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Pradeep Kumar M. Influenza outbreaks with a focus on closed psychiatric units: A review article. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.17352/2455-5363.000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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THATIPARTI DEEPTHISHARAN, GHIA URMILA, MEAD KENNETHR. Computational fluid dynamics study on the influence of an alternate ventilation configuration on the possible flow path of infectious cough aerosols in a mock airborne infection isolation room. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2016; 23:355-366. [PMID: 28736744 PMCID: PMC5516269 DOI: 10.1080/23744731.2016.1222212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
When infectious epidemics occur, they can be perpetuated within health care settings, potentially resulting in severe health care workforce absenteeism, morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. The ventilation system configuration of an airborne infection isolation room is one factor that can play a role in protecting health care workers from infectious patient bioaerosols. Though commonly associated with airborne infectious diseases, the airborne infection isolation room design can also impact other transmission routes such as short-range airborne as well as fomite and contact transmission routes that are impacted by contagion concentration and recirculation. This article presents a computational fluid dynamics study on the influence of the ventilation configuration on the possible flow path of bioaerosol dispersal behavior in a mock airborne infection isolation room. At first, a mock airborne infection isolation room was modeled that has the room geometry and layout, ventilation parameters, and pressurization corresponding to that of a traditional ceiling-mounted ventilation arrangement observed in existing hospitals. An alternate ventilation configuration was then modeled to retain the linear supply diffuser in the original mock airborne infection isolation room but interchanging the square supply and exhaust locations to place the exhaust closer to the patient source and allow clean air from supply vents to flow in clean-to-dirty flow paths, originating in uncontaminated parts of the room prior to entering the contaminated patient's air space. The modeled alternate airborne infection isolation room ventilation rate was 12 air changes per hour. Two human breathing models were used to simulate a source patient and a receiving health care worker. A patient cough cycle was introduced into the simulation, and the airborne infection dispersal was tracked in time using a multi-phase flow simulation approach. The results from the alternate configuration revealed that the cough aerosols were pulled by the exhaust vent without encountering the health care worker by 0.93 s after patient coughs and the particles were controlled as the aerosols' flow path was uninterrupted by an air particle streamline from patient to the ceiling exhaust venting out cough aerosols. However, not all the aerosols were vented out of the room. The remaining cough aerosols entered the health care worker's breathing zone by 0.98 s. This resulted in one of the critical stages in terms of the health care worker's exposure to airborne virus and presented the opportunity for the health care worker to suffer adverse health effects from the inhalation of cough aerosols. Within 2 s, the cough aerosols reentered and recirculated within the patient and health care worker's surroundings resulting in pockets of old contaminated air. By this time, coalescence losses decreased as the aerosol were no longer in very close proximity and their movement was primarily influenced by the airborne infection isolation room airflow patterns. In the patient and health care worker's area away from the supply, the fresh air supply failed to reach this part of the room to quickly dilute the cough aerosol concentration. The exhaust was also found to have minimal effect upon cough aerosol removal, except for those areas with high exhaust velocities, very close to the exhaust grill. Within 5-20 s after a patient's cough, the aerosols tended to break up to form smaller sized aerosols of less than one micron diameter. They remained airborne and entrained back into the supply air stream, spreading into the entire room. The suspended aerosols resulted in the floating time of more than 21 s in the room due to one cough cycle. The duration of airborne contagion in the room and its prolonged exposure to the health care worker is likely to happen due to successive coughing cycles. Hence, the evaluated alternate airborne infection isolation room is not effective in removing at least 38% particles exposed to health care worker within the first second of a patient's cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- DEEPTHI SHARAN THATIPARTI
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 2851 Woodside Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - URMILA GHIA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 2851 Woodside Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - KENNETH R. MEAD
