1
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Islam R, Choudhary H, Rajan R, Vrionis F, Hanafy KA. An overview on microglial origin, distribution, and phenotype in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e30829. [PMID: 35822939 PMCID: PMC9837313 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that is responsible for about one-third of dementia cases worldwide. It is believed that AD is initiated with the deposition of Ab plaques in the brain. Genetic studies have shown that a high number of AD risk genes are expressed by microglia, the resident macrophages of brain. Common mode of action by microglia cells is neuroinflammation and phagocytosis. Moreover, it has been discovered that inflammatory marker levels are increased in AD patients. Recent studies advocate that neuroinflammation plays a major role in AD progression. Microglia have different activation profiles depending on the region of brain and stimuli. In different activation, profile microglia can generate either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. Microglia defend brain cells from pathogens and respond to injuries; also, microglia can lead to neuronal death along the way. In this review, we will bring the different roles played by microglia and microglia-related genes in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezwanul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Hadi Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Robin Rajan
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Frank Vrionis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Khalid A. Hanafy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
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2
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Pocock J, Vasilopoulou F, Svensson E, Cosker K. Microglia and TREM2. Neuropharmacology 2024:110020. [PMID: 38821351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
TREM2 is a membrane receptor solely expressed on microglia in normal brain. In this review we outline recent advances in TREM2 biology and its implications for microglial function, with particular emphasis on findings from iPSC-derived microglia (iMG) expressing TREM2 loss-of-function mutations. Alterations in receptor proximal and distal signalling underlie TREM2 risk variants linked to neurodegenerative disease, principally NH-linked FTD, and late-onset AD, but emerging data suggest roles for TREM2 in PD, MS and ALS. TREM2 downstream functions include phagocytosis of myelin debris, amyloid beta peptides, and phosphatidylserine-expressing cells (resulting from damage or stress). Microglial survival, migration, DAMP signalling, inflammasome activation, and intercellular signalling including tau spreading via exosomes, as well as roles for sTREM2 ain protection and as a biomarker are discussed. The role of TREM2 in metabolic homeostasis, and immunometabolic switching are discussed regarding microglial responses to damage and protection. The use of iPSC models to investigate the role of TREM2 in AD, PD, MS, ALS, and other neurodegenerative diseases could prove invaluable due to their ability to recapitulate human pathology, allowing a full understanding of TREM2 and microglial involvement in the underlying disease mechanisms and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK.
| | - Foteini Vasilopoulou
- Department of Neuroinflammation, and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Elina Svensson
- Department of Neuroinflammation, and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Katharina Cosker
- Department of Neuroinflammation, and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
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3
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Shi Q, Gutierrez RA, Bhat MA. Microglia, Trem2, and Neurodegeneration. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241254118. [PMID: 38769824 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241254118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are a specialized type of neuroimmune cells that undergo morphological and molecular changes through multiple signaling pathways in response to pathological protein aggregates, neuronal death, tissue injury, or infections. Microglia express Trem2, which serves as a receptor for a multitude of ligands enhancing their phagocytic activity. Trem2 has emerged as a critical modulator of microglial activity, especially in many neurodegenerative disorders. Human TREM2 mutations are associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Trem2 plays dual roles in neuroinflammation and more specifically in disease-associated microglia. Most recent developments on the molecular mechanisms of Trem2, emphasizing its role in uptake and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates and other tissue debris to help protect and preserve the brain, are encouraging. Although Trem2 normally stimulates defense mechanisms, its dysregulation can intensify inflammation, which poses major therapeutic challenges. Recent therapeutic approaches targeting Trem2 via agonistic antibodies and gene therapy methodologies present possible avenues for reducing the burden of neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the promise of Trem2 as a therapeutic target, especially for Aβ-associated AD, and calls for more mechanistic investigations to understand the context-specific role of microglial Trem2 in developing effective therapies against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Raul A Gutierrez
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Manzoor A Bhat
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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4
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Komine O, Ohnuma S, Hinohara K, Hara Y, Shimada M, Akashi T, Watanabe S, Sobue A, Kawade N, Ogi T, Yamanaka K. Genetic background variation impacts microglial heterogeneity and disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model mice. iScience 2024; 27:108872. [PMID: 38318390 PMCID: PMC10839647 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent single-cell analyses have revealed the complexity of microglial heterogeneity in brain development, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Disease-associated microglia (DAMs) have been identified in ALS mice model, but their role in ALS pathology remains unclear. The effect of genetic background variations on microglial heterogeneity and functions remains unknown. Herein, we established and analyzed two mice models of ALS with distinct genetic backgrounds of C57BL/6 and BALB/c. We observed that the change in genetic background from C57BL/6 to BALB/c affected microglial heterogeneity and ALS pathology and its progression, likely due to the defective induction of neurotrophic factor-secreting DAMs and impaired microglial survival. Single-cell analyses of ALS mice revealed new markers for each microglial subtype and a possible association between microglial heterogeneity and systemic immune environments. Thus, we highlighted the role of microglia in ALS pathology and importance of genetic background variations in modulating microglial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okiru Komine
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Syuhei Ohnuma
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Hinohara
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Center for 5D Cell Dynamics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hara
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayuko Shimada
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Akashi
- Center for 5D Cell Dynamics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seiji Watanabe
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Sobue
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Medical Interactive Research and Academia Industry Collaboration Center, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noe Kawade
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoo Ogi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
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Bosco DB, Kremen V, Haruwaka K, Zhao S, Wang L, Ebner BA, Zheng J, Dheer A, Perry JF, Xie M, Nguyen AT, Worrell GA, Wu LJ. Impaired microglial phagocytosis promotes seizure development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.31.573794. [PMID: 38260601 PMCID: PMC10802340 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.31.573794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is exclusively expressed by microglia and is critical for microglial proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis. TREM2 plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, little is known about the role TREM2 plays in epileptogenesis. To investigate this, we utilized TREM2 knockout (KO) mice within the murine intra-amygdala kainic acid seizure model. Electroencephalographic analysis, immunocytochemistry, and RNA sequencing revealed that TREM2 deficiency significantly promoted seizure-induced pathology. We found that TREM2 KO increased both acute status epilepticus and spontaneous recurrent seizures characteristic of chronic focal epilepsy. Mechanistically, phagocytic clearance of damaged neurons by microglia was impaired in TREM2 KO mice and the reduced phagocytic capacity correlated with increased spontaneous seizures. Analysis of human tissue from patients who underwent surgical resection for drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy also showed a negative correlation between microglial phagocytic activity and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic generalized seizure history. These results indicate that microglial TREM2 and phagocytic activity may be important to epileptogenesis and the progression of focal temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale B. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vaclav Kremen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Blake A. Ebner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aastha Dheer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jadyn F. Perry
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aivi T. Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic; Jacksonville, FL, USA
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6
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Khaled M, Al-Jamal H, Tajer L, El-Mir R. Alzheimer's Disease in Lebanon: Exploring Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors-A Comprehensive Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:21-40. [PMID: 38640157 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that displays a high prevalence in Lebanon causing a local burden in healthcare and socio-economic sectors. Unfortunately, the lack of prevalence studies and clinical trials in Lebanon minimizes the improvement of AD patient health status. In this review, we include over 155 articles to cover the different aspects of AD ranging from mechanisms to possible treatment and management tools. We highlight some important modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of the disease including genetics, age, cardiovascular diseases, smoking, etc. Finally, we propose a hypothetical genetic synergy model between APOE4 and TREM2 genes which constitutes a potential early diagnostic tool that helps in reducing the risk of AD based on preventative measures decades before cognitive decline. The studies on AD in Lebanon and the Middle East are scarce. This review points out the importance of genetic mapping in the understanding of disease pathology which is crucial for the emergence of novel diagnostic tools. Hence, we establish a rigid basis for further research to identify the most influential genetic and environmental risk factors for the purpose of using more specific diagnostic tools and possibly adopting a local management protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadi Al-Jamal
- Faculty of Public Health III, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Layla Tajer
- Faculty of Public Health III, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Reem El-Mir
- Faculty of Public Health III, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
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7
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Nabizadeh F. sTREM2 is associated with attenuated tau aggregate accumulation in the presence of amyloid-β pathology. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad286. [PMID: 37942087 PMCID: PMC10629471 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cell 2 (TREM2) plays a crucial role in the transition of microglia from a state of homeostasis to a state associated with the disease. Mutations in TREM2 are strongly linked with a higher risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. There have been contradictory findings regarding the potential detrimental or protective effects of microglial activation and TREM2-related microglial responses in Alzheimer's disease. Although previous studies reported increased CSF soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) in different clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease, the exact association between Alzheimer's disease hallmarks such as amyloid-beta and tau pathology remains unclear. In the present study, I aimed to investigate the association between TREM2-related microglial responses and tau accumulation in the presence and absence of amyloid-beta pathology in order to give a better view of the role of microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease development. Imaging data of 178 non-demented participants including 107 amyloid-beta-negative participants, 71 amyloid-beta-positive were recruited from Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative. The CSF sTREM2 was used as an in vivo indicator of microglial responses associated with TREM2. Furthermore, I used longitudinal tau-PET and resting-state functional MRI connectomes in order to investigate the association of TREM2-related microglial activation and tau spreading through functional connections. A higher level of sTREM2 was associated with slower tau aggregate accumulation in non-demented amyloid-beta-positive. Furthermore, measuring the tau spreading through inter-connected regions using functional MRI connectomes confirms that the TREM2-related microglial activity might be a protective factor against tau pathology in brain tissue. These findings demonstrate that in individuals with initial amyloid-beta abnormalities, TREM2-related microglial activation is linked to reduced regional accumulation of tau aggregates and also, spreading across inter-connected brain regions, as evaluated through functional MRI connectomes during the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardin Nabizadeh
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
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Statsenko Y, Kuznetsov NV, Morozova D, Liaonchyk K, Simiyu GL, Smetanina D, Kashapov A, Meribout S, Gorkom KNV, Hamoudi R, Ismail F, Ansari SA, Emerald BS, Ljubisavljevic M. Reappraisal of the Concept of Accelerated Aging in Neurodegeneration and Beyond. Cells 2023; 12:2451. [PMID: 37887295 PMCID: PMC10605227 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and epigenetic changes, oxidative stress and inflammation influence the rate of aging, which diseases, lifestyle and environmental factors can further accelerate. In accelerated aging (AA), the biological age exceeds the chronological age. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to reappraise the AA concept critically, considering its weaknesses and limitations. METHODS We reviewed more than 300 recent articles dealing with the physiology of brain aging and neurodegeneration pathophysiology. RESULTS (1) Application of the AA concept to individual organs outside the brain is challenging as organs of different systems age at different rates. (2) There is a need to consider the deceleration of aging due to the potential use of the individual structure-functional reserves. The latter can be restored by pharmacological and/or cognitive therapy, environment, etc. (3) The AA concept lacks both standardised terminology and methodology. (4) Changes in specific molecular biomarkers (MBM) reflect aging-related processes; however, numerous MBM candidates should be validated to consolidate the AA theory. (5) The exact nature of many potential causal factors, biological outcomes and interactions between the former and the latter remain largely unclear. CONCLUSIONS Although AA is commonly recognised as a perspective theory, it still suffers from a number of gaps and limitations that assume the necessity for an updated AA concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Statsenko
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
- Big Data Analytic Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nik V. Kuznetsov
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Daria Morozova
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Katsiaryna Liaonchyk
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Gillian Lylian Simiyu
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
| | - Darya Smetanina
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
| | - Aidar Kashapov
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
| | - Sarah Meribout
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
| | - Klaus Neidl-Van Gorkom
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PS, UK
| | - Fatima Ismail
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Suraiya Anjum Ansari
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Milos Ljubisavljevic
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Ogonowski N, Santamaria-Garcia H, Baez S, Lopez A, Laserna A, Garcia-Cifuentes E, Ayala-Ramirez P, Zarante I, Suarez-Obando F, Reyes P, Kauffman M, Cochran N, Schulte M, Sirkis DW, Spina S, Yokoyama JS, Miller BL, Kosik KS, Matallana D, Ibáñez A. Frontotemporal dementia presentation in patients with heterozygous p.H157Y variant of TREM2. J Med Genet 2023; 60:894-904. [PMID: 36813542 PMCID: PMC10447405 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is a major regulator of neuroinflammatory processes in neurodegeneration. To date, the p.H157Y variant of TREM2 has been reported only in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Here, we report three patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) from three unrelated families with heterozygous p.H157Y variant of TREM2: two patients from Colombian families (study 1) and a third Mexican origin case from the USA (study 2). METHODS To determine if the p.H157Y variant might be associated with a specific FTD presentation, we compared in each study the cases with age-matched, sex-matched and education-matched groups-a healthy control group (HC) and a group with FTD with neither TREM2 mutations nor family antecedents (Ng-FTD and Ng-FTD-MND). RESULTS The two Colombian cases presented with early behavioural changes, greater impairments in general cognition and executive function compared with both HC and Ng-FTD groups. These patients also exhibited brain atrophy in areas characteristic of FTD. Furthermore, TREM2 cases showed increased atrophy compared with Ng-FTD in frontal, temporal, parietal, precuneus, basal ganglia, parahippocampal/hippocampal and cerebellar regions. The Mexican case presented with FTD and motor neuron disease (MND), showing grey matter reduction in basal ganglia and thalamus, and extensive TDP-43 type B pathology. CONCLUSION In all TREM2 cases, multiple atrophy peaks overlapped with the maximum peaks of TREM2 gene expression in crucial brain regions including frontal, temporal, thalamic and basal ganglia areas. These results provide the first report of an FTD presentation potentially associated with the p.H157Y variant with exacerbated neurocognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ogonowski
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Adolfo Ibanez University, Santiago, Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Hernando Santamaria-Garcia
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Ph.D Program of Neuroscience, Bogotá, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Centro de Memoria y Cognición Intellectus, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Andrea Lopez
- Hospital Universitario de la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Laserna
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
- University of Rochester Medical Center. Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine. of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester, NY, New York, USA
| | - Elkin Garcia-Cifuentes
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paola Ayala-Ramirez
- Human Genomics Institute, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | | | - Pablo Reyes
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Marcelo Kauffman
- Hospital General de Agudos Jose Maria Ramos Mejia Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenetica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Austral. IIMT-FCB. Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Daniel W Sirkis
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weil Institute of Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weil Institute of Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Kenneth S Kosik
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Diana Matallana
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Adolfo Ibanez University, Santiago, Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres & CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Lee-Gosselin A, Jury-Garfe N, You Y, Dabin L, Soni D, Dutta S, Rochet JC, Kim J, Oblak AL, Lasagna-Reeves CA. TREM2-Deficient Microglia Attenuate Tau Spreading In Vivo. Cells 2023; 12:1597. [PMID: 37371067 PMCID: PMC10296847 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood. Previous studies investigating the effect of TREM2 deletion on tauopathy mouse models without the contribution of b-amyloid have focused only on tau overexpression models. Herein, we investigated the effects of TREM2 deficiency on tau spreading using a mouse model in which endogenous tau is seeded to produce AD-like tau features. We found that Trem2-/- mice exhibit attenuated tau pathology in multiple brain regions concomitant with a decreased microglial density. The neuroinflammatory profile in TREM2-deficient mice did not induce an activated inflammatory response to tau pathology. These findings suggest that reduced TREM2 signaling may alter the response of microglia to pathological tau aggregates, impairing their activation and decreasing their capacity to contribute to tau spreading. However, caution should be exercised when targeting TREM2 as a therapeutic entry point for AD until its involvement in tau aggregation and propagation is better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lee-Gosselin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.L.-G.); (N.J.-G.)
| | - Nur Jury-Garfe
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.L.-G.); (N.J.-G.)
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yanwen You
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.L.-G.); (N.J.-G.)
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Luke Dabin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.L.-G.); (N.J.-G.)
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Disha Soni
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.L.-G.); (N.J.-G.)
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.L.-G.); (N.J.-G.)
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Adrian L. Oblak
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.L.-G.); (N.J.-G.)
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cristian A. Lasagna-Reeves
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.L.-G.); (N.J.-G.)
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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11
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Winfree RL, Seto M, Dumitrescu L, Menon V, De Jager P, Wang Y, Schneider J, Bennett DA, Jefferson AL, Hohman TJ. TREM2 gene expression associations with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology are region-specific: implications for cortical versus subcortical microglia. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:733-747. [PMID: 36966244 PMCID: PMC10175463 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous post-mortem assessments of TREM2 expression and its association with brain pathologies have been limited by sample size. This study sought to correlate region-specific TREM2 mRNA expression with diverse neuropathological measures at autopsy using a large sample size (N = 945) of bulk RNA sequencing data from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project (ROS/MAP). TREM2 gene expression of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and caudate nucleus was assessed with respect to core pathology of Alzheimer's disease (amyloid-β, and tau), cerebrovascular pathology (cerebral infarcts, arteriolosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy), microglial activation (proportion of activated microglia), and cognitive performance. We found that cortical TREM2 levels were positively related to AD diagnosis, cognitive decline, and amyloid-β neuropathology but were not related to the proportion of activated microglia. In contrast, caudate TREM2 levels were not related to AD pathology, cognition, or diagnosis, but were positively related to the proportion of activated microglia in the same region. Diagnosis-stratified results revealed caudate TREM2 levels were inversely related to AD neuropathology and positively related to microglial activation and longitudinal cognitive performance in AD cases. These results highlight the notable changes in TREM2 transcript abundance in AD and suggest that its pathological associations are brain-region-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Winfree
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mabel Seto
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip De Jager
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie Schneider
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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12
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Zhou W, Zhou Y, Li J. Association between Cerebrospinal Fluid Soluble TREM2, Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103589. [PMID: 37240695 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) is a potential biomarker and therapy target for neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the association between CSF sTREM2 level and NDDs, and to reveal the dynamic changes in CSF sTREM2 level in Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for observational studies, which compared the levels of CSF sTREM2 between NDDs and controls. Sources of heterogeneity were analyzed using sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis and meta-regression. We assessed pooled data using a random-effects model. RESULTS Twenty-two observational studies which included 5716 participates were identified. Compared with the controls, the whole AD continuum group showed a significant increase in CSF sTREM2 level (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.41, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.24, 0.58, p < 0.001). The mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group displayed the largest effect size (SMD, 0.49 [95% CI: 0.10, 0.88], p = 0.014), followed by the AD cohort (SMD, 0.40 [95% CI: 0.18, 0.63], p < 0.001). The increase in sTREM2 in the preclinical stage of AD (pre-AD) group was the lowest (SMD, 0.29 [95% CI: 0.03, 0.55], p = 0.031). Other NDDs also showed an increase in the CSF sTREM2 levels compared with control groups (SMD, 0.77 [95% CI: 0.37, 1.16], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The pooled data confirmed that NDDs are associated with increased CSF sTREM2 level, thereby suggesting the CSF sTREM2 as a potential dynamic biomarker and therapy target for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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13
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Zhou W, Zhou Y, He J, Rao Y, Fei P, Li J. TREM2 deficiency in microglia accelerates photoreceptor cell death and immune cell infiltration following retinal detachment. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:219. [PMID: 36977680 PMCID: PMC10050330 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) occurs in several major retinal conditions and often causes irreversible vision loss due to photoreceptor cell death. Retinal residential microglial cells are activated following RD and participate in photoreceptor cell death via direct phagocytosis and the regulation of inflammatory responses. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor exclusively expressed on microglial cells in the retina, and has been reported to affect microglial cell homeostasis, phagocytosis and inflammatory responses in the brain. In this study, increased expression of multiple cytokines and chemokines in the neural retina was observed starting at 3 h following RD. Trem2 knockout (Trem2-/-) mice exhibited significantly more photoreceptor cell death than wild-type controls at 3 days after RD, and the number of TUNEL positive photoreceptor cells progressively decreased from day 3 to day 7 post-RD. A significant thinning of the outer nuclear layer (ONL), with multiple folds was observed in the Trem2-/- mice at 3 days post-RD. Trem2 deficiency reduced microglial cell infiltration and phagocytosis of stressed photoreceptors. There were more neutrophils in Trem2-/- retina following RD than in controls. Using purified microglial cells, we found Trem2 knockout is associated with increased CXCL12 expression. The aggravated photoreceptor cell death was largely reversed by blocking the CXCL12-CXCR4 mediated chemotaxis in Trem2-/- mice after RD. Our findings suggested that retinal microglia are protective in preventing further photoreceptor cell death following RD by phagocytosing presumably stressed photoreceptor cells and by regulating inflammatory responses. TREM2 is largely responsible for such protective effect and CXCL12 plays an important role in regulating neutrophil infiltration after RD. Collectively, our study pinpointed TREM2 as a potential target of microglial cells to ameliorate RD-induced photoreceptor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jincan He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuqing Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ping Fei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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14
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Rao Y, Peng B. Allogenic microglia replacement: A novel therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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15
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Shu X, Wei C, Tu WY, Zhong K, Qi S, Wang A, Bai L, Zhang SX, Luo B, Xu ZZ, Zhang K, Shen C. Negative regulation of TREM2-mediated C9orf72 poly-GA clearance by the NLRP3 inflammasome. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112133. [PMID: 36800288 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of the hexanucleotide repeat GGGGCC in the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Poly-Gly-Ala (poly-GA), one form of dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) produced from GGGGCC repeats, tends to form neurotoxic protein aggregates. The C9orf72 GGGGCC repeats and microglial receptor TREM2 are both associated with risk for ALS/FTD. The role and regulation of TREM2 in C9orf72-ALS/FTD remain unclear. Here, we found that poly-GA proteins activate the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome to produce interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which promotes ADAM10-mediated TREM2 cleavage and inhibits phagocytosis of poly-GA. The inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome, MCC950, reduces the TREM2 cleavage and poly-GA aggregates, resulting in the alleviation of motor deficits in poly-GA mice. Our study identifies a crosstalk between NLRP3 and TREM2 signaling, suggesting that targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome to sustain TREM2 is an approach to treat C9orf72-ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Shu
- Department of Neurobiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Chen Wei
- Department of Neurobiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Wen-Yo Tu
- Department of Neurobiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Keke Zhong
- Department of Neurobiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Shuyuan Qi
- Department of Neurobiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Ailian Wang
- Department of Neurobiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Lei Bai
- Department of Neurobiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Shan-Xin Zhang
- School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurobiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Xu
- School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kejing Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, China.
| | - Chengyong Shen
- Department of Neurobiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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16
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Alvarez KLF, Aguilar-Pineda JA, Ortiz-Manrique MM, Paredes-Calderon MF, Cardenas-Quispe BC, Vera-Lopez KJ, Goyzueta-Mamani LD, Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Davila-Del-Carpio G, Peralta-Mestas A, Musolino PL, Lino Cardenas CL. Co-occurring pathogenic variants in 6q27 associated with dementia spectrum disorders in a Peruvian family. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1104585. [PMID: 36873109 PMCID: PMC9978490 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that there may be racial differences in risk factors associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD). We used whole-genome sequencing analysis and identified a novel combination of three pathogenic variants in the heterozygous state (UNC93A: rs7739897 and WDR27: rs61740334; rs3800544) in a Peruvian family with a strong clinical history of ADRD. Notably, the combination of these variants was present in two generations of affected individuals but absent in healthy members of the family. In silico and in vitro studies have provided insights into the pathogenicity of these variants. These studies predict that the loss of function of the mutant UNC93A and WDR27 proteins induced dramatic changes in the global transcriptomic signature of brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and especially pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, indicating that the combination of these three variants may affect the neurovascular unit. In addition, known key molecular pathways associated with dementia spectrum disorders were enriched in brain cells with low levels of UNC93A and WDR27. Our findings have thus identified a genetic risk factor for familial dementia in a Peruvian family with an Amerindian ancestral background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Lucia F. Alvarez
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Bryan C. Cardenas-Quispe
- Division of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology of the National Hospital ESSALUD-HNCASE, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Karin Jannet Vera-Lopez
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Luis D. Goyzueta-Mamani
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
| | | | | | - Antero Peralta-Mestas
- Division of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology of the National Hospital ESSALUD-HNCASE, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Patricia L. Musolino
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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17
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Tseng FS, Foo JQX, Mai AS, Tan EK. The genetic basis of multiple system atrophy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:104. [PMID: 36765380 PMCID: PMC9912584 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a heterogenous, uniformly fatal neurodegenerative ɑ-synucleinopathy. Patients present with varying degrees of dysautonomia, parkinsonism, cerebellar dysfunction, and corticospinal degeneration. The underlying pathophysiology is postulated to arise from aberrant ɑ-synuclein deposition, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Although MSA is regarded as a primarily sporadic disease, there is a possible genetic component that is poorly understood. This review summarizes current literature on genetic risk factors and potential pathogenic genes and loci linked to both sporadic and familial MSA, and underlines the biological mechanisms that support the role of genetics in MSA. We discuss a broad range of genes that have been associated with MSA including genes related to Parkinson's disease (PD), oxidative stress, inflammation, and tandem gene repeat expansions, among several others. Furthermore, we highlight various genetic polymorphisms that modulate MSA risk, including complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, which influence the disease phenotype and have clinical significance in both presentation and prognosis. Deciphering the exact mechanism of how MSA can result from genetic aberrations in both experimental and clinical models will facilitate the identification of novel pathophysiologic clues, and pave the way for translational research into the development of disease-modifying therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Shuen Tseng
- grid.163555.10000 0000 9486 5048Division of Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel Qi Xuan Foo
- grid.276809.20000 0004 0636 696XDepartment of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aaron Shengting Mai
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 169856, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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18
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Ayyubova G. TREM2 signalling as a multifaceted player in brain homoeostasis and a potential target for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:718-733. [PMID: 36637116 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) has crucial roles in microglial physiology, differentiation, metabolism and survival. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) show that genetic mutations of the TREM2 increase the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) by two to four times, disrupting the microglial function in reducing the progression of the disease. Accumulating data show that TREM2 function in AD is related primarily to the clearance of soluble and insoluble amyloid beta (Aβ42) aggregates from the brain. TREM2 also ameliorates the pathological effects of activated microglia on neuronal tau pathology, demonstrating its protective anti-inflammatory effects. However, since the excessive activation of TREM2 signalling can inhibit pro-inflammatory reactions and suppress the role of microglia in immune surveillance, at the late stages of the disease, it might promote immune tolerance, which is detrimental. The contradictory effects of TREM2 mutations on brain amyloidopathy and tauopathy in multiple mouse models, as well as studies revealing various effects of TREM2 overexpression, complicate the understanding of the role that TREM2 plays in AD aetiopathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest developments regarding the significance of TREM2 signalling in the stability of microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory activations and propose the mechanisms that should be targeted in the future to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunel Ayyubova
- Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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19
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Muzio L, Ghirelli A, Agosta F, Martino G. Novel therapeutic approaches for motor neuron disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:523-537. [PMID: 37620088 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that leads to the neurodegeneration and death of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs). Although MNs are the main cells involved in the process of neurodegeneration, a growing body of evidence points toward other cell types as concurrent to disease initiation and propagation. Given the current absence of effective therapies, the quest for other therapeutic targets remains open and still challenges the scientific community. Both neuronal and extra-neuronal mechanisms of cellular stress and damage have been studied and have posed the basis for the development of novel therapies that have been investigated on both animal models and humans. In this chapter, a thorough review of the main mechanisms of cellular damage and the respective therapeutic attempts targeting them is reported. The main areas covered include neuroinflammation, protein aggregation, RNA metabolism, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Muzio
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, InsPE, Milan, Italy
| | - Alma Ghirelli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, InsPE, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, InsPE, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, InsPE, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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20
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Kim B, Suh E, Nguyen AT, Prokop S, Mikytuck B, Olatunji OA, Robinson JL, Grossman M, Phillips JS, Irwin DJ, Mechanic-Hamilton D, Wolk DA, Trojanowski JQ, McMillan CT, Van Deerlin VM, Lee EB. TREM2 risk variants are associated with atypical Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:1085-1102. [PMID: 36112222 PMCID: PMC9643636 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has multiple clinically and pathologically defined subtypes where the underlying causes of such heterogeneity are not well established. Rare TREM2 variants confer significantly increased risk for clinical AD in addition to other neurodegenerative disease clinical phenotypes. Whether TREM2 variants are associated with atypical clinical or pathologically defined subtypes of AD is not known. We studied here the clinical and pathological features associated with TREM2 risk variants in an autopsy-confirmed cohort. TREM2 variant cases were more frequently associated with non-amnestic clinical syndromes. Pathologically, TREM2 variant cases were associated with an atypical distribution of neurofibrillary tangle density with significantly lower hippocampal NFT burden relative to neocortical NFT accumulation. In addition, NFT density but not amyloid burden was associated with an increase of dystrophic microglia. TREM2 variant cases were not associated with an increased prevalence, extent, or severity of co-pathologies. These clinicopathological features suggest that TREM2 variants contribute to clinical and pathologic AD heterogeneity by altering the distribution of neurofibrillary degeneration and tau-dependent microglial dystrophy, resulting in hippocampal-sparing and non-amnestic AD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Kim
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - EunRan Suh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aivi T Nguyen
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bailey Mikytuck
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Olamide A Olatunji
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John L Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Phillips
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dawn Mechanic-Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, Penn Memory Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Wolk
- Department of Neurology, Penn Memory Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corey T McMillan
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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21
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Zhang C, Chen S. Role of TREM2 in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases After Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 60:342-354. [PMID: 36264434 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been found as the primary cause of morbidity and disability worldwide, which has posed a significant social and economic burden. The first stage of TBI produces brain edema, axonal damage, and hypoxia, thus having an effect on the blood-brain barrier function, promoting inflammatory responses, and increasing oxidative stress. Patients with TBI are more likely to develop post-traumatic epilepsy, behavioral issues, as well as mental illnesses. The long-term effects arising from TBI have aroused rising attention over the past few years. Microglia in the brain can express the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which is a single transmembrane receptor pertaining to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The receptor has been correlated with a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other relevant diseases. In this review, it is demonstrated that TREM2 is promising to serve as a neuroprotective factor for neurodegenerative disorders following TBI by modulating the function of microglial cells. Accordingly, it has potential avenues for TREM2-related therapies to improve long-term recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Content in Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Early Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152364. [PMID: 35954208 PMCID: PMC9367540 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common hallmark in different neurodegenerative conditions that share neuronal dysfunction and a progressive loss of a selectively vulnerable brain cell population. Alongside ageing and genetics, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are considered key risk factors. Microglia are considered immune sentinels of the central nervous system capable of initiating an innate and adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanisms underlying the initiation and spread of inflammation in the brain are still poorly described. Recently, a new mechanism of intercellular signalling mediated by small extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been identified. EVs are nanosized particles (30–150 nm) with a bilipid membrane that carries cell-specific bioactive cargos that participate in physiological or pathological processes. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are cellular components recognised by the immune receptors of microglia, inducing or aggravating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. Diverse evidence links mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation mediated by mitochondrial-DAMPs (mtDAMPs) such as mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and cardiolipin, among others. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) are a subtype of EVs produced after mild damage to mitochondria and, upon fusion with multivesicular bodies are released as EVs to the extracellular space. MDVs are particularly enriched in mtDAMPs which can induce an immune response and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, growing evidence supports the association between mitochondrial dysfunction, EV release and inflammation. Here, we describe the role of extracellular vesicles-associated mtDAMPS in physiological conditions and as neuroinflammation activators contributing to neurodegenerative disorders.
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23
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Mai Z, Wei W, Yu H, Chen Y, Wang Y, Ding Y. Molecular recognition of the interaction between ApoE and the TREM2 protein. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:93-103. [PMID: 35582645 PMCID: PMC9055258 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene is the strongest known genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is another important risk factor affecting the AD process after ApoE. Emerging evidence has identified TREM2 as a putative receptor for ApoE, raising the possibility that interactions between ApoE and TREM2 modulate the pathogenesis of AD. In this study, we performed molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) analyses to characterize the ApoE–TREM2 interaction and further investigated the effect of the major TREM2 disease-associated mutation (R47H) on the affinity of TREM2 for ApoE. The results indicate that the binding energy between ApoE and TREM2 occurs in an isoform-dependent manner with the following potency rank order: ApoE4 > ApoE3 > ApoE2. In addition, the R47H mutant reduced the interaction between ApoE and TREM2 protein, which may be attributed to decreased hydrogen-bonding interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic forces between ApoE and TREM2. Our study analyzed the molecular pattern of the interactions between ApoE and TREM2 and how the variants affect these interactions based on in silico modeling, and the results might help to elucidate the interaction mechanism between ApoE and TREM2. Additional experimental studies will be needed to verify and explore the current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Mai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University , Zhanjiang 524023 , China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University , Zhanjiang 524023 , China
| | - Haibin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan 523808 , China
| | - Yongze Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan 523808 , China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University , Zhanjiang 524023 , China
| | - Yuanlin Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan 523808 , China
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24
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Taheri F, Taghizadeh E, Navashenaq JG, Rezaee M, Gheibihayat SM. The role of efferocytosis in neuro-degenerative diseases. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:1593-1603. [PMID: 35059903 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Efferocytosis has a critical role in maintaining tissues and organs' homeostasis by removing apoptotic cells. It is essential for human health, and disturbances in efferocytosis may result indifferent illnesses. In case of inadequate clearance of the dead cells, the content in the cells would be released. In fact, it induces some damages to the tissue and leads to the prolonged inflammation, so unsuitable phagocytosis of the apoptotic cells is involved in occurrence as well as expansion of numerous human chronic inflammatory diseases. Studies have shown age dependence of the neuro-degenerative diseases, which are largely due to the neuro-inflammation and the loss of neurons and thus cause the brain's functional disorders. Efferocytosis is coupled to anti-inflammatory responses that contribute to the elimination of the dying neurons in neuro-degenerative diseases, so its disruption may make a risk factor in numerous human chronic inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, glioblastoma, and Rett syndrome. This study is a review of the efferocytosis molecular pathways and their role in neuro-degenerative diseases in order to discover a new treatment option to cure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Taheri
- Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Eskandar Taghizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 8915173143, Yazd, Iran.
