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Lappano R, Mallet C, Rizzuti B, Grande F, Galli GR, Byrne C, Broutin I, Boudieu L, Eschalier A, Jacquot Y, Maggiolini M. The Peptide ERα17p Is a GPER Inverse Agonist that Exerts Antiproliferative Effects in Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060590. [PMID: 31207943 PMCID: PMC6627388 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) offers promising perspectives for the treatment of breast tumors. A peptide corresponding to part of the hinge region/AF2 domain of the human estrogen receptor α (ERα17p, residues 295–311) exerts anti-proliferative effects in various breast cancer cells including those used as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) models. As preliminary investigations have evoked a role for the GPER in the mechanism of action of this peptide, we focused our studies on this protein using SkBr3 breast cancer cells, which are ideal for GPER evaluation. ERα17p inhibits cell growth by targeting membrane signaling. Identified as a GPER inverse agonist, it co-localizes with GPER and induces the proteasome-dependent downregulation of GPER. It also decreases the level of pEGFR (phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor), pERK1/2 (phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase), and c-fos. ERα17p is rapidly distributed in mice after intra-peritoneal injection and is found primarily in the mammary glands. The N-terminal PLMI motif, which presents analogies with the GPER antagonist PBX1, reproduces the effect of the whole ERα17p. Thus, this motif seems to direct the action of the entire peptide, as highlighted by docking and molecular dynamics studies. Consequently, the tetrapeptide PLMI, which can be claimed as the first peptidic GPER disruptor, could open new avenues for specific GPER modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Christophe Mallet
- NEURO-DOL Basics & Clinical Pharmacology of Pain, INSERM, CHU, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- ANALGESIA Institute, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Giulia Raffaella Galli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Cillian Byrne
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), CNRS-UMR 7203, Sorbonne University, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Isabelle Broutin
- Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS-UMR 8038, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.
| | - Ludivine Boudieu
- NEURO-DOL Basics & Clinical Pharmacology of Pain, INSERM, CHU, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- ANALGESIA Institute, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Alain Eschalier
- NEURO-DOL Basics & Clinical Pharmacology of Pain, INSERM, CHU, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- ANALGESIA Institute, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Yves Jacquot
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), CNRS-UMR 7203, Sorbonne University, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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Regions outside of conserved PxxPxR motifs drive the high affinity interaction of GRB2 with SH3 domain ligands. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2560-9. [PMID: 26079855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SH3 domains are evolutionarily conserved protein interaction domains that control nearly all cellular processes in eukaryotes. The current model is that most SH3 domains bind discreet PxxPxR motifs with weak affinity and relatively low selectivity. However, the interactions of full-length SH3 domain-containing proteins with ligands are highly specific and have much stronger affinity. This suggests that regions outside of PxxPxR motifs drive these interactions. In this study, we observed that PxxPxR motifs were required for the binding of the adaptor protein GRB2 to short peptides from its ligand SOS1. Surprisingly, PxxPxR motifs from the proline rich region of SOS1 or CBL were neither necessary nor sufficient for the in vitro or in vivo interaction with full-length GRB2. Together, our findings show that regions outside of the consensus PxxPxR sites drive the high affinity association of GRB2 with SH3 domain ligands, suggesting that the binding mechanism for this and other SH3 domain interactions may be more complex than originally thought.
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Byrne C, Miclet E, Broutin I, Gallo D, Pelekanou V, Kampa M, Castanas E, Leclercq G, Jacquot Y. Identification of polyproline II regions derived from the proline-rich nuclear receptor coactivators PNRC and PNRC2: new insights for ERα coactivator interactions. Chirality 2013; 25:628-42. [PMID: 23925889 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are crucial for signal transductions required for cell differentiation and proliferation. Their modulation is therefore key to the development of therapeutic alternatives, particularly in the context of cancer. According to literature data, the polyproline-rich nuclear receptor coactivators PNRC and PNRC2 interact with estrogen receptor (ERα) through their PxxP SH3-binding motifs. In a search to identify the molecular features governing this interaction, we explored using electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations, the capacity of a range of putative biologically active peptides derived from these proteins and containing this PxxP motif(s) to form polyproline II (PPII) domains. An additional more exhaustive structural study on a lead PPII peptide was also performed using 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. With the exception of one of all the investigated peptides (PNRC-D), binding assays failed to detect any affinity for Grb2 SH3 domains, suggesting that PPII motifs issued from Grb2 antagonists have a binding mode distinct from those derived from Grb2 agonists. Instead, the peptides revealed a competitive binding ability against a synthetic peptide (ERα17p) with a putative PPII-cognate domain located within a coregulator recruitment region of ERα (AF-2 site). Our work, which constitutes the first structure-related interaction study concerning PNRC and PNRC2, supports not only the existence of PxxP-induced PPII sequences in these coregulators, but also confirms the presence of a PPII recognition site in the AF-2 of the steroid receptor ERα, a region important for transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Byrne
- Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM), CNRS - UMR 7203, Ecole Normale Supérieure / Université Pierre et Marie Curie 24, rue Lhomond, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Recherche, 29, rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
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4
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Peptide microarrays to probe for competition for binding sites in a protein interaction network. J Proteomics 2013; 89:71-80. [PMID: 23748025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Mol NJ, Kruijtzer JA, Moret EE, Broutin I, Liskamp RM. Unusual binding of Grb2 protein to a bivalent polyproline-ligand immobilized on a SPR sensor: Intermolecular bivalent binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:524-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ferrandez Y, Monlezun L, Phan G, Benabdelhak H, Benas P, Ulryck N, Falson P, Ducruix A, Picard M, Broutin I. Stoichiometry of the MexA-OprM binding, as investigated by blue native gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1282-7. [PMID: 22589107 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance has become a serious concern in the treatment of bacterial infections. A prominent role is ascribed to the active efflux of xenobiotics out of the bacteria by a tripartite protein machinery. The mechanism of drug extrusion is rather well understood, thanks to the X-ray structures obtained for the Escherichia coli TolC/AcrA/AcrB model system and the related Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM/MexA/MexB. However, many questions remain unresolved, in particular the stoichiometry of the efflux pump assembly. On the basis of blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) (Wittig et al., Nat. Protoc. 2006, 1, 418-428), we analyzed the binding stoichiometry of both palmitylated and non-palmitylated MexA with the cognate partner OprM trimer at different ratios and detergent conditions. We found that β-octyl glucopyranoside (β-OG) detergent was not suitable for this technique. Then we proved that MexA has to be palmitylated in order to stabilized the complex formation with OprM. Finally, we provided evidence for a two by two (2, 4, 6, or upper) binding of palmitylated MexA per trimer of OprM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Ferrandez
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Abstract
Amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange of proteins monitored by mass spectrometry has established itself as a powerful method for probing protein conformational dynamics and protein interactions. The method uses isotope labeling to probe the rate at which protein backbone amide hydrogens undergo exchange. Backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates are particularly sensitive to hydrogen bonding; hydrogen bonding slows the exchange rates dramatically. Exchange rates reflect on the conformational mobility, hydrogen bonding strength, and solvent accessibility in protein structