King Tutankhamun's family and demise

Identifications of ancient Egyptian royal mummies from the 18th Dynasty reconsidered

For centuries, ancient Egyptian Royal mummies have drawn the attention both of the general public and scientists. Many royal mummies from the New Kingdom have survived. The discoveries of the bodies of these ancient rulers have always sparked much attention, yet not all identifications are clear even nowadays. This study presents a meta-analysis to demonstrate the difficulties in identifying ancient Egyptian royal mummies. Various methods and pitfalls in the identification of the Pharaohs are reassessed since new scientific methods can be used, such as ancient DNA-profiling and CT-scanning. While the ancestors of Tutankhamun have been identified, some identities are still highly controversial (e.g., the mystery of the KV-55 skeleton, recently most likely identified as the genetic father of Tutankhamun). The meta-analysis confirms the suggested identity of some mummies (e.g., Amenhotep III, Thutmosis IV, and Queen Tjye).

[Tutankhamun and sickle-cell anaemia]

After casting doubt on malaria as the cause of death for Tutankhamun, the author points out that the hypothesis of homozygotic sickle-cell anaemia, or a double HbS/β₀thal heterozygosis, is hardly more credible. To have any chance of being valid, any such hypothesis would have to involve a combination of at least three rare factors: survival until the age of 19 of a subject with homozygotic sickle-cell anaemia, with a probability at birth as to a life expectancy of more than five years probably standing at less than 5%, and with, for all bone sequelae and anomalies, osteonecrosis whose location is characteristic, not of sickle-cell anaemia, but rather of a case of Freiberg-Kohler syndrome, which is also rare, but which is on the other hand fully compatible with the condition of the mummy's skeleton.