Association of Patient, Prescriber, and Region With the Initiation of First Prescription of Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Among Older Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Identical Health Insurance Coverage

Development of a Machine Learning Model to Predict the Use of Surgery in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

OBJECTIVE

One in five patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rely on surgery to restore joint function. However, variable response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) complicates surgical planning, and it is difficult to predict which patients may ultimately require surgery. We used machine learning to develop predictive models for the likelihood of undergoing an operation related to RA and which type of operation patients who require surgery undergo.

METHODS

We used electronic health record data to train two extreme gradient boosting machine learning models. The first model predicted patients' probabilities of undergoing surgery ≥5 years after their initial clinic visit. The second model predicted whether patients who underwent surgery would undergo a major joint replacement versus a less intensive procedure. Predictors included demographics, comorbidities, and medication data. The primary outcome was model discrimination, measured by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

RESULTS

We identified 5,481 patients, of whom 278 (5.1%) underwent surgery. There was no significant difference in the frequency of DMARD or steroid prescriptions between patients who did and did not have surgery, though nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug prescriptions were more common among patients who did have surgery (P = 0.03). The model predicting use of surgery had an AUC of 0.90 ± 0.02. The model predicting type of surgery had an AUC of 0.58 ± 0.10.

CONCLUSIONS

Predictive models using clinical data have the potential to facilitate identification of patients who may undergo rheumatoid-related surgery, but not what type of procedure they will need. Integrating similar models into practice has the potential to improve surgical planning.

Sex Differences in Time to Initiate Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs or Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs Among Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated sex differences in time to initiation of receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) among patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).

METHODS

Using the 2013 to 2018 IBM MarketScan Database, we identified 174,632 patients with axSpA aged ≥18 years. We evaluated the time between axSpA diagnosis and the first prescription NSAID dispensing (among those with no baseline NSAIDs reception) or bDMARDs infusion/procedure claim (among those who were dispensed two or more different prescription NSAIDs in the baseline period). Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for time to initiation of patients receiving NSAIDs or bDMARDs were computed using survival analyses. Cox proportional hazard models estimated associations between sex and predictors of treatment initiation.

RESULTS

Average age at diagnosis was 48.2 years, 65.7% were female, and 37.8% were dispensed one or more NSAIDs before axSpA diagnosis. Of those who did not receive two or more different prescription NSAIDs before diagnosis, NSAID reception was initiated earlier in female patients than in male patients (NSAID reception initiators: female patients (32.9%), male patients (29.3%); aHR 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-1.16). Among those who received two or more different prescription NSAIDs in the baseline period, 4.2% received a bDMARD, whereas 77.9% continued receiving NSAIDs after diagnosis. Time to bDMARD reception initiation was longer for female patients than for male patients (aHR 0.61, 95% CI 0.52-0.72), but bDMARDs were received sooner among those who received NSAIDs in the baseline period.

CONCLUSION

Prescription NSAID reception was more common than initiation of receiving bDMARDs among patients newly diagnosed with axSpA. Female patients appeared more likely to continue receiving NSAIDs after diagnosis, and the time to initiation of receiving bDMARDs was longer for female patients than for male patients.

Monotreatment With Conventional Antirheumatic Drugs or Glucocorticoids in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Network Meta-Analysis

Importance

This is the first network meta-analysis to assess outcomes associated with multiple conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and glucocorticoid.

Objective

To analyze clinical outcomes after treatment with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and glucocorticoid among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Data Sources

With no time restraint, English language articles were searched in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central, ClinicalTrials.gov, and reference lists of relevant meta-analyses until September 15, 2022.

Study Selection

Four reviewers in pairs of 2 independently included controlled studies randomizing patients with rheumatoid arthritis to mono-conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, glucocorticoid, placebo, or nonactive treatment that recorded at least 1 outcome of tender joint count, swollen joint count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein level. Of 1098 assessed articles, 130 articles (132 interventions) were included.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline, and data quality was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool RoB 2. Data were extracted by a single author and checked independently by 2 authors. Data were analyzed using a random effect model, and data analysis was conducted from June 2021 to February 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

A protocol with hypothesis and study plan was registered before data recording. The most complete of recorded outcomes (tender joint count) was used as primary outcome, with imputations based on other outcomes to obtain a full analysis of all studies. Absolute change adjusted for baseline disease activity was assessed.

Results

A total of 29 interventions in 275 treatment groups among 132 randomized clinical trials (mean [range], 71.0% [27.0% to 100%] females in studies; mean [range] of ages in studies, 53 [36 to 70] years) were identified, which included 13 260 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The mean (range) duration of RA was 79 (2 to 243) months, and the mean (range) disease activity score was 6.3 (4.0 to 8.8). Compared with placebo, oral methotrexate was associated with a reduced tender joint count by 5.18 joints (95% credible interval [CrI], 4.07 to 6.28 joints). Compared with methotrexate, glucocorticoid (-2.54 joints; 95% CrI, -5.16 to 0.08 joints) and remaining drugs except cyclophosphamide (6.08 joints; 95% CrI, 0.44 to 11.66 joints) were associated with similar or lower tender joint counts.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study's results support the present role of methotrexate as the primary reference conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug.

Psoriatic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in Norway: nationwide prevalence and use of biologic agents

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the prevalence of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the use of biologic agents in these diseases in Norway.

METHODS

From the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR), we identified as PsA, axSpA and RA patients ≥18 years those with ≥2 recorded episodes with diagnostic coding for index disease (L40.5, M07.0-M07.3 for PsA; M45, M46.0, M46.1, M46.8 and M46.9 for axSpA; M05-M06 for RA). We calculated the point prevalence of PsA, axSpA and RA as per the 1^st of January 2017 in the Norwegian adult population (age ≥18). Dispensed disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) prescriptions were obtained from the Norwegian Prescription Database and biologic DMARDs given in hospitals from the NPR.

RESULTS

The point prevalence of PsA, axSpA, RA, and any of these diseases in total was 0.46%, 0.41%, 0.78%, and 1.56%, respectively. Among women, the prevalence of PsA, axSpA, and RA was 0.50%, 0.37%, and 1.10%, and among men 0.43%, 0.45%, and 0.46%, respectively. In 2017, 27.3% of RA patients, 25.7% of PsA patients and 35.1% of axSpA patients used biologic DMARDs. Treatment with biologics was more frequent in younger age groups in all three diseases, and became more infrequent especially after age ≥55 years.

CONCLUSION

In Norway, the combined prevalence of PsA, axSpA, and RA was over 1.5%. Reflecting the good overall access to highly effective but costly biologic treatments, more than a fourth of these patients used biologic agents, which corresponds to over 0.4% of Norwegian adult population.

Comanagement with rheumatology and prescription biologics filled during pregnancy in women with rheumatic diseases: a retrospective analysis of US administrative claims data

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate comanagement with rheumatology and biological prescriptions filled during pregnancy among women with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and to examine factors associated with receiving comanagement with rheumatology during pregnancy.

DESIGN

A retrospective analysis of US claims data.

SETTING

Commercially insured enrollees using data from the 2013-2018 IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database.

PARTICIPANTS

We identified 4131 pregnant women aged ≤55 years from the 2013-2018 IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database with an International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision/10th Revision codes for RA, axSpA or PsA, with continuous enrolment at ≥3 months before the date of the last menstrual period (LMP) (index date) and throughout pregnancy.

PRIMARY OUTCOMES

Filled biologics (prescriptions and infusions) claims were categorised by 90 days before the LMP and trimester, as were primary care, obstetrician and rheumatological claims.

RESULTS

The prevalence of axSpA, RA and PsA was 0.7%, 0.2% and 0.04% among reproductive age women. The average maternal age was 32.7 years (SD 5.7). During pregnancy, 9.1% of those with axSpA (n=2,410) and 56.4% of those with RA/PsA (n=1,721) had a rheumatological claim. Biologics claims were less common among those with axSpA (90 days before LMP: 1.6%, during pregnancy: 1.1%) than those with RA/PsA (90 days before LMP: 11.9%, during pregnancy: 6.9%). Medications during pregnancy included corticosteroids (axSpA: 0.3%, RA/PsA: 2.2%), non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (axSpA: 0.2%, RA/PsA: 1.7%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (axSpA: 0.2%, RA/PsA: 1.3%) and opioids (axSpA: 0.2%, RA/PsA: 0.6%). Established rheumatological care and biologics claims during the 90 days before LMP showed good prediction accuracy for receiving comanagement with rheumatology during pregnancy (axSpA: area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) 0.73, RA/PsA: AUC 0.70).

CONCLUSION

Comanagement with rheumatology during pregnancy occurs infrequently, especially for women with axSpA. Biologics claims during pregnancy may not align with published guidelines. Future research is warranted to improve comanagement with rheumatology during pregnancy.

Phenolic-Compound-Rich Opuntia littoralis Ethyl Acetate Extract Relaxes Arthritic Symptoms in Collagen-Induced Mice Model via Bone Morphogenic Markers

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and progressive joint dysfunction. Opuntia littoralis (OL) has a high nutritional content and is thought to offer a number of health advantages. We aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic potential of OL extracts against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). We designed three OL cladode fractions from the concentrated aqueous extract: hexane, ethyl acetate (EAE), and hydro alcohol (HAE). We investigated the nitric oxide and MDA levels of EAE against lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells; then, we administered EAE to the mice with CIA to confirm the anti-inflammatory effects against RA. HPLC analysis of the OL extracts showed a high concentration of phenolic compounds in EAE. Treatment with EAE (10 and 20 mg/100 g body weight of mice) after 10 days of immunization with collagen showed a significant inhibition of joint inflammation, paw swelling, and edemas. MDA and cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6R, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23) were significantly reduced. EAE effectively ameliorated COX-2, NF-kB, STAT-3, PTEN, and RANKL expression. OL-EAE therapy significantly upregulated the expression of miR-28 and miR-199a. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory actions of OL-EAE altered the cellular localization of the inflammatory mediators, therefore preventing joint inflammation via partial epigenetic and metabolic regulations in experimental mice.

Incidence and factors related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis from a health service provider in Colombia during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background:

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection due to intrinsic characteristics of the pathology and the medications used to treat it. The aim was to evaluate the incidence of and factors related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with RA in Colombia.

Methods:

This was an observational study of patients diagnosed with RA who were treated at a health care institution in Colombia. The study evaluated whether the patients presented SARS-CoV-2 infection and other clinical variables. Variables associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified.

Results:

A total of 2566 patients with RA were identified. They had a median age of 61.9 years, and 81.1% were women. They were mainly treated with synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (85.3%), glucocorticoids (52.2%), and biological DMARDs (26.8%). The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 5.1%, and the factors that increased the risk included treatment with synthetic DMARDs with or without biological DMARDs but with concomitant systemic glucocorticoids [odds ratio (OR): 2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21–3.93 and OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.05–2.74, respectively] and receiving antidiabetic drugs (OR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.27–3.94). A total of 20.8% of patients with COVID-19 required hospitalization and 3.8% died.

Conclusion:

The incidence of COVID-19 is higher among patients with RA who receive DMARDs and glucocorticoids simultaneously or who have diabetes mellitus than among patients with RA not receiving these drug combinations, which should guide treatment strategies.

Inequality of access to advanced therapies for patients with inflammatory arthritis: a postcode lottery?

OBJECTIVES

Advanced therapies (AT), including biologics, biosimilars and Janus kinase inhibitors, have dramatically improved the quality of life of patients with RA, PsA and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Evidence-based criteria for prescribing these drugs in England and Wales is formulated by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) through health technology appraisals and guidelines, with the aim of providing equitable access to AT for patients with severe or resistant disease. Similar bodies exist in some, but not all European countries, with disparities in AT access between countries for RA. We examined whether this disparity was mirrored in England for RA, PsA and axSpA despite the National Health Service in England and Wales being legally obliged to provide funding for AT recommended by NICE's Health Technology Appraisal board, through the commissioning bodies, the clinical commissioning groups (CCGs).

METHODS

We requested AT pathways from CCGs in England. Where these were not available, individual hospital Trusts were contacted using freedom of information requests.

RESULTS

We found marked variability in the way that CCGs in England interpret NICE guidance. We found 41, 29 and 25 different pathways for RA, PsA and axSpA, respectively. Similar disparities existed with sequential prescribing where one AT did not work, with limits on the numbers of sequential AT in 54%, 59% and 59% of CCGs for RA, PsA and axSpA, respectively, and with these limits being different for the same condition between CCGs.

CONCLUSION

Although patients at identical stages of their disease course should have access to the same NICE-approved AT, we found this is not the case for large parts of England. Inequality of access was found between regions, mirroring the variability that occurs between countries throughout Europe. Harmonization of access needs to be addressed by policymakers to ensure fairness in the way that clinicians and patients can access AT.

Association of Hospitalised Infection With Socioeconomic Status in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving Biologics or Tofacitinib: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Objectives: Use of biologics or targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs) is associated with infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Socioeconomic status is substantial in infectious diseases; however, the impact of socioeconomic status on risk for infection in patients with RA receiving b/tsDMARD remains unclear. Methods: We used the 2003-2017 Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database to identify patients with RA receiving b/tsDMARDs. A Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the associations of covariates with the risk of hospitalised infection shown as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs). Results: We identified 7,647 RA patients who started their first bDMARD/tsDMARD treatment. Log-rank analyses demonstrated the association between age (p < 0.001), urbanisation (p = 0.001), the insured amount (p = 0.021), and the hospitalisation. Cox proportional regression analyses showed that age was independently associated with hospitalised infection in a dose-response manner, whereas a high-income category had an inverse association (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.23-0.96). Hospitalisation for infection within 5 years was a strong risk factor (HR 5.63, 95% CI 1.91-16.62), and living in a rural area tended to be a risk factor (HR 1.76, 95% CI 0.98-3.14) for incident hospitalised infection. Conclusions: This study showed the crucial impacts of age, socioeconomic status, and history of infection on hospitalised infection in patients with RA receiving b/tsDMARDs. These findings highlight the largely ignored role of socioeconomic status in risk stratification among patients receiving b/tsDMARDs for RA.

Treatment Patterns and Pharmacoutilization in Patients Affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis in Italian Settings

This study aimed to evaluate the treatment patterns and pharmacoutilization of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in real-world settings in Italy. This retrospective observational analysis was based on administrative databases of selected Italian entities. All adult patients with RA diagnosis confirmed by ≥1 discharge diagnosis of RA (ICD-9-CM code = 714.0) or an active exemption code (006.714.0) were enrolled in 2019. Two cohorts were created: one included patients prescribed baricitinib, the other those prescribed biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs). Overall, 47,711 RA patients were identified, most of them without DMARD prescription. As a first-line prescription, 43.2% of patients were prescribed conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs), 5.2% bDMARDs and 0.3% baricitinib. In 2019, 82.6% of csDMARD users continued with the same DMARD category, 15.9% had a bDMARD, while 1.5% had baricitinib as second-line therapy. Overall, 445 patients used baricitinib during 2019. During follow-up, baricitinib was prescribed as monotherapy to 31% of patients, as cotreatment with csDMARDs and corticosteroids to 27% of patients, with corticosteroids to 28% of patients and with csDMARDs to 14% of patients. In line with previous findings, a trend of bDMARD undertreatment was observed. The treatment patterns of baricitinib patients could help to better characterize patients eligible for new therapeutic options that will be available in the future.

Determinants of first-line biological treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from an observational study

Guidelines for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) recommend the use of conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (cs-DMARDs) at the onset of the disease and only in the case of therapeutic failure, the addition of a biological drug (b-DMARD) is suggested.The study aimed to evaluate determinants for first-line biological treatment in patients with RA in clinical practice.A cohort of patients with RA, resident in Lazio, a central Italian Region, where Rome is located, and with at least one disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) prescription between 2010 and 2016 was selected using health information systems linkable with each other by an individual unique anonymous identifier. In particular RA cohort was defined retrieving all patients with at least a RA disease code in regional data claims (hospital discharge, exemption code, emergency department access, or therapeutic plan). Only new users were included and the first-line treatment was identified: cs-DMARD or b-DMARD.Descriptive analysis according to type of DMARD treatment was performed. Through multivariate logistic regression models (odds ratio [OR]; confidence interval [CI95%]) determinants of therapy such as age, comorbidity, and comedication were investigated.Finally, switching during the first year of treatment from cs-DAMARDs to b-DMARDs was analyzed.DMARD-new users with RA were 5641; 7.1% of them with b-DMARD as first-line treatment. Considering the year of dispensing, this percentage ranged from 4.9% (2011) to 8.2% (2015). Among cs-DMARD the most prescribed active agent was methotrexate (59.3%), while among b-DMARD it was etarnecept (37.0%), followed by adalimumab (21.2%). The average age of the cohort was 54 years with 77% of women. Determinants of first-line b-DMARD use were: age (OR<30vs>65 = 3.7; 2.6-5.2, OR[30-45)vs>65 = 1.7; 1.2-2.4, OR[45-55)vs>65 = 1.6; 1.1-2.4, OR[55-65)vs>65 = 1.2; 0.8-1.7), cancers (OR = 2.3; 1.3-4.2), cardio-cerebrovascular disease (OR = 1.4; 1.0-1.9), use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (OR = 0.6; 0.4-0.7) and corticosteroids (OR = 0.6; 0.5-0.7) in the 6 months preceding diagnosis.In the first year of treatment, we observed a percentage of switch from cs-DMARDs to b-DMARDs of 7.9%.In clinical practice, about 7% of patients with RA are prescribed with a b-DMARD as first-line treatment. This therapeutic option, even if not supported by guide lines, is mostly link to younger age and clinical profile of the patients.

FTY720 Inhibits the Development of Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice by Suppressing the Recruitment of CD4+ T Lymphocytes

Background

Fingolimod (FTY720), a novel immunomodulator, was found to suppress the severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. However, the potential molecular mechanisms are still unknown, and the effect of FTY720 on the recruitment of immune cells in the affected joints in the CIA model is not clear.

Materials and Methods

Following the oral administration of FTY720 (2 mg/kg) was treated into CIA mice per day for 35 days, intravital microscopy and immunofluorescence assays were performed to examine immune cell recruitment in the affected joints. Human MH7A synoviocytes were stimulated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and incubated with FTY720. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA and protein expression were evaluated using RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Signal transduction pathway protein expression was measured by Western blotting. Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB was also analyzed by fluorescence microscopy.

Results

In vivo experiments showed that FTY720 inhibited the recruitment of CD4⁺ lymphocytes in the affected joints of CIA mice. FTY720 reduced the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 from TNF-α-stimulated MH7A cells in a dose-dependent manner. FTY720 also inhibited TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of NF-κBp65 and IκBα, as well as NF-κBp65 nuclear translocation, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, FTY720 blocked PI3K/Akt, the upstream targets of the NF-κB pathway.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that oral administration of FTY720 exerted beneficial effects in CIA mice by inhibiting CD4⁺ T lymphocyte recruitment to the affected joints. Our data also indicated that FTY720 inhibited TNF-α-induced inflammation by suppressing the AKT/PI3K/NF-κB pathway in MH7A cells.

Elicitation of Rheumatologist Preferences for the Treatment of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis After the Failure of a First Conventional Synthetic Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Agent

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) clinical guidelines do not provide strong recommendations for the choice of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) in patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX), and only limited evidence is available on factors influencing rheumatologist treatment decisions. We aimed to describe therapeutic preferences after the failure of a first-line strategy of MTX in simulated cases of patients with RA.

Methods

Fictional but realistic case-vignettes (n = 64) of patients with RA and an inadequate response to MTX were developed with a combination of RA-poor prognostic factors and comorbidities. Physicians were presented with eight vignettes and chose the most and least appropriate therapeutic option from the following six options randomly proposed 3 by 3: (1) replacing MTX with another csDMARD; (2) combining MTX with one or more csDMARDs; (3) adding a bDMARD of either TNF inhibitors (TNFi), tocilizumab (TCZ), abatacept (ABA), or rituximab (RTZ). A total of 1605 complete case vignettes were produced and randomly assigned to a representative sample of French rheumatologists. For each vignette, whenever a treatment was preferred, one point was incremented for this treatment; if this treatment was the least desired, one point was removed. Preferences were elicited using a normalized best–worst score.

Results

Two hundred and four French rheumatologists participated in the study with each vignette being assessed 20–28 times for a completion rate of 94%. TNFi was the first-choice strategy (80% of vignettes), except in cases with a history of infection and pulmonary comorbidity, where ABA was the first preference (85%). TCZ came third in 83% of the cases. Other options were never preferred and repeatedly yielded negative scores.

Conclusions

We observed a conservative trend with TNFi as the main therapeutic choice for patients with RA and inadequate response to MTX. Preference for bDMARD-based strategies increased with the number of RA-poor prognosis factors, whereas an increase in the number of comorbidities resulted in an increased preference for ABA. Understanding clinical decision-making will be particularly important as the therapeutic landscape for RA continues to evolve.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40744-021-00311-1.

Assessment of patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis eligible for biotechnological agents and evaluation of their healthcare resource utilization and related costs

OBJECTIVE

To provide estimates of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) eligible for biotechnological therapy and to evaluate their healthcare costs.

METHOD

An observational analysis was performed based on data-linkage between administrative databases of selected Italian Regional/Local healthcare departments. Data were then re-proportioned to the Italian population. Patients with RA diagnosis defined by discharge diagnosis and/or exemption code during 01/01/2013- 31/12/2017 were included. The criteria applied to evaluate the elegibility for biotechnological therapy were: 1) methotrexate (MTX)-treatment failure ≥6 months and start of a different conventional-synthetic diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARD); 2) corticosteroid ≥6 months with dosage ≥7.5 mg/die; 3) MTX-contraindication (therapy or hospitalization for renal damage/interstizial lung disease/hepatic failure). Mean annual costs per patient included drugs, hospitalizations, outpatient services.

RESULTS

Data re-proportioned to the Italian population estimated 318,328 RA patients: 43,361 with, 274,967 without biotechnological agents. Among the latter, 26,487(9.6%) patients met ≥1 criteria applied for eligibility: 1,896 had MTX-treatment failure and started another csDMARD; 15,833 received corticosteroid ≥7.5 mg/die; 7,788 had MTX-contraindication. Regarding patients fulfilling two criteria, 107 had MTX-treatment failure followed by another csDMARDs and corticosteroid ≥7.5 mg/die, 53 were treated with another csDMARDs after MTX-treatment failure and also presented MTX-contraindication, 810 had corticosteroid ≥7.5 mg/die and MTX-contraindication. Mean total annual costs for patients estimated eligible for biotechnological therapy was € 3,132, of which € 177 related to drugs indicated for RA and € 2,955 related to other direct costs.

CONCLUSIONS

According to our estimates, around 10% RA patients not currently treated with biotechnological agents are eligible for such therapies, highlighting a trend of under-use in clinical practice for RA management.