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Applied Research and Technology (DART), Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Gaspard P, Mosnier A, Gunther D, Lochert C, Larocca S, Minery P, Stoll-Keller F, Bertrand X, Talon D. Influenza outbreaks management in a French psychiatric hospital from 2004 to 2012. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2014; 36:46-52. [PMID: 24095038 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Influenza epidemics can have consequences in terms of morbidity and mortality for the patients. This work assesses influenza outbreaks in order to validate and optimize alert and control measures in a psychiatric hospital. METHOD The prospective monitoring of influenza episodes was conducted for 8 years in 19 units of a mental health hospital. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests were used. The study of the episodes with confirmed influenza cases was carried out. RESULTS Influenza monitoring and alert were essential with information and laboratory-confirmed cases. Influenza was common with a total of 20 episodes for the studied period. A maximum of 25% (5/20) of the units were affected in 2008-2009. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests allowed a quick identification with an average time of 1.5 days. Mainly, control measures limited the spread of the influenza virus in units with patient not at high risk of complications. On the other hand, antiviral curative treatment and chemoprophylaxis are essential in units with patients at high risk of complications. CONCLUSION In a psychiatric hospital, influenza management has to take into account the exposed patient's risks for influenza complications and to adapt the strategy according to the risks identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gaspard
- Equipe Inter-établissement d'Hygiène Hospitalière, coordination GROG Géronto-Alsace - Centre Hospitalier de Rouffach, 68250 Rouffach, France; UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
| | - Anne Mosnier
- Coordination nationale des GROG (Groupe Régionaux d'Observation de la Grippe), 75018 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Gunther
- Equipe Inter-établissement d'Hygiène Hospitalière, coordination GROG Géronto-Alsace - Centre Hospitalier de Rouffach, 68250 Rouffach, France
| | - Céline Lochert
- Equipe Inter-établissement d'Hygiène Hospitalière, coordination GROG Géronto-Alsace - Centre Hospitalier de Rouffach, 68250 Rouffach, France
| | - Sabrina Larocca
- Equipe Inter-établissement d'Hygiène Hospitalière, coordination GROG Géronto-Alsace - Centre Hospitalier de Rouffach, 68250 Rouffach, France
| | - Pascale Minery
- Laboratoire de biologie médicale, Centre Hospitalier de Rouffach, 68250 Rouffach, France
| | - Françoise Stoll-Keller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xavier Bertrand
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Daniel Talon
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Fukuta Y, Muder RR. Infections in psychiatric facilities, with an emphasis on outbreaks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 34:80-8. [PMID: 23221197 DOI: 10.1086/668774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of infectious diseases in psychiatric units are very different from those in intensive care units or acute medical-surgical units. Outbreaks in psychiatric units are most often caused by agents circulating in the community. Infection control in psychiatric units also faces unique challenges due to the characteristics of the patients and facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Fukuta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Postexposure prophylaxis for influenza in pediatric wards oseltamivir or zanamivir after rapid antigen detection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:1119-23. [PMID: 22634596 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e318260265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) using neuraminidase inhibitors against exposure to influenza virus has been well studied in household settings but not in nosocomial settings in pediatric wards. METHODS We used oseltamivir or zanamivir as PEP in our pediatric wards. All influenza cases were diagnosed by the influenza rapid diagnostic test. RESULTS Between 2003 and 2011, there were 20 nosocomial introductions of influenza (10 were A, 9 were B and 1 was undetermined). The index cases consisted of 17 inpatients, 2 parents and 1 medical staff member. The 17 inpatients had been admitted to the hospital for reasons other than infectious disease and they developed influenza after hospitalization. Among the 81 contacts, 28 (35%) were exposed to influenza A, and 52 (64%) were exposed to influenza B. The rate of secondary infection among contacts not given PEP was 29% (5/17), and the rate among contacts given PEP was significantly lower, 3% (2/63; P = 0.004). The 2 infected contacts who had been given PEP were both influenza B cases, and both had received oseltamivir. The contacts who received PEP within 24 hours (59), for influenza A (23) and those who received zanamivir (15) did not develop influenza. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS PEP using oseltamivir or zanamivir for unexpected occurrences of nosocomial influenza in pediatric wards is safe and effective. The influenza rapid diagnostic test that we used was helpful for detecting nosocomial influenza in children.
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Health-Care Worker Vaccination for Influenza: Strategies and Controversies. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2012; 14:627-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-012-0291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kawai S, Nanri S, Ban E, Inokuchi M, Tanaka T, Tokumura M, Kimura K, Sugaya N. Influenza Vaccination of Schoolchildren and Influenza Outbreaks in a School. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:130-6. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Improving the clinical diagnosis of influenza--a comparative analysis of new influenza A (H1N1) cases. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8453. [PMID: 20041115 PMCID: PMC2795196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presentation of new influenza A(H1N1) is broad and evolving as it continues to affect different geographic locations and populations. To improve the accuracy of predicting influenza infection in an outpatient setting, we undertook a comparative analysis of H1N1(2009), seasonal influenza, and persons with acute respiratory illness (ARI) in an outpatient setting. Methodology/Principal Findings Comparative analyses of one hundred non-matched cases each of PCR confirmed H1N1(2009), seasonal influenza, and ARI cases. Multivariate analysis was performed to look for predictors of influenza infection. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed for various combinations of clinical and laboratory case definitions. The initial clinical and laboratory features of H1N1(2009) and seasonal influenza were similar. Among ARI cases, fever, cough, headache, rhinorrhea, the absence of leukocytosis, and a normal chest radiograph positively predict for both PCR-confirmed H1N1-2009 and seasonal influenza infection. The sensitivity and specificity of current WHO and CDC influenza-like illness (ILI) criteria were modest in predicting influenza infection. However, the combination of WHO ILI criteria with the absence of leukocytosis greatly improved the accuracy of diagnosing H1N1(2009) and seasonal influenza (positive LR of 7.8 (95%CI 3.5–17.5) and 9.2 (95%CI 4.1–20.3) respectively). Conclusions/Significance The clinical presentation of H1N1(2009) infection is largely indistinguishable from that of seasonal influenza. Among patients with acute respiratory illness, features such as a temperature greater than 38°C, rhinorrhea, a normal chest radiograph, and the absence of leukocytosis or significant gastrointestinal symptoms were all positively associated with H1N1(2009) and seasonal influenza infection. An enhanced ILI criteria that combines both a symptom complex with the absence of leukocytosis on testing can improve the accuracy of predicting both seasonal and H1N1-2009 influenza infection.
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Control of an outbreak due to an adamantane-resistant strain of influenza A (H3N2) in a chronic care facility. Infection 2008; 36:458-62. [PMID: 18791839 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-008-7295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic care facility residents are at risk of severe influenza infection and death. Adamantanes have been used by chronic care facilities for influenza A prophylaxis; however, genotypic resistance has altered prophylaxis recommendations. An outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) in a chronic care facility housing neurologically impaired children and young adults and subsequent control measures are described. PATIENTS AND METHODS Resident charts were retrospectively reviewed. Isolates were characterized by strain identification and pyrosequencing. RESULTS Although 95 (97%) of 98 residents had been immunized against influenza at the start of the influenza season, 16 (84%) of 19 case patients were identified on the first floor. However, following implementation of enhanced infection control practices and adamantane prophylaxis, only 10 (13%) of 79 case patients were identified on the second floor. Subsequent pyrosequencing studies revealed a serine to asparagine mutation at position 31 of the M2 protein. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced infection control precautions and adamantane prophylaxis were used to control spread of influenza in a chronic care facility. This outbreak demonstrates the importance of timely and consistent implementation of infection control measures in controlling influenza outbreaks in long term care facilities and raises questions about a possible role for adamantanes in preventing transmission of adamantane-resistant influenza A viruses.
