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Khetarpal SK, Jeong K, Abebe KZ, Miller E, Culyba AJ. Examining Longitudinal Associations Between Future Orientation and Multiple Forms of Youth Violence Perpetration. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:95-101. [PMID: 36914448 PMCID: PMC10846914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Future orientation, defined as hopes and aspirations for the future, is gaining promise as a cross-cutting protective factor against youth violence. This study assessed how future orientation longitudinally predicted multiple forms of violence perpetration among minoritized male youth in neighborhoods made vulnerable by concentrated disadvantage. METHODS Data were drawn from a sexual violence (SV) prevention trial among 817 predominately African American male youth, ages 13 to 19, residing in neighborhoods disproportionately impacted by community violence. We used latent class analysis to create baseline future orientation profiles of participants. Mixed effects models examined how future orientation classes predicted multiple forms of violence perpetration (i.e., weapon violence, bullying, sexual harassment, non-partner SV, and intimate partner SV) at 9-month follow-up. RESULTS Latent class analysis yielded four classes, with nearly 80% of youth belonging to moderately high and high future orientation classes. We found significant overall associations between latent class and weapon violence, bullying, sexual harassment, non-partner SV, and SV (all p < .01). While patterns of association differed across each type of violence, violence perpetration was consistently highest among youth in the low-moderate future orientation class. Compared to youth in the low future orientation class, youth in the low-moderate class had higher odds of bullying (odds ratio 3.51, 95% confidence interval: 1.56-7.91) and sexual harassment perpetration (odds ratio 3.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.49-7.94). DISCUSSION The longitudinal relationship between future orientation and youth violence may not be linear. Greater attention to nuanced patterns of future orientation may better inform interventions seeking to harness this protective factor to reduce youth violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwonho Jeong
- Data Center, Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kaleab Z Abebe
- Data Center, Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison J Culyba
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Tatebe LC, Thomas A, Regan S, Stone L, Dicker R. Language of violence: Do words matter more than we think? Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2022; 7:e000973. [PMCID: PMC9616003 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2022-000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Firearm violence is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among young adults. Identification of intervention targets is crucial to developing and implementing effective prevention efforts. Hospital Violence Intervention Programs (HVIPs) have used a multiprong social care approach to mediate the cycle of interpersonal violence. One struggle continually encountered is how to change the conversation around the future. Speech patterns have been associated with health outcomes and overall behavior modification. During violence prevention efforts, young victims of violence say things such as ‘I’m living on borrowed time’ and ‘why should I worry about getting an education when I’ll likely die soon anyway?’ Such speech patterns may contribute to the cycle of violence and increase the likelihood of reinjury. Presented is a narrative review of the impact language has on health outcomes and how psychotherapy may be able to change thought patterns, alter language structure, and ultimately reduce risk of reinjury. The biopsychosocial model of health posits that a person’s health is dictated by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. By understanding that language exists in the personal context, it can serve as both an indicator and a tool for targeted interventions. Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) works by retraining thought and speech patterns to affect change in emotion, physiology, and behavior. It is proposed here that CBT could be used in the HVIPs’ multidisciplinary case management model by involving trained psychotherapists. Language is an important indicator of a patient’s psychological state and approach to life-changing decisions. As such, language alteration through CBT could potentially be used as a novel method of injury prevention. This concept has not before been explored in this setting and may be an effective supplement to HVIPs’ success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Tatebe
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Arielle Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Rochelle Dicker
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Hong JS, Zhang S, Garthe RC, Hicks MR, deLara EW, Voisin DR. Motivation to Move Out of the Community as a Moderator of Bullying Victimization and Delinquent Behavior: Comparing Non-Heterosexual/Cisgender and Heterosexual African American Adolescents in Chicago's Southside. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12998. [PMID: 34948605 PMCID: PMC8702179 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research documents that bullying victimization is associated with delinquent behavior. There is an increasing need to better illuminate the factors that might moderate this relationship. This study examined whether the motivation to move out of low-resourced neighborhoods and sexual orientation/gender identity moderated the relationship between bullying victimization and delinquent behavior among a sample of 450 heterosexual and 91 non-heterosexual/cisgender African American youths. Measures considered were bullying victimization, delinquent behavior, sexual orientation/gender identity, motivation to move out, and family demographics. Sexual orientation/gender identity was not associated with youth delinquent behavior after controlling for covariates. Being motivated to move out moderated the association between bullying victimization and delinquent behavior. Sexual orientation/gender identity and being motivated to move out of low-resourced communities jointly contributed to the moderating effect between bullying victimization and delinquent behavior. For non-heterosexual/cisgender youth, bullying victimization is correlated with increased delinquent behavior for those with low motivation to move out of their communities compared with those with an average or higher level of motivation to stay. However, such a moderating effect was not shown for heterosexual youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sung Hong
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Saijun Zhang
- Department of Social Work, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
| | - Rachel C. Garthe
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Megan R. Hicks
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Ellen W. deLara
- Falk College of Sport & Human Dynamics, School of Social Work, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA;
| | - Dexter R. Voisin
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1V4, Canada;
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Khetarpal SK, Szoko N, Ragavan MI, Culyba AJ. Future Orientation as a Cross-Cutting Protective Factor Against Multiple Forms of Violence. J Pediatr 2021; 235:288-291. [PMID: 33991542 PMCID: PMC8502014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among 9th-to 12th-grade students who completed an anonymous health risk and protective behavior survey (n = 2346), positive future orientation was significantly and inversely associated with multiple forms of interpersonal violence including youth, community, and sexual/relationship violence. Designing interventions to promote future orientation holds promise as a cross-cutting violence prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Szoko
