression. Furthermore, TGFβ2 overexpression abrogated the above changes regulated by miR-141-3p mimics. Taken together, miR-141-3p inhibited TGFβ1-induced EMT by suppressing the migration and invasion of ccRCC cells via directly targeting TGFβ2 gene expression.

Loss of p53 epigenetically modulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer

Epithelial to Mesenchymal transition (EMT) drives cancer metastasis and is governed by genetic and epigenetic alterations at multiple levels of regulation. It is well established that loss/mutation of p53 confers oncogenic function to cancer cells and promotes metastasis. Though transcription factors like ZEB1, SLUG, SNAIL and TWIST have been implied in EMT signalling, p53 mediated alterations in the epigenetic machinery accompanying EMT are not clearly understood. This work attempts to explore epigenetic signalling during EMT in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with varying status of p53. Towards this, we have induced EMT using TGFβ on CRC cell lines with wild type, null and mutant p53 and have assayed epigenetic alterations after EMT induction. Transcriptomic profiling of the four CRC cell lines revealed that the loss of p53 confers more mesenchymal phenotype with EMT induction than its mutant counterparts. This was also accompanied by upregulation of epigenetic writer and eraser machinery suggesting an epigenetic signalling cascade triggered by TGFβ signalling in CRC. Significant agonist and antagonistic relationships observed between EMT factor SNAI1 and SNAI2 with epigenetic enzymes KDM6A/6B and the chromatin organiser SATB1 in p53 null CRC cells suggest a crosstalk between epigenetic and EMT factors. The observed epigenetic regulation of EMT factor SNAI1 correlates with poor clinical outcomes in 270 colorectal cancer patients taken from TCGA-COAD. This unique p53 dependent interplay between epigenetic enzymes and EMT factors in CRC cells may be exploited for development of synergistic therapies for CRC patients presenting to the clinic with loss of p53.

Decoding the interplay between genetic and non-genetic drivers of metastasis

Metastasis is a multistep process by which cancer cells break away from their original location and spread to distant organs, and is responsible for the vast majority of cancer-related deaths. Preventing early metastatic dissemination would revolutionize the ability to fight cancer. Unfortunately, the relatively poor understanding of the molecular underpinnings of metastasis has hampered the development of effective anti-metastatic drugs. Although it is now accepted that disseminating tumour cells need to acquire multiple competencies to face the many obstacles they encounter before reaching their metastatic site(s), whether these competencies are acquired through an accumulation of metastasis-specific genetic alterations and/or non-genetic events is often debated. Here we review a growing body of literature highlighting the importance of both genetic and non-genetic reprogramming events during the metastatic cascade, and discuss how genetic and non-genetic processes act in concert to confer metastatic competencies. We also describe how recent technological advances, and in particular the advent of single-cell multi-omics and barcoding approaches, will help to better elucidate the cross-talk between genetic and non-genetic mechanisms of metastasis and ultimately inform innovative paths for the early detection and interception of this lethal process.

IL-6 Accelerates the Proliferation and Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer Cells via the miR-455-5p/IGF-1R Axis

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PaC) is a highly malignant gastrointestinal tumor with invasive and metastatic characteristics. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a negative prognostic marker, contributes to PaC progression. However, the mechanism of IL-6 in PaC is not yet fully understood. Methods: miR-455-5p levels were first tested by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in PaC tissues or cells. Subsequently, PaC cell-related functions were identified through CCK-8, Transwell, and Western blotting. Changes in miR-455-5p and IGF-1R expression were confirmed using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. miR-455-5p methylation was assessed by bisulfite sequencing PCR. Results: The authors discovered that miR-455-5p was expressed at low levels in PaC tissues and cells, and miR-455-5p expression was observably reduced by IL-6 in PaC cells. In addition, IL-6 dramatically induces miR-455-5p methylation in PaC cells. Functionally, the data revealed that IL-6 could facilitate the malignant properties of PaC cells, including proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. The authors found that miR-455-5p could suppress the progression of PaC cells by downregulating IGF-1R in PaC cells. Mechanistically, IL-6 downregulated miR-455-5p and upregulated IGF-1R, and miR-455-5p reduced IGF-1R expression through targeted binding. Conclusions: The authors demonstrated that the miR-455-5p/IGF-1R axis is necessary for the induction of IL-6 in PaC progression. The results here may provide a theoretical basis for the application of the IL-6/miR-455-5p/IGF-1R axis in the clinical therapy of PaC.

