Promoting Cost Transparency to Reduce Financial Harm to Patients

Price transparency in Iranian healthcare market

Insufficient price transparency has emerged as a pivotal contributor to patient dissatisfaction, escalating costs, and diminished productivity within Iran's health system. This study aims to delineate and elucidate a definition of price transparency, identify suitable strategies, and present the outcomes associated with establishing a health system that embraces transparent pricing while also addressing the challenges ahead. Employing a quantitative-qualitative research design, data were extracted from a semi-structured interviews with stakeholders. A purposive sampling method, encompassing sequential and snowball techniques, was employed to capture the perspectives of all stakeholders involved in the issue of price transparency in Iran. The interview data were analyzed using the grounded theory approach was classified into three categories: price transparency before, during, and after the receipt of healthcare services. Our findings reveal the causes of low price transparency, strategies to address the issue, and the consequences associated with increased levels of transparency. Ultimately, we contend that health systems can significantly enhance efficiency, patient satisfaction, and the performance of health insurance by adopting transparent pricing for health services, thus obviating the need for resource-intensive restructuring efforts.

Drug pricing and transparency in Europe and the United States: what is it and how does it work?

INTRODUCTION

As drug prices are viewed to be opaque, there have been increasing societal demands on policy and decision makers to implement initiatives that promote drug price transparency.

AREAS COVERED

This Perspective discusses what drug price transparency is and how it works in theory and in practice.

EXPERT OPINION

Transparency on drug prices may target payers, patients and health care professionals; and may relate to prices at each stage in a drug's distribution system. Although proponents claim that drug price transparency will reduce prices and increase patient access, others expect the opposite effect. Nevertheless, a number of international organizations, countries and consumer groups have taken steps to enhance drug price transparency. This has occurred despite a lack of theoretical clarity and of evidence about its likely impact. Policy and decision makers need to consider how payers and pharmaceutical companies are likely to react to drug price transparency and need to be aware that transparency may produce different effects depending on the country to which it is applied. Even though we believe that full drug price transparency is elusive, various incremental measures can be taken to move toward it.

Variable Accessibility to Consumer Pricing Among Breast Cancer Operations

BACKGROUND

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) mandate that every US hospital provide public online pricing information for services rendered. This allows patients to compare prices across hospital systems before establishing care. The goal of this project was to evaluate hospital compliance and patient-level accessibility to price transparency for common breast cancer surgical procedures.

METHODS

A sample case of a 62-year-old female with a T2N0 breast cancer was chosen. The patient would have the option of undergoing a partial mastectomy or mastectomy, both with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Eight Massachusetts academic medical centers were evaluated. Searches were performed by authors for each hospital system and procedure using the sample case.

RESULTS

Every hospital had a cost calculator on its website. The average success rate of establishing a cost for partial mastectomy, mastectomy, and SLNB was 58, 35, and 25%, respectively. The median time to reach the cost calculator tool was 32 s (range 25-37 s). In successful attempts, the median pre-insurance estimated cost of a partial mastectomy was $16,509 (range $11,776-22,169), compared with $24,541 (range $16,921-25,543) for mastectomy and $12,342 (range $4034-20,644) for SLNB. SLNB costs varied significantly across hospitals (p = 0.025), but no statistically significant difference was observed for partial mastectomy or mastectomy.

CONCLUSION

Despite new regulatory requirements by CMS for increased price transparency for surgical procedures, our results demonstrate poor success rates in obtaining cost estimates and significant variability of reported hospital charges. Further efforts to improve the quality of hospital cost estimate calculators are necessary for informed decision-making for patients with breast cancer.

Characterizing Patient Questions Before and After Rhinoplasty on Social Media: A Big Data Approach

BACKGROUND

As an aesthetic surgery, a successful rhinoplasty is often assessed by patient satisfaction, subject to a diverse array of qualitative factors including patient expectations and happiness with care provided. While substantial effort has been dedicated to understanding patients' post-operative concerns, addressing patients' pre-operative questions has been comparatively less studied. This study analysed pre- and post-operative questions about rhinoplasty on social media to gain insights into patients' concerns and develop targeted educational material.

METHODS

The most viewed rhinoplasty questions on Realself.com, a social media platform for discussions about cosmetic surgeries, were collected and analysed. Questions were then stratified into pre- and post-operative and further assigned categories based on common topics found in the data. Using a machine learning approach, the most common pre- and post-operative questions were determined.