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Bloomfield SF, Aiello AE, Cookson B, O'Boyle C, Larson EL. The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Am J Infect Control 2007. [PMCID: PMC7115270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bridges CB, Kuehnert MJ, Hall CB. Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:1094-101. [PMID: 14523774 DOI: 10.1086/378292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2003] [Accepted: 06/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual influenza epidemics in the United States result in an average of >36,000 deaths and 114,000 hospitalizations. Influenza can spread rapidly to patients and health care personnel in health care settings after influenza is introduced by visitors, staff, or patients. Influenza outbreaks in health care facilities can have potentially devastating consequences, particularly for immunocompromised persons. Although vaccination of health care personnel and patients is the primary means to prevent and control outbreaks of influenza in health care settings, antiviral influenza medications and isolation precautions are important adjuncts. Although droplet transmission is thought to be the primary mode of influenza transmission, limited evidence is available to support the relative clinical importance of contact, droplet, and droplet nuclei (airborne) transmission of influenza. In this article, the results of studies on the modes of influenza transmission and their relevant isolation precautions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Buxton Bridges
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Sartor C, Zandotti C, Romain F, Jacomo V, Simon S, Atlan-Gepner C, Sambuc R, Vialettes B, Drancourt M. Disruption of services in an internal medicine unit due to a nosocomial influenza outbreak. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23:615-9. [PMID: 12400893 DOI: 10.1086/501981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a nosocomial influenza A outbreak, how it was managed, what impact it had on subsequent delivery of health care, and the additional charges attributable to it DESIGN Prospective cohort study and microbiological investigation. SETTING One internal medicine unit in an acute care, university-affiliated hospital. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three patients and 22 staff members from February 28 to March 6, 1999. RESULTS Attack rates were 41% (9 of 22) among patients and 23% (5 of 22) among staff members, with 3 of 14 cases being classified as "certain." The influenza virus isolates were typed as A/SYDNEY/5/97 (H3N2). The index case was a patient who shared a room with the first nosocomial case. Vaccination rates for influenza virus were 43% (10 of 23) among patients and 36% (8 of 22) among staff members. The outbreak resulted in staff members' taking 14 person-days of sick leave. Furthermore, 8 scheduled admissions were postponed and all emergency admissions were suspended for 11 days. Hospital charges attributable to the influenza outbreak totaled $34,179 and the average extra charge per infected patient was $3,798. CONCLUSIONS Nosocomial influenza outbreaks increase charges and alter the quality of care delivered in acute care settings. Strategies for their prevention need to be evaluated in acute care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sartor
- Comité de Lutte contre les Infections Nosocomiales, Marseille, France
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Jacomo V, Sartor C, Zandotti C, Atlan-Gepner C, Drancourt M. Épidemie de grippe nosocomiale en hospitalisation de court séjour. Med Mal Infect 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(01)00274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hayden FG, Jennings L, Robson R, Schiff G, Jackson H, Rana B, McClelland G, Ipe D, Roberts N, Ward P. Oral Oseltamivir in Human Experimental Influenza B Infection. Antivir Ther 1999. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350000500305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oseltamivir is the prodrug of Ro64-0802 (GS4071), a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza A and B virus neuraminidases. Three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies evaluated oral oseltamivir for early treatment (75 or 150 mg twice daily for 5 days) or prevention (75 mg once or twice daily for 7 days) of experimental influenza B virus infection in healthy susceptible adults. Treatment study A ( n=60) demonstrated similar trends to treatment study B ( n=117), in which 75 mg doses of oseltamivir introduced 24 h after inoculation reduced median area under curve (AUC) virus titre (oseltamivir, 22.7; placebo, 131.1 log10 TCID50 x h/ml; P=0.002) and duration of viral shedding (oseltamivir, 23.9 h; placebo, 95.8 h; P=0.0005). In prevention study C ( n=58), oseltamivir did not reduce infection rates (85 versus 84%) but significantly reduced median AUC virus titre (10.0 versus 66.9 log10 TCID50 x h/ml; P=0.03) and duration of viral shedding (36 versus 84 h; P=0.03) compared with placebo. Oseltamivir was well tolerated. No emergence of drug-resistant variants was detected by testing last-day isolates ( n=112) in neuraminidase inhibition assays. These results indicate that oseltamivir has significant antiviral activity in experimental human influenza B virus infection when used for prophylaxis or early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G Hayden
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlottesville, Va., USA
| | - Lance Jennings
- Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard Robson
- Department of Nephrology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gilbert Schiff
- The Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | - David Ipe
- Roche Global Development, Palo Alto, Calif., USA
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