ZEB1 controls a lineage-specific transcriptional program essential for melanoma cell state transitions

Cell plasticity sustains intra-tumor heterogeneity and treatment resistance in melanoma. Deciphering the transcriptional mechanisms governing reversible phenotypic transitions between proliferative/differentiated and invasive/stem-like states is required. Expression of the ZEB1 transcription factor is frequently activated in melanoma, where it fosters adaptive resistance to targeted therapies. Here, we performed a genome-wide characterization of ZEB1 transcriptional targets, by combining ChIP-sequencing and RNA-sequencing, upon phenotype switching in melanoma models. We identified and validated ZEB1 binding peaks in the promoter of key lineage-specific genes crucial for melanoma cell identity. Mechanistically, ZEB1 negatively regulates SOX10-MITF dependent proliferative/melanocytic programs and positively regulates AP-1 driven invasive and stem-like programs. Comparative analyses with breast carcinoma cells revealed lineage-specific ZEB1 binding, leading to the design of a more reliable melanoma-specific ZEB1 regulon. We then developed single-cell spatial multiplexed analyses to characterize melanoma cell states intra-tumoral heterogeneity in human melanoma samples. Combined with scRNA-Seq analyses, our findings confirmed increased ZEB1 expression in Neural-Crest-like cells and mesenchymal cells, underscoring its significance in vivo in both populations. Overall, our results define ZEB1 as a major transcriptional regulator of cell states transitions and provide a better understanding of lineage-specific transcriptional programs sustaining intra-tumor heterogeneity in melanoma.

Dbl family RhoGEFs in cancer: different roles and targeting strategies

Small Ras homologous guanosine triphosphatase (Rho GTPase) family proteins are highly associated with tumorigenesis and development. As intrinsic exchange activity regulators of Rho GTPases, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) have been demonstrated to be closely involved in tumor development and received increasing attention. They mainly contain two families: the diffuse B-cell lymphoma (Dbl) family and the dedicator of cytokinesis (Dock) family. More and more emphasis has been paid to the Dbl family members for their abnormally high expression in various cancers and their correlation to poor prognosis. In this review, the common and distinctive structures of Dbl family members are discussed, and their roles in cancer are summarized with a focus on Ect2, Tiam1/2, P-Rex1/2, Vav1/2/3, Trio, KALRN, and LARG. Significantly, the strategies targeting Dbl family RhoGEFs are highlighted as novel therapeutic opportunities for cancer.

FOXN2, identified as a novel biomarker in serum, modulates the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway through its interaction with partitioning defective 6 homolog alpha, contributing to the pathogenesis of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Dysregulated expression of Forkhead Box N2 (FOXN2) has been detected in various cancer types. However, the underlying mechanisms by which FOXN2 contributes to the onset and progression of gastric cancer (GC) remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to elucidate the potential role of FOXN2 within GC, its downstream molecular mechanisms, and its feasibility as a novel serum biomarker for GC.

METHODS

Tissue samples from GC patients and corresponding non-cancerous tissues were collected. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from GC patients and healthy controls. The expression of FOXN2 was determined using quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The expression of FOXN2 in GC cells was modulated by transfection with small interfering RNA (siRNA) or the pcDNA 3.1 expression vector. Cell proliferation was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assays. The migratory and invasive capacities of cells were evaluated by Transwell assays, apoptosis rates were measured by flow cytometry, and the expression of proliferative, apoptotic, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were assessed by western blot analysis.

RESULTS

FOXN2 was found to be overexpressed in the serum, tissues, and cells of GC, correlating with distant metastasis and TNM staging. FOXN2 demonstrated diagnostic value in differentiating GC patients from healthy individuals, with higher levels of FOXN2 being indicative of poorer survival rates. Silencing FOXN2 in vitro inhibited the proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT of GC cells, while promoting apoptosis. FOXN2 was shown to regulate the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) receptor signaling pathway in GC cells via its interaction with Partitioning Defective 6 Homolog Alpha (PARD6A).

CONCLUSION

In summary, our data suggest that FOXN2 acts as an oncogenic factor in GC, modulating the TGFβ pathway by binding to PARD6A, thereby influencing gastric carcinogenesis. This study underscores the functional significance of FOXN2 as a potential serum biomarker and therapeutic target in GC.

Tumour suppressor ABCA8 inhibits malignant progression of colorectal cancer via Wnt/β-catenin pathway

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumours of the digestive tract, and new therapeutic targets and prognostic markers are still urgently required. However, the role and molecular mechanisms of ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 8 (ABCA8) in CRC remain unclear.

