Imaging quiz case 1. Displaced stapes prosthesis; otosclerosis

Ectopic cervical thymus: case report and review of pathogenesis and management

Objective:

Ectopic cervical thymus is a rare anomaly, and 50 per cent of cases occur in children. The aim of this report was to remind clinicians of this rare condition, which is part of the differential diagnosis of a paediatric neck lump.

Method:

Case report together with literature review of the pathogenesis and management of ectopic cervical thymus.

Results:

The ectopic cervical thymus is a rare cause of a benign neck mass, and is thus usually misdiagnosed as lymphadenopathy or neoplasia. We discuss its embryology, aetiology, presentation, histopathology, radiology and management, with reference to the reported case.

Conclusion:

Ectopic cervical thymus should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of a paediatric neck lump. The diagnosis can often be confirmed by cytology and radiology prior to surgical excision.

Retropharyngeal aberrant thymus

INTRODUCTION

Upper airway obstruction from a retropharyngeal mass requires urgent evaluation. In children, the differential diagnosis includes infection, trauma, neoplasm, and congenital abnormalities. Aberrant cervical thymic tissue, although occasionally observed on autopsy examination, is rarely clinically significant. We present the case of an infant with respiratory distress attributed to aberrant thymic tissue located in the retropharyngeal space.

CASE

A 6-week-old infant was brought to the emergency department for evaluation of stridor associated with periodic episodes of cyanosis. Lateral neck radiograph revealed widening of the retropharyngeal soft tissues. The patient's symptoms did not improve with intravenous ampicillin-sulbactam. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed on the seventh day of hospitalization revealed a retropharyngeal mass that extended to the carotid space. The mass was easily resected using an intraoral approach. Microscopic examination demonstrated thymic tissue. A normal thymus was also observed in the anterior mediastinum on MRI. The patient recovered uneventfully and had no further episodes of stridor or cyanosis.

DISCUSSION

Aberrant cervical thymic tissue may be cystic or solid. Cystic cervical thymus is more common, and 6% of these patients present with symptoms of dyspnea or dysphagia. Aberrant solid cervical thymus usually presents as an asymptomatic anterior neck mass. This case is unusual in that solid thymic tissue was located in the retropharynx, a finding not previously reported in the English literature. Additionally, the patient presented in acute respiratory distress, and the diagnosis was confounded by the presence of mild laryngomalacia. In retrospect, our patient likely had symptoms of intermittent upper airway obstruction since birth. The acute respiratory distress at presentation was likely the result of laryngomalacia exacerbated by the presence of aberrant thymic tissue and a superimposed viral infection. Aberrantly located thymic tissue arises as a consequence of migrational defects during thymic embryogenesis. The thymus is a paired organ derived from the third and, to a lesser extent, fourth pharyngeal pouches. After its appearance during the sixth week of fetal life, it descends to a final position in the anterior mediastinum, adjacent to the parietal pericardium. Aberrant thymic tissue results when this tissue breaks free from the thymus as it migrates caudally. Therefore, aberrant thymic tissue may be found in any position along a line from the angle of the mandible to the sternal notch, and in the anterior mediastinum to the level of the diaphragm. In an autopsy study of 3236 children, abnormally positioned thymic tissue was found in 34 cases (1%). The aberrant thymus was most often located near the thyroid gland (n = 19 cases) but was also detected lower in the anterior neck (n = 6 cases), higher in the anterior neck (n = 8 cases), and at the left base of the skull (n = 1 case). The presence of thymic tissue in the retropharyngeal space in our patient is more unusual given the typical embryologic origin and descent of the thymus in the anterior neck to the mediastinum. Children with aberrant thymus may have associated anomalies. Twenty-four of 34 children (71%) with aberrant thymus detected at autopsy had features consistent with DiGeorge syndrome, and only 5 of the remaining 10 patients had a normal mediastinal thymus present. Our patient had normal serum calcium levels after excision and a mediastinal thymus was visualized on MRI. Biospy is required for diagnosis of cervical thymus and should also be considered to exclude other causes. MRI is helpful in delineating the presence, position, and extent of thymic tissue. Immunologic sequelae or recurrence after resection of an aberrant cervical thymus has not been reported.