RESULTS

2014 rhinoplasty questions were collected in total, with 957 pre-operative and 1057 post-operative. The most commonly asked pre-operative questions were about appearance (n = 441, 46.1%), function (n = 102, 10.7%), and cost (n = 94, 9.8%). The most commonly asked post-operative questions were about appearance (n = 502, 47.5%), behaviour allowed/disallowed (n = 283, 26.8%), and symptoms after surgery (n = 235, 22.2%). An educational handout with the 10 most common pre- and post-operative questions was developed using machine learning analysis, with the majority of questions about appearance.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients primarily expressed concern about appearance when asking questions about rhinoplasty on social media, along with other aspects of their pre- and post-operative course. The educational handout developed by this study can be applied to address commonly asked patient questions during pre-operative education.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Increasing Out-of-Pocket Costs for Neurologic Care for Privately Insured Patients

OBJECTIVE

To measure the out-of-pocket (OOP) costs of evaluation and management (E/M) services and common diagnostic testing for neurology patients.

METHODS

Using a large, privately insured health care claims database, we identified patients with a neurologic visit or diagnostic test from 2001 to 2016 and assessed inflation-adjusted OOP costs for E/M visits, neuroimaging, and neurophysiologic testing. For each diagnostic service each year, we estimated the proportion of patients with OOP costs, the mean OOP cost, and the proportion of the total service cost paid OOP. We modeled OOP cost as a function of patient and insurance factors.

RESULTS

We identified 3,724,342 patients. The most frequent neurologic services were E/M visits (78.5%), EMG/nerve conduction studies (NCS) (7.7%), MRIs (5.3%), and EEGs (4.5%). Annually, 86.5%-95.2% of patients paid OOP costs for E/M visits and 23.1%-69.5% for diagnostic tests. For patients paying any OOP cost, the mean OOP cost increased over time, most substantially for EEG, MRI, and E/M. OOP costs varied considerably; for an MRI in 2016, the 50th percentile paid $103.10 and the 95th percentile paid $875.40. The proportion of total service cost paid OOP increased. High deductible health plan (HDHP) enrollment was associated with higher OOP costs for MRI, EMG/NCS, and EEG.

CONCLUSION

An increasing number of patients pay OOP for neurologic diagnostic services. These costs are rising and vary greatly across patients and tests. The cost sharing burden is particularly high for the growing population with HDHPs. In this setting, neurologic evaluation might result in financial hardship for patients.

Navigating Ethical Practices in the Era of High Cost Hematology

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

In this review article, we will highlight ethical issues faced by hematologists due to a growing constellation of expensive diagnostics and therapeutics in hematology. We outline the important issues surrounding this topic including stakeholders, cost considerations, and various ethical challenges surrounding access to care, communication about costs, and individual vs. societal responsibilities. We review available tools to navigate these ethical themes and offer potential solutions.

RECENT FINDINGS

We identified several gaps in the literature on the topic of ethical issues in hematology treatment and supplement by non-hematological cancer and general medical literature. We propose proactive solutions to address these problems to include cost transparency, utilization of evidence-based decision making tools, application of the four quadrant approach to ethical care, and advanced systems-based practice curriculum for physician trainees.

Trauma system resource preservation: A simple scene triage tool can reduce helicopter emergency medical services overutilization in a state trauma system

BACKGROUND

Helicopter emergency medical services improve survival in some injured patients but current utilization leads to significant overtriage with considerable numbers of transported patients discharged home from the emergency department or found to have non-time-sensitive injuries. Current triage models for utilization are complex and untested.

METHODS

Data from a state trauma registry were reviewed from 1987 to 1993 and from 2013 to 2015 and compared. Data from 2013 to 2015 were analyzed for field information found to influence mortality and a model for low mortality-risk patients designed.

RESULTS

Indexed to population, a major increase in numbers of injured patients transported directly to designated trauma centers (39.849-167.626/100,000/year) occurred with an increased portion transported by helicopter emergency medical services from 7.28% to 9.26%. A simple triage tool to predict low mortality rates was designed utilizing results from logistic regression. Nongeriatric adult patients (age, 16.0-69.9 years) with a blunt injury mechanism, normal Glasgow Coma Scale motor score, pulse rate of 60 bpm to 120 bpm and respiratory rate of 10 breaths per minute to 29 breaths per minute are at low risk for mortality. Cost for helicopter transportation was substantially higher than ground transportation based on available data. Cost differentials in transport mode increased patient financial risk when helicopter transportation was utilized.

CONCLUSION

Implementing a simple decision tool designating nongeriatric adult patients with a blunt injury mechanism, normal Glasgow Coma Scale motor score, systolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg, pulse rate of 60 bpm to 120 bpm, and respiratory rate of 10 breaths per minute to 29 breaths per minute to ground transportation would result in substantial savings without an increase in mortality and reduce risk of patient financial harm.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Prognostic/Epidemiological study, level IV. Economic and value based evaluation, level IV.