METHODS

Databases and clinical specimens were analysed to determine the expression level of ABCA8 in CRC. Colony formation, CCK-8 and Transwell assays were conducted to determine cell proliferation, viability, migration and invasion. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Western blot and rescue experiments were performed to determine the specific mechanisms of action of ABCA8.

RESULTS

ABCA8 expression is dramatically down-regulated in CRC tissues and cell lines. Ectopic expression of ABCA8 induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in vitro, inhibited cell growth, suppressed migration and invasion, reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppressed xenograft tumour growth and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, ABCA8 inhibited CRC cell proliferation and metastasis through the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, both in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION

We verified that ABCA8 inhibits the malignant progression of CRC through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This newly discovered ABCA8-Wnt-β-catenin signalling axis is probably helpful in guiding the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Hsa_circ_0051908 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Regulating the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Process

Materials and Methods

Hsa_circ_0051908 expression was determined using RT-qPCR. HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were assessed using CCK-8 assay, EdU staining, TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, and transwell assay. The molecular mechanism was analyzed using western blotting. In addition, the role of hsa_circ_0051908 in tumor growth was evaluated in vivo.

Results

Hsa_circ_0051908 expression was increased in both HCC tissues and cell lines. The proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells were significantly decreased after hsa_circ_0051908 knockdown, while cell apoptosis was notably increased. Furthermore, we found that hsa_circ_0051908 silencing downregulated vimentin and Snail and upregulated E-cadherin. In vivo, hsa_circ_0051908 silencing significantly inhibited the growth of the tumor.

Conclusions

Our data provide evidence that hsa_circ_0051908 promotes HCC progression partially by mediating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, and it may be used for HCC treatment.

Natural compound Byakangelicin suppresses breast tumor growth and motility by regulating SHP-1/JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway

Byakangelicin mostly obtained from the root of Angelica dahurica and has protective effect on liver injury and fibrosis. In addition, Byakangelicin, as a traditional medicine, is also used to treat colds, headache and toothache. Recent studies have shown that Byakangelicin exhibits anti-tumor function; however, the role of Byakangelicin in breast tumor progression and related mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Our study aims to investigate the role of Byakangelicin in breast tumor progression and the underlying mechanism. To measure the effect of Byakangelicin on JAK2/STAT3 signaling, a dual luciferase reporter assay and a Western blot assay were performed. CCK8, colony formation, apoptosis and cell invasion assays were used to examine the inhibitory potential of Byakangelicin on breast cancer cells. Additionally, SHP-1 was silenced by specific siRNA duplex and the function of SHP-1 on Byakangelicin-mediated inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling was evaluated. Byakangelicin treatment significantly inhibited STAT3 transcriptional activity. In addition, Byakangelicin treatment blocked JAK2/STAT3 signaling in a dose-dependent manner. Byakangelicin-treated tumor cells showed a dramatically reduced proliferation, colony formation and invasion ability. Moreover, Byakangelicin remarkedly induced breast cancer cell apoptosis. Furthermore, Byakangelicin regulated the expression of SHP1.In conclusion, our current study indicated that Byakangelicin, a natural compound, inhibits SHP-1/JAK2/STAT3 signaling and thus blocks tumor growth and motility.

The stromal microenvironment endows pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with spatially specific invasive and metastatic phenotypes

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in a variety of cancers. However, the role of tumor stroma in nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PanNETs) is often neglected. Profiling the heterogeneity of CAFs can reveal the causes of malignant phenotypes in NF-PanNETs. Here, we found that patients with high stromal proportion had poor prognosis, especially for that with infiltrating stroma (stroma and tumor cells that presented an infiltrative growth pattern and no regular boundary). In addition, myofibroblastic CAFs (myCAFs), characterized by FAP+ and α-SMAhigh, were spatially closer to tumor cells and promoted the EMT and tumor growth. Intriguingly, only tumor cells which were spatially closer to myCAFs underwent EMT. We further elucidated that myCAFs stimulate TGF-β expression in nearby tumor cells. Then, TGF-β promoted the EMT in adjacent tumor cells and promoted the expression of myCAFs marker genes in tumor cells, resulting in distant metastasis. Our results indicate that myCAFs cause spatial heterogeneity of EMT, which accounts for liver metastasis of NF-PanNETs. The findings of this study might provide possible targets for the prevention of liver metastasis.