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25
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Variant TREM2 Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167470. [PMID: 35120968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for as much as three-quarters of cases globally with individuals in low- and middle-income countries being worst affected. Numerous risk factors for the disease have been identified and our understanding of gene-environment interactions have shed light on several gene variants that contribute to the most common, sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an important receptor that is crucial to the functioning of microglial cells, and variants of this protein have been found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Several studies have elucidated the signaling processes involved in the normal functioning of the TREM2 receptor. However, current knowledge of the idiosyncrasies of the signaling processes triggered by stimulation of the variants of this receptor is limited. In this review, we examine the existing literature and highlight the effects that various receptor variants have on downstream signaling processes and discuss how these perturbations may affect physiologic processes in Alzheimer's disease. Despite the fact that this is a territory yet to be fully explored, the studies that currently exist report mostly quantitative effects on signaling. More mechanistic studies with the aim of providing qualitative results in terms of downstream signaling among these receptor variants are warranted. Such studies will provide better opportunities of identifying therapeutic targets that may be exploited in designing new drugs for the management of Alzheimer's disease.
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26
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Reyes-Leiva D, Dols-Icardo O, Sirisi S, Cortés-Vicente E, Turon-Sans J, de Luna N, Blesa R, Belbin O, Montal V, Alcolea D, Fortea J, Lleó A, Rojas-García R, Illán-Gala I. Pathophysiological Underpinnings of Extra-Motor Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: New Insights From Biomarker Studies. Front Neurol 2022; 12:750543. [PMID: 35115992 PMCID: PMC8804092 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.750543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) lie at opposing ends of a clinical, genetic, and neuropathological continuum. In the last decade, it has become clear that cognitive and behavioral changes in patients with ALS are more frequent than previously recognized. Significantly, these non-motor features can impact the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of ALS. Partially overlapping neuropathological staging systems have been proposed to describe the distribution of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) aggregates outside the corticospinal tract. However, the relationship between TDP-43 inclusions and neurodegeneration is not absolute and other pathophysiological processes, such as neuroinflammation (with a prominent role of microglia), cortical hyperexcitability, and synaptic dysfunction also play a central role in ALS pathophysiology. In the last decade, imaging and biofluid biomarker studies have revealed important insights into the pathophysiological underpinnings of extra-motor neurodegeneration in the ALS-FTLD continuum. In this review, we first summarize the clinical and pathophysiological correlates of extra-motor neurodegeneration in ALS. Next, we discuss the diagnostic and prognostic value of biomarkers in ALS and their potential to characterize extra-motor neurodegeneration. Finally, we debate about how biomarkers could improve the diagnosis and classification of ALS. Emerging imaging biomarkers of extra-motor neurodegeneration that enable the monitoring of disease progression are particularly promising. In addition, a growing arsenal of biofluid biomarkers linked to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are improving the diagnostic accuracy and identification of patients with a faster progression rate. The development and validation of biomarkers that detect the pathological aggregates of TDP-43 in vivo are notably expected to further elucidate the pathophysiological underpinnings of extra-motor neurodegeneration in ALS. Novel biomarkers tracking the different aspects of ALS pathophysiology are paving the way to precision medicine approaches in the ALS-FTLD continuum. These are essential steps to improve the diagnosis and staging of ALS and the design of clinical trials testing novel disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reyes-Leiva
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oriol Dols-Icardo
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Sirisi
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Cortés-Vicente
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
| | - Janina Turon-Sans
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noemi de Luna
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Blesa
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Belbin
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Montal
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricard Rojas-García
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Illán-Gala
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ignacio Illán-Gala
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27
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Filipello F, Goldsbury C, Feng YS, Locca A, Karch CM, Piccio L. Soluble TREM2: Innocent bystander or active player in neurological diseases? Neurobiol Dis 2022; 165:105630. [PMID: 35041990 PMCID: PMC10108835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune receptor expressed by macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). TREM2 has attracted a lot of interest in the past decade for its critical role in modulating microglia functions under homeostatic conditions and in neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic variation in TREM2 is sufficient to cause Nasu-Hakola disease, a rare pre-senile dementia with bone cysts, and to increase risk for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Beyond the role played by TREM2 genetic variants in these diseases, TREM2 engagement is a key step in microglia activation in response to different types of tissue injury (e.g. β-Amyloid deposition, demyelination, apoptotic cell death) leading to enhanced microglia metabolism, phagocytosis, proliferation and survival. TREM2 also exists as a soluble form (sTREM2), generated from receptor shedding or alternative splicing, which is detectable in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Genetic variation, physiological conditions and disease status impact CSF sTREM2 levels. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that targeting and/or monitoring sTREM2 could have clinical and therapeutic implications. Despite the critical role of sTREM2 in neurologic disease, its function remains poorly understood. Here, we review the current literature on sTREM2 regarding its origin, genetic variation, and possible functions as a biomarker in neurological disorders and as a potential active player in CNS diseases and target for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Filipello
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claire Goldsbury
- Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - You Shih Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alberto Locca
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Brain and Mind Centre and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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28
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Wang M, Kang L, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhang C, Lu Y, Kang L. Microglia in motor neuron disease: Signaling evidence from last 10 years. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:625-638. [PMID: 36309345 PMCID: PMC9828749 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Motor neuron disease (MND), including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy and others, involved the upper or lower motor neurons selective loss, is characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, in conjunction with microglia. We summarized that pathways and key mediators are associated with microglia, such as fractalkine signaling, purinergic signaling, NF-κB signaling, p38 MAPK signaling, TREM2-APOE signaling, ROCK signaling, C1q signaling, and Ion channel, which are involved in the activation, proliferation, and inflammation of microglia. This review aims to identify the microglia-related molecular target and explore potential treatment strategies for MND based on that target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Jia Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lu Kang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yao‐Zheng Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bi‐Ru Yang
- Department of Postpartum RehabilitationSichuan Jinxin Women & Children HospitalChengduChina
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yu‐Feng Lu
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Liang Kang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
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29
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TREM2 interacts with TDP-43 and mediates microglial neuroprotection against TDP-43-related neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 2021; 25:26-38. [PMID: 34916658 PMCID: PMC8741737 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is linked to neurodegenerative disease risk. However, the function of TREM2 in neurodegeneration is still not fully understood. Here we investigated the role of microglial TREM2 in TAR-DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43)-related neurodegeneration using viral-mediated and transgenic mouse models. We found that TREM2 deficiency impaired phagocytic clearance of pathological TDP-43 by microglia, and enhanced neuronal damage and motor impairments. Mass cytometry analysis revealed that hTDP-43 induced a TREM2-dependent subpopulation of microglia with high CD11c expression and phagocytic ability. Using mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance analysis, we further demonstrated an interaction between TDP-43 and TREM2 in vitro and in vivo as well as in ALS patient tissues. We computationally identified regions within hTDP-43 that interact with TREM2. Our data highlights that TDP-43 is a possible ligand for microglial TREM2 and that this interaction mediates neuroprotection of microglia in TDP-43-related neurodegeneration.
