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Yim JJ, Tholen M, Klaassen A, Sorger J, Bogyo M. Optimization of a Protease Activated Probe for Optical Surgical Navigation. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:750-758. [PMID: 29172524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly targeted optical contrast agents have the potential to enable surgeons to visualize specific molecular markers that can help improve surgical precision and thus outcomes. Fluorescently quenched substrates can be used to highlight tumor lesions by targeting proteases that are highly abundant in the tumor microenvironment. However, the majority of these and other molecularly targeted optical contrast agents are labeled with reporter dyes that are not ideally matched to the properties of clinical camera systems, which are typically optimized for detection of indocyanine-green (ICG). While a wide range of near-infrared (NIR) dyes are suitable for use with highly sensitive and highly tunable research-focused small animal imaging systems, most have not been evaluated for use with commonly used clinical imaging systems. Here we report the optimization of a small molecule fluorescently quenched protease substrate probe 6QC-ICG, which uses the indocyanine green (ICG) dye as its optical reporter. We evaluated dosing and kinetic parameters of this molecule in tumor-bearing mice and observed optimal tumor over background signals in as little as 90 min with a dose of 2.3 mg/kg. Importantly, the fluorescence intensity of the probe signal in tumors did not linearly scale with dose, suggesting the importance of detailed dosing studies. Furthermore, when imaged using the FDA approved da Vinci Si surgical system with Firefly detection, signals were significantly higher for the ICG probe compared to a corresponding probe containing a dye with similar quantum yield but with a slightly shifted excitation and emission profile. The increased signal intensity generated by the optimal dye and dose of the ICG labeled probe enabled detection of small, flat lesions that were less than 5 mm in diameter. Therefore, 6QC-ICG is a highly sensitive probe that performs optimally with clinical imaging systems and has great potential for applications in optical surgical navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alwin Klaassen
- Intuitive Surgical Inc. , 1020 Kifer Road , Sunnyvale , California 94086 , United States
| | - Jonathan Sorger
- Intuitive Surgical Inc. , 1020 Kifer Road , Sunnyvale , California 94086 , United States
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Toyota T, Fujito H, Suganami A, Ouchi T, Ooishi A, Aoki A, Onoue K, Muraki Y, Madono T, Fujinami M, Tamura Y, Hayashi H. Near-infrared-fluorescence imaging of lymph nodes by using liposomally formulated indocyanine green derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:721-7. [PMID: 24393719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liposomally formulated indocyanine green (LP-ICG) has drawn much attention as a highly sensitive near-infrared (NIR)-fluorescence probe for tumors or lymph nodes in vivo. We synthesized ICG derivatives tagged with alkyl chains (ICG-Cn), and we examined NIR-fluorescence imaging for lymph nodes in the lower extremities of mice by using liposomally formulated ICG-Cn (LP-ICG-Cn) as well as conventional liposomally formulated ICG (LP-ICG) and ICG. Analysis with a noninvasive preclinical NIR-fluorescence imaging system revealed that LP-ICG-Cn accumulates in only the popliteal lymph node 1h after injection into the footpad, whereas LP-ICG and ICG accumulate in the popliteal lymph node and other organs like the liver. This result indicates that LP-ICG-Cn is a useful NIR-fluorescence probe for noninvasive in vivo bioimaging, especially for the sentinel lymph node.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Toyota
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Fujito
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Akiko Suganami
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ouchi
- Division of Nanoscience, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Aki Ooishi
- Division of Nanoscience, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Akira Aoki
- Yamada Chemical Co. Ltd, 1-1 Kamichoshi-cho, Kamitoba, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8105, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Onoue
- Yamada Chemical Co. Ltd, 1-1 Kamichoshi-cho, Kamitoba, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8105, Japan
| | - Yutaka Muraki
- Yamada Chemical Co. Ltd, 1-1 Kamichoshi-cho, Kamitoba, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8105, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Madono
- Yamada Chemical Co. Ltd, 1-1 Kamichoshi-cho, Kamitoba, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8105, Japan
| | - Masanori Fujinami
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Mackanos MA, Larabi M, Shinde R, Simanovskii DM, Guccione S, Contag CH. Laser-induced disruption of systemically administered liposomes for targeted drug delivery. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:044009. [PMID: 19725721 DOI: 10.1117/1.3174410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Liposomal formulations of drugs have been shown to enhance drug efficacy by prolonging circulation time, increasing local concentration and reducing off-target effects. Controlled release from these formulations would increase their utility, and hyperthermia has been explored as a stimulus for targeted delivery of encapsulated drugs. Use of lasers as a thermal source could provide improved control over the release of the drug from the liposomes with minimal collateral tissue damage. Appropriate methods for assessing local release after systemic delivery would aid in testing and development of better formulations. We use in vivo bioluminescence imaging to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of luciferin, used as a model small molecule, and demonstrate laser-induced release from liposomes in animal models after systemic delivery. These liposomes were tested for luciferin release between 37 and 45 degrees C in PBS and serum using bioluminescence measurements. In vivo studies were performed on transgenic reporter mice that express luciferase constitutively throughout the body, thus providing a noninvasive readout for controlled release following systemic delivery. An Nd:YLF laser was used (527 nm) to heat tissues and induce rupture of the intravenously delivered liposomes in target tissues. These data demonstrate laser-mediated control of small molecule delivery using thermally sensitive liposomal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Mackanos
- Stanford Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, E-150 Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Mordon S, Desmettre T, Devoisselle JM, Soulie S. Thermal damage assessment of blood vessels in a hamster skin flap model by fluorescence measurement of a liposome-dye system. Lasers Surg Med 2000; 20:131-41. [PMID: 9047166 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9101(1997)20:2<131::aid-lsm3>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The present study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of thermal damage assessment of blood vessels by using laser-induced release of liposome-encapsulated dye. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were performed in a hamster skin flap model. Laser irradiation was achieved with a 300 microm fiber connected to a 805 nm diode laser (power = 0.8W, spot diameter = 1.3 mm and pulse exposure time lasting from 1 to 6 s) after potentiation using a specific indocyanine green (ICG) formulation (water and oil emulsion). Liposomes-encapsulated carboxyfluorescein were prepared by the sonication procedure. Carboxyfluorescein (5,6-CF) was loaded at high concentration (100 mM) in order to quench its fluorescence. The measurements were performed after i.v. injection of DSPC liposomes (1.5 ml) and lasted 40 min. Fluorescence emission was measured with an ultra high sensitivity intensified camera. RESULTS Three different shapes of fluorescent spots were identified depending on target (blood vessel or skin) and energy deposition in tissue: (i) intravascular fluorescence, (ii) transient low fluorescence circular spot, and (iii) persistent high intense fluorescence spot. These images are correlated with histological data. CONCLUSION Real-time fluorescence imaging seems to be a good tool to estimate in a non-invasive manner the thermal damage induced by a diode laser combined with ICG potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mordon
- Inserm U279, Pavillon Vancostenobel, CHU, Lille, France
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