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Maya I. Ragavan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Division of General Academic Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison J. Culyba
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Unpacking Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Associations between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Academic Achievement: Mediation of Future Orientation and Moderation of Parental Support. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 50:103-125. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Banyard V, Edwards K, Jones L, Mitchell K. Poly-Strengths and Peer Violence Perpetration: What Strengths Can Add to Risk Factor Analyses. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:735-746. [PMID: 32002715 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a high-risk time for perpetration of different forms of peer-based violence including harassment, bullying, and sexual assault. Research documents a number of important risk factors but less understood are protective factors like sense of mattering or how combinations of strengths may reduce perpetration risk. The current study examined how protective factors (i.e., positive social norms), including a diversity of strengths (termed poly-strengths), influenced the perpetration of harassment, bullying, and sexual assault for young people, while accounting for the use of alcohol both cross-sectionally and over time. Youth (N = 2232, 52.6% female) in grades 7-10 enrolled in a study using active parental consent (53% response rate) and completed online surveys in school that asked about bullying and harassment, alcohol use, positive social norms related to violence prevention, and a composite of intra-personal strengths. Follow-up surveys took place 6 months later (N = 2150). Logistic regression analyses examined how social norms and poly-strengths influenced odds of perpetration after accounting for demographic variables and the risk factor of alcohol use. Use of alcohol increased the odds of perpetrating all forms of violence. Strengths were significantly related to lower perpetration at Time 1 but not Time 2. Positive social norms reduced perpetration at both time points. The findings suggest adolescent perpetration of bullying, harassment, and sexual violence is lower in the presence of positive social norms over time and more proximally, in the presence of a diverse strengths portfolio. Prevention efforts that incorporate positive social norms and alcohol reduction strategies may reduce peer violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Banyard
- School of Social Work, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA.
| | - Katie Edwards
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lisa Jones
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Kimberly Mitchell
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Bushover B, Miller E, Bair-Merritt M, Abebe K, Culyba A. Physical environment and violence perpetration among male youth in Pittsburgh: a spatial analysis. Inj Prev 2019; 26:588-592. [PMID: 31300466 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine associations between features of the built environment and violence perpetration among male youth. METHODS We enrolled 866 male adolescents, ages 13-19 years, as part of a violence prevention study in 20 lower-resource neighbourhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Exposure to built environmental features was defined using participants' neighbourhood study site. Violence perpetration was measured by three survey items: physical fighting, threatening someone with a weapon, and injuring someone with a weapon. Logistic regression models examined associations between each environmental feature and violence perpetration. RESULTS Better neighbourhood walkability was associated with significantly lower odds of fighting (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.86, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.99). Alcohol and tobacco outlets were associated with slightly lower odds of violence perpetration (AORs=0.89-0.96). CONCLUSIONS This work extends previous studies from large urban centres to a mid-sized city context and suggests that walkable neighbourhoods create opportunities for social interactions and may serve as a protective factor in youth violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Bushover
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Megan Bair-Merritt
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaleab Abebe
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison Culyba
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Purpose of review Violence prevention research has enhanced our understanding of individual and community risk and protective factors for aggression and violence. However, our knowledge of risk and protective factors for violence is highly dependent on observational studies, since there are few randomized trials of risk and protective factors for violence. Observational studies are susceptible to systematic errors, specifically confounding, and may lack internal validity. Recent findings Many violence prevention studies utilize methods that do not correctly identify the set of covariates needed for statistical adjustment. This results in unwarranted matching and restriction leading to further confounding or selection bias. Covariate adjustment based on purely statistical criteria generates inconsistent results and uncertain conclusions. Summary Conventional methods used to identify confounding in violence prevention research are often inadequate. Causal diagrams have potential to improve the understanding and identification of potential confounding biases in observational violence prevention studies, and methods like sensitivity analysis using quantitative bias analysis can help to address unmeasured confounding. Violence research studies should make more use of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbar I Ranapurwala
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Maslowsky J, Owotomo O, Huntley ED, Keating D. Adolescent Risk Behavior: Differentiating Reasoned And Reactive Risk-taking. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:243-255. [PMID: 30617743 PMCID: PMC6850392 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although explanatory models of adolescent risk behavior have predominantly focused on adolescents' limited ability to self-regulate impulsive and/or reward-driven behavior (reactive risk behavior), recent arguments suggest that a significant proportion of adolescent risk behavior may actually be strategic and planned in advance (reasoned risk behavior). The present study evaluates hypothesized predictors of reasoned versus reactive risk behavior using self-reported and neurocognitive task data from a large, diverse adolescent sample (N = 1266 participants; N = 3894 risk behaviors). Participants' mean age was 16.5 years (SD = 1.1); 56.9% were female, 61.9% White, 17.1% Black, 7.0% Hispanic, and 14.1% other race/ethnicity; 40% were in 10th grade, 60% in 12th grade. As hypothesized, reasoned risk behavior (compared to reactive risk behavior) was associated with higher levels of sensation seeking, better working memory, greater future orientation, and perceiving risk behavior to be more beneficial than risky. These results support the distinction between reasoned and reactive risk behavior as meaningful subtypes of adolescent risk behavior and challenge prevailing frameworks that attribute adolescent risk behavior primarily to poor response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Maslowsky
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Olusegun Owotomo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Edward D Huntley
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Keating
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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