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30
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Xie M, Zhao S, Bosco DB, Nguyen A, Wu LJ. Microglial TREM2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 82:125-137. [PMID: 34874625 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is an aggressive motor neuron degenerative disease characterized by selective loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. The mechanisms underlying disease initiation and progression are poorly understood. The involvement of nonmotor neuraxis emphasizes the contribution of glial cells in disease progress. Microglia comprise a unique subset of glial cells and are the principal immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is a surface receptor that, within the CNS, is exclusively expressed on microglia and plays crucial roles in microglial proliferation, migration, activation, metabolism, and phagocytosis. Genetic evidence has linked TREM2 to neurodegenerative diseases including ALS, but its function in ALS pathogenesis is largely unknown. In this review, we summarize how microglial activation, with a specific focus on TREM2 function, affects ALS progression clinically and experimentally. Understanding microglial TREM2 function will help pinpoint the molecular target for ALS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dale B Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aivi Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Kiianitsa K, Kurtz I, Beeman N, Matsushita M, Chien WM, Raskind WH, Korvatska O. Novel TREM2 splicing isoform that lacks the V-set immunoglobulin domain is abundant in the human brain. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:829-837. [PMID: 34061398 PMCID: PMC10433532 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2hi0720-463rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an immunoglobulin-like receptor expressed by certain myeloid cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, osteoclasts, and microglia. In the brain, TREM2 plays an important role in the immune function of microglia, and its dysfunction is linked to various neurodegenerative conditions in humans. Ablation of TREM2 or its adaptor protein TYROBP causes polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (also known as Nasu-Hakola disorder) with early onset of dementia, whereas some missense variants in TREM2 are associated with an increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The human TREM2 gene is subject to alternative splicing, and its major, full-length canonic transcript encompasses 5 exons. Herein, we report a novel alternatively spliced TREM2 isoform without exon 2 (Δe2), which constitutes a sizable fraction of TREM2 transcripts and has highly variable inter-individual expression in the human brain (average frequency 10%; range 3.7-35%). The protein encoded by Δe2 lacks a V-set immunoglobulin domain from its extracellular part but retains its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. We demonstrated Δe2 protein expression in TREM2-positive THP-1 cells, in which the expression of full-length transcript was precluded by CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of the exon 2 coding frame. Similar to the full-length TREM2, Δe2 is sorted to the plasma membrane and is subject to receptor shedding. In "add-back" experiments, Δe2 TREM2 had diminished capacity to restore phagocytosis of amyloid beta peptide and promote IFN-I response as compared to full-length TREM2. Our findings suggest that changes in the balance of two mutually exclusive TREM2 isoforms may modify the dosage of full-length transcript potentially weakening some TREM2 receptor functions in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Kurtz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Neal Beeman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mark Matsushita
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Wei-Ming Chien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Wendy H. Raskind
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Medical Center, Seattle, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Medical Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Olena Korvatska
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Liu W, Taso O, Wang R, Bayram S, Graham AC, Garcia-Reitboeck P, Mallach A, Andrews WD, Piers TM, Botia JA, Pocock JM, Cummings DM, Hardy J, Edwards FA, Salih DA. Trem2 promotes anti-inflammatory responses in microglia and is suppressed under pro-inflammatory conditions. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:3224-3248. [PMID: 32959884 PMCID: PMC7689298 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have reported that, amongst other microglial genes, variants in TREM2 can profoundly increase the incidence of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We have investigated the role of TREM2 in primary microglial cultures from wild type mice by using siRNA to decrease Trem2 expression, and in parallel from knock-in mice heterozygous or homozygous for the Trem2 R47H AD risk variant. The prevailing phenotype of Trem2 R47H knock-in mice was decreased expression levels of Trem2 in microglia, which resulted in decreased density of microglia in the hippocampus. Overall, primary microglia with reduced Trem2 expression, either by siRNA or from the R47H knock-in mice, displayed a similar phenotype. Comparison of the effects of decreased Trem2 expression under conditions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pro-inflammatory or IL-4 anti-inflammatory stimulation revealed the importance of Trem2 in driving a number of the genes up-regulated in the anti-inflammatory phenotype. RNA-seq analysis showed that IL-4 induced the expression of a program of genes including Arg1 and Ap1b1 in microglia, which showed an attenuated response to IL-4 when Trem2 expression was decreased. Genes showing a similar expression profile to Arg1 were enriched for STAT6 transcription factor recognition elements in their promoter, and Trem2 knockdown decreased levels of STAT6. LPS-induced pro-inflammatory stimulation suppressed Trem2 expression, thus preventing TREM2’s anti-inflammatory drive. Given that anti-inflammatory signaling is associated with tissue repair, understanding the signaling mechanisms downstream of Trem2 in coordinating the pro- and anti-inflammatory balance of microglia, particularly mediating effects of the IL-4-regulated anti-inflammatory pathway, has important implications for fighting neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Orjona Taso
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | - Anna Mallach
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - William D Andrews
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas M Piers
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Juan A Botia
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia E-30100, Spain.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Jennifer M Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Damian M Cummings
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Hardy
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Frances A Edwards
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Dervis A Salih
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Alam M, Yadav RK, Minj E, Tiwari A, Mehan S. Exploring Molecular Approaches in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Drug Targets from Clinical and Pre-Clinical Findings. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 14:263-280. [PMID: 32342825 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200427214356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease (MND) characterized by the death of upper and lower motor neurons (corticospinal tract) in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem, and spinal cord. The patient experiences the sign and symptoms between 55 to 75 years of age, which include impaired motor movement, difficulty in speaking and swallowing, grip loss, muscle atrophy, spasticity, and sometimes associated with memory and cognitive impairments. Median survival is 3 to 5 years after diagnosis and 5 to 10% of the patients live for more than 10 years. The limited intervention of pharmacologically active compounds, that are used clinically, is majorly associated with the narrow therapeutic index. Pre-clinically established experimental models, where neurotoxin methyl mercury mimics the ALS like behavioural and neurochemical alterations in rodents associated with neuronal mitochondrial dysfunctions and downregulation of adenyl cyclase mediated cAMP/CREB, is the main pathological hallmark for the progression of ALS in central as well in the peripheral nervous system. Despite the considerable investigation into neuroprotection, it still constrains treatment choices to strong care and organization of ALS complications. Therefore, this current review specially targeted the investigation of clinical and pre-clinical features available for ALS to understand the pathogenic mechanisms and to explore the pharmacological interventions associated with the up-regulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase/cAMP/ CREB and activation of mitochondrial-ETC coenzyme-Q10 as a future drug target in the amelioration of ALS mediated motor neuronal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamtaj Alam
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rajeshwar K Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Elizabeth Minj
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Aarti Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
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Serrano Nájera G, Narganes Carlón D, Crowther DJ. TrendyGenes, a computational pipeline for the detection of literature trends in academia and drug discovery. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15747. [PMID: 34344904 PMCID: PMC8333311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94897-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Target identification and prioritisation are prominent first steps in modern drug discovery. Traditionally, individual scientists have used their expertise to manually interpret scientific literature and prioritise opportunities. However, increasing publication rates and the wider routine coverage of human genes by omic-scale research make it difficult to maintain meaningful overviews from which to identify promising new trends. Here we propose an automated yet flexible pipeline that identifies trends in the scientific corpus which align with the specific interests of a researcher and facilitate an initial prioritisation of opportunities. Using a procedure based on co-citation networks and machine learning, genes and diseases are first parsed from PubMed articles using a novel named entity recognition system together with publication date and supporting information. Then recurrent neural networks are trained to predict the publication dynamics of all human genes. For a user-defined therapeutic focus, genes generating more publications or citations are identified as high-interest targets. We also used topic detection routines to help understand why a gene is trendy and implement a system to propose the most prominent review articles for a potential target. This TrendyGenes pipeline detects emerging targets and pathways and provides a new way to explore the literature for individual researchers, pharmaceutical companies and funding agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Serrano Nájera
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David Narganes Carlón
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
- Exscientia Ltd, Dundee One, River Court, 5 West Victoria Dock Road, Dundee, DD1 3JT, UK
| | - Daniel J Crowther
- Exscientia Ltd, Dundee One, River Court, 5 West Victoria Dock Road, Dundee, DD1 3JT, UK.
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Sun Y, Zhang YK, Chen H, Chen RS. The Association between TREM2 Gene and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Chinese Han Population. Gerontology 2021; 68:302-308. [PMID: 34340230 DOI: 10.1159/000517284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in triggering receptor expressed on the myeloid cells 2 protein (TREM2) gene and their interaction with environmental factors and haplotypes on late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). METHODS DNA was extracted from the whole blood of the participants and genotyped using PCR and followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test was used in the control group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the 4 SNPs of the TREM2 gene and the risk of LOAD. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction was used to test the best interaction combination between SNPs and environmental factors. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis showed that the T allele of rs75932628 and the T allele of rs2234253 were independently associated with increased risk of LOAD, and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 1.81 (1.271-2.35) and 1.59 (1.15-2.03), respectively. However, there was no significant association with LOAD for rs142232675 and rs143332484. We found a best model significantly associated with LOAD risk that consisted of rs75932628 and smoking, which scored 10/10 for both the sign test and cross-validation consistency (p = 0.012). Stratified analysis indicated that current smokers with rs75932628-CT/TT genotype have the highest LOAD risk compared to never smokers with rs75932628 - CC genotype, OR (95% confidence interval) = 2.73 (1.72-3.79). Haplotypes of rs75932628 and rs2234253 were analyzed using the SHEsis online software. However, no haplotype was found to be significantly associated with the risk of LOAD. CONCLUSIONS The T allele of rs75932628 and the T allele of rs2234253 and interaction between rs75932628 and smoking were all correlated with increased risk of LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Literature in Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Ke Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Children's Rehabilitation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ren-Shou Chen
- Institute of Literature in Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Vieira SRL, Morris HR. Neurodegenerative Disease Risk in Carriers of Autosomal Recessive Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:679927. [PMID: 34149605 PMCID: PMC8211888 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.679927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetics has driven significant discoveries in the field of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). An emerging theme in neurodegeneration warrants an urgent and comprehensive update: that carrier status of early-onset autosomal recessive (AR) disease, typically considered benign, is associated with an increased risk of a spectrum of late-onset NDDs. Glucosylceramidase beta (GBA1) gene mutations, responsible for the AR lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease, are a prominent example of this principle, having been identified as an important genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease. Genetic analyses have revealed further examples, notably GRN, TREM2, EIF2AK3, and several other LSD and mitochondria function genes. In this Review, we discuss the evidence supporting the strikingly distinct allele-dependent clinical phenotypes observed in carriers of such gene mutations and its impact on the wider field of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huw R. Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Diaz-Lucena D, Kruse N, Thüne K, Schmitz M, Villar-Piqué A, da Cunha JEG, Hermann P, López-Pérez Ó, Andrés-Benito P, Ladogana A, Calero M, Vidal E, Riggert J, Pineau H, Sim V, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Del Río JA, Marín-Moreno A, Espinosa JC, Torres JM, Sánchez-Valle R, Mollenhauer B, Ferrer I, Zerr I, Llorens F. TREM2 expression in the brain and biological fluids in prion diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:841-859. [PMID: 33881612 PMCID: PMC8113222 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune cell surface receptor that regulates microglial function and is involved in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. Its soluble form (sTREM2) results from shedding of the TREM2 ectodomain. The role of TREM2 in prion diseases, a group of rapidly progressive dementias remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we analysed the expression of TREM2 and its main sheddase ADAM10 in the brain of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) patients and evaluated the role of CSF and plasma sTREM2 as a potential diagnostic marker of prion disease. Our data indicate that, compared to controls, TREM2 is increased in sCJD patient brains at the mRNA and protein levels in a regional and subtype dependent fashion, and expressed in a subpopulation of microglia. In contrast, ADAM10 is increased at the protein, but not the mRNA level, with a restricted neuronal expression. Elevated CSF sTREM2 is found in sCJD, genetic CJD with mutations E200K and V210I in the prion protein gene (PRNP), and iatrogenic CJD, as compared to healthy controls (HC) (AUC = 0.78–0.90) and neurological controls (AUC = 0.73–0.85), while CSF sTREM2 is unchanged in fatal familial insomnia. sTREM2 in the CSF of cases with Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis was not significantly altered in our series. CSF sTREM2 concentrations in sCJD are PRNP codon 129 and subtype-related, correlate with CSF 14-3-3 positivity, total-tau and YKL-40, and increase with disease progression. In plasma, sTREM2 is increased in sCJD compared with HC (AUC = 0.80), displaying positive correlations with plasma total-tau, neurofilament light, and YKL-40. We conclude that comparative study of TREM2 in brain and biological fluids of prion diseases reveals TREM2 to be altered in human prion diseases with a potential value in target engagement, patient stratification, and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Diaz-Lucena
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Niels Kruse
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Neuropathology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Thüne
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gern August University, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gern August University, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Villar-Piqué
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gern August University, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Óscar López-Pérez
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pol Andrés-Benito
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel Calero
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Chronic Disease Programme, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca I Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joachim Riggert
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hailey Pineau
- Department of Medicine-Division of Neurology, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Valerie Sim
- Department of Medicine-Division of Neurology, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jose Antonio Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Scientific Park of Barcelona, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gern August University, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Franc Llorens
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gern August University, Robert Koch Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Chua JP, De Calbiac H, Kabashi E, Barmada SJ. Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Autophagy 2021; 18:254-282. [PMID: 34057020 PMCID: PMC8942428 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1926656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of protein homeostasis are crucial for overseeing the clearance of misfolded and toxic proteins over the lifetime of an organism, thereby ensuring the health of neurons and other cells of the central nervous system. The highly conserved pathway of autophagy is particularly necessary for preventing and counteracting pathogenic insults that may lead to neurodegeneration. In line with this, mutations in genes that encode essential autophagy factors result in impaired autophagy and lead to neurodegenerative conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the mechanistic details underlying the neuroprotective role of autophagy, neuronal resistance to autophagy induction, and the neuron-specific effects of autophagy-impairing mutations remain incompletely defined. Further, the manner and extent to which non-cell autonomous effects of autophagy dysfunction contribute to ALS pathogenesis are not fully understood. Here, we review the current understanding of the interplay between autophagy and ALS pathogenesis by providing an overview of critical steps in the autophagy pathway, with special focus on pivotal factors impaired by ALS-causing mutations, their physiologic effects on autophagy in disease models, and the cell type-specific mechanisms regulating autophagy in non-neuronal cells which, when impaired, can contribute to neurodegeneration. This review thereby provides a framework not only to guide further investigations of neuronal autophagy but also to refine therapeutic strategies for ALS and related neurodegenerative diseases.Abbreviations: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Atg: autophagy-related; CHMP2B: charged multivesicular body protein 2B; DPR: dipeptide repeat; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; RNP: ribonuclear protein; sALS: sporadic ALS; SPHK1: sphingosine kinase 1; TARDBP/TDP-43: TAR DNA binding protein; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; UPR: unfolded protein response; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; VCP: valosin containing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Chua
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hortense De Calbiac
- Recherche translationnelle sur les maladies neurologiques, Institut Imagine, UMR-1163 INSERM et Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Edor Kabashi
- Recherche translationnelle sur les maladies neurologiques, Institut Imagine, UMR-1163 INSERM et Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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40
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Davoli-Ferreira M, Thomson CA, McCoy KD. Microbiota and Microglia Interactions in ASD. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676255. [PMID: 34113350 PMCID: PMC8185464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are serious, highly variable neurodevelopmental disorders, commonly characterized by the manifestation of specific behavioral abnormalities, such as stereotypic behaviors and deficits in social skills, including communication. Although the neurobiological basis for ASD has attracted attention in recent decades, the role of microglial cells, which are the main resident myeloid cell population in the brain, is still controversial and underexplored. Microglia play several fundamental roles in orchestrating brain development and homeostasis. As such, alterations in the intrinsic functions of these cells could be one of the driving forces responsible for the development of various neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD. Microglia are highly sensitive to environmental cues. Amongst the environmental factors known to influence their intrinsic functions, the gut microbiota has emerged as a central player, controlling both microglial maturation and activation. Strikingly, there is now compelling data suggesting that the intestinal microbiota can play a causative role in driving the behavioural changes associated with ASD. Not only is intestinal dysbiosis commonly reported in ASD patients, but therapies targeting the microbiome can markedly alleviate behavioral symptoms. Here we explore the emerging mechanisms by which altered microglial functions could contribute to several major etiological factors of ASD. We then demonstrate how pre- and postnatal environmental stimuli can modulate microglial cell phenotype and function, underpinning the notion that reciprocal interactions between microglia and intestinal microbes could play a crucial role in ASD aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Davoli-Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Thomson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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41
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Shandilya A, Mehan S. Dysregulation of IGF-1/GLP-1 signaling in the progression of ALS: potential target activators and influences on neurological dysfunctions. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3145-3166. [PMID: 34018075 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prominent causes for motor neuron diseases like ALS are demyelination, immune dysregulation, and neuroinflammation. Numerous research studies indicate that the downregulation of IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling pathways plays a significant role in the progression of ALS pathogenesis and other neurological disorders. In the current review, we discussed the dysregulation of IGF-1/GLP-1 signaling in neurodegenerative manifestations of ALS like a genetic anomaly, oligodendrocyte degradation, demyelination, glial overactivation, immune deregulation, and neuroexcitation. In addition, the current review reveals the IGF-1 and GLP-1 activators based on the premise that the restoration of abnormal IGF-1/GLP-1 signaling could result in neuroprotection and neurotrophic effects for the clinical-pathological presentation of ALS and other brain diseases. Thus, the potential benefits of IGF-1/GLP-1 signal upregulation in the development of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies may prevent ALS and associated neurocomplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Shandilya
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
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42
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Van Harten ACM, Phatnani H, Przedborski S. Non-cell-autonomous pathogenic mechanisms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:658-668. [PMID: 34006386 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult-onset paralytic disorder, characterized mainly by a loss of motor neurons (MNs) in the CNS. Over the past decades, thanks to intense investigations performed in both in vivo and in vitro models of ALS, major progress has been made toward gaining insights into the pathobiology of this incurable, fatal disorder. Among these advances is the growing recognition that non-neuronal cells participate in the degeneration of MNs in ALS, which could transform our understanding of the neurobiology of disease and the ability to devise effective disease-modifying therapies. In this review, we examine the contribution of non-cell-autonomous processes to the pathogenesis of ALS, with a focus on glial cells and in particular on astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C M Van Harten
- Graduate School of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Center for Genomics of Neurodegenerative Disease, New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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43
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Candlish M, Hefendehl JK. Microglia Phenotypes Converge in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:660720. [PMID: 34025562 PMCID: PMC8133315 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.660720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, hold a multitude of tasks in order to ensure brain homeostasis and are one of the best predictors of biological age on a cellular level. We and others have shown that these long-lived cells undergo an aging process that impedes their ability to perform some of the most vital homeostatic functions such as immune surveillance, acute injury response, and clearance of debris. Microglia have been described as gradually transitioning from a homeostatic state to an activated state in response to various insults, as well as aging. However, microglia show diverse responses to presented stimuli in the form of acute injury or chronic disease. This complexity is potentially further compounded by the distinct alterations that globally occur in the aging process. In this review, we discuss factors that may contribute to microglial aging, as well as transcriptional microglia alterations that occur in old age. We then compare these distinct phenotypic changes with microglial phenotype in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Candlish
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmin K Hefendehl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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44
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Shafi S, Singh A, Ibrahim AM, Alhajri N, Abu Izneid T, Pottoo FH. Role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in neurodegenerative dementias. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3294-3310. [PMID: 33786894 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a debilitating condition that causes nerve cell degeneration or death. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Lewy body dementia (LBD) are posing a larger population burden of dementia worldwide. Neurodegenerative dementia is one of the main challenges in public health with its main characteristics being permanent loss of memory, impairment in cognition, and impaired daily functions. The published literature about genetic studies of these disorders suggests genetic underpinning in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementia. In the process of underlining the pathogenesis of NDD, growing evidence has related genetic variations in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). This review paper aims to provide a detailed information regarding the association of TREM2 and NDDs leading to dementia. A central consideration is AD that accounts for almost 50%-70% of all late-life dementias alone or in combination with other neurological disorders. Other prevalent neurodegenerative conditions that lead to dementia are also discussed. Such studies are important as they can give a comprehensive knowledge of TREM2's role in various NDDs, in order to maximize the potential for developing new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadat Shafi
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Archu Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdallah Mohammad Ibrahim
- Fundamentals of Nursing Department, College of Nursing, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noora Alhajri
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Damman, Saudi Arabia
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45
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TREM2 is a receptor for non-glycosylated mycolic acids of mycobacteria that limits anti-mycobacterial macrophage activation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2299. [PMID: 33863908 PMCID: PMC8052348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial cell-wall glycolipids elicit an anti-mycobacterial immune response via FcRγ-associated C-type lectin receptors, including Mincle, and caspase-recruitment domain family member 9 (CARD9). Additionally, mycobacteria harbor immuno-evasive cell-wall lipids associated with virulence and latency; however, a mechanism of action is unclear. Here, we show that the DAP12-associated triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) recognizes mycobacterial cell-wall mycolic acid (MA)-containing lipids and suggest a mechanism by which mycobacteria control host immunity via TREM2. Macrophages respond to glycosylated MA-containing lipids in a Mincle/FcRγ/CARD9-dependent manner to produce inflammatory cytokines and recruit inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-positive mycobactericidal macrophages. Conversely, macrophages respond to non-glycosylated MAs in a TREM2/DAP12-dependent but CARD9-independent manner to recruit iNOS-negative mycobacterium-permissive macrophages. Furthermore, TREM2 deletion enhances Mincle-induced macrophage activation in vitro and inflammation in vivo and accelerates the elimination of mycobacterial infection, suggesting that TREM2-DAP12 signaling counteracts Mincle-FcRγ-CARD9-mediated anti-mycobacterial immunity. Mycobacteria, therefore, harness TREM2 for immune evasion. Mycobacterial cell wall lipids can drive immunoevasion, but underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here the authors show TREM2 is a pattern recognition receptor that binds non-glycosylated mycolic acid-containing lipids and inhibits Mincle-induced anti-mycobacterial macrophage responses.
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46
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Siokas V, Aloizou AM, Liampas I, Tsouris Z, Mentis AFA, Nasios G, Papadimitriou D, Bogdanos DP, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Dardiotis E. Lack of association between TREM2 rs75932628 variant and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2601-2610. [PMID: 33826063 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. Inflammatory processes are among the mechanisms that are implicated in ALS pathogenesis. The TREM2 rs75932628 T variant may influence the regulatory effect of TREM2 on inflammation. Studies regarding the role of the rs75932628 variant in ALS have yielded inconsistent results, so far. To assess the role of TREM2 rs75932628 on ALS risk. We genotyped 155 patients with sporadic ALS and 155 healthy controls for TREM2 rs75932628. We also merged and meta-analyzed our data with data from previous studies (with a total of 7524 ALS cases and 14,675 controls), regarding TREM2 rs75932628 and ALS. No ALS or healthy subjects carried the TREM2 rs75932628-T variant. Results from meta-analyses (overall approach and sensitivity analyses) yielded no significant results for possible connection between TREM2 rs75932628-T variant and ALS. Based on our results, TREM2 rs75932628 does not seem to play a determining role to the pathophysiology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Liampas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Zisis Tsouris
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100, Larissa, Greece.,Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Grigorios Nasios
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgios M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece. .,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41100, Larissa, Greece.
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47
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Ernest James Phillips T, Maguire E. Phosphoinositides: Roles in the Development of Microglial-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:652593. [PMID: 33841102 PMCID: PMC8032904 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.652593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are increasingly recognized as vital players in the pathology of a variety of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) disease. While microglia have a protective role in the brain, their dysfunction can lead to neuroinflammation and contributes to disease progression. Also, a growing body of literature highlights the seven phosphoinositides, or PIPs, as key players in the regulation of microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. These small signaling lipids are phosphorylated derivates of phosphatidylinositol, are enriched in the brain, and have well-established roles in both homeostasis and disease.Disrupted PIP levels and signaling has been detected in a variety of dementias. Moreover, many known AD disease modifiers identified via genetic studies are expressed in microglia and are involved in phospholipid metabolism. One of these, the enzyme PLCγ2 that hydrolyzes the PIP species PI(4,5)P2, displays altered expression in AD and PD and is currently being investigated as a potential therapeutic target.Perhaps unsurprisingly, neurodegenerative conditions exhibiting PIP dyshomeostasis also tend to show alterations in aspects of microglial function regulated by these lipids. In particular, phosphoinositides regulate the activities of proteins and enzymes required for endocytosis, toll-like receptor signaling, purinergic signaling, chemotaxis, and migration, all of which are affected in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. These functions are crucial to allow microglia to adequately survey the brain and respond appropriately to invading pathogens and other abnormalities, including misfolded proteins. AD and PD therapies are being developed to target many of the above pathways, and although not yet investigated, simultaneous PIP manipulation might enhance the beneficial effects observed. Currently, only limited therapeutics are available for dementia, and although these show some benefits for symptom severity and progression, they are far from curative. Given the importance of microglia and PIPs in dementia development, this review summarizes current research and asks whether we can exploit this information to design more targeted, or perhaps combined, dementia therapeutics. More work is needed to fully characterize the pathways discussed in this review, but given the strength of the current literature, insights in this area could be invaluable for the future of neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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48
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Andoh M, Koyama R. Microglia regulate synaptic development and plasticity. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:568-590. [PMID: 33583110 PMCID: PMC8451802 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are fundamental structures of neural circuits that transmit information between neurons. Thus, the process of neural circuit formation via proper synaptic connections shapes the basis of brain functions and animal behavior. Synapses continuously undergo repeated formation and elimination throughout the lifetime of an organism, reflecting the dynamics of neural circuit function. The structural transformation of synapses has been described mainly in relation to neural activity-dependent strengthening and weakening of synaptic functions, that is, functional plasticity of synapses. An increasing number of studies have unveiled the roles of microglia, brain-resident immune cells that survey the brain parenchyma with highly motile processes, in synapse formation and elimination as well as in regulating synaptic function. Over the past 15 years, the molecular mechanisms underlying microglia-dependent regulation of synaptic plasticity have been thoroughly studied, and researchers have reported that the disruption of microglia-dependent regulation causes synaptic dysfunction that leads to brain diseases. In this review, we will broadly introduce studies that report the roles of microglia in synaptic plasticity and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Andoh
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Clarke BE, Patani R. The microglial component of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2021; 143:3526-3539. [PMID: 33427296 PMCID: PMC7805793 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells of the CNS, carrying out key homeostatic roles and undergoing context-dependent and temporally regulated changes in response to injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia have been implicated in playing a role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by extensive motor neuron loss leading to paralysis and premature death. However, as the pathomechansims of ALS are increasingly recognized to involve a multitude of different cell types, it has been difficult to delineate the specific contribution of microglia to disease. Here, we review the literature of microglial involvement in ALS and discuss the evidence for the neurotoxic and neuroprotective pathways that have been attributed to microglia in this disease. We also discuss accumulating evidence for spatiotemporal regulation of microglial activation in this context. A deeper understanding of the role of microglia in the ‘cellular phase’ of ALS is crucial in the development of mechanistically rationalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Clarke
- Department of Neuromuscular disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Neuromuscular disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
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50
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Neuroinflammation in Prion Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042196. [PMID: 33672129 PMCID: PMC7926464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, typically manifest as microglial activation and astrogliosis accompanied by transcriptomic alterations, represents a common hallmark of various neurodegenerative conditions including prion diseases. Microglia play an overall neuroprotective role in prion disease, whereas reactive astrocytes with aberrant phenotypes propagate prions and contribute to prion-induced neurodegeneration. The existence of heterogeneous subpopulations and dual functions of microglia and astrocytes in prion disease make them potential targets for therapeutic intervention. A variety of neuroinflammation-related molecules are involved in prion pathogenesis. Therapeutics targeting neuroinflammation represents a novel approach to combat prion disease. Deciphering neuroinflammation in prion disease will deepen our understanding of pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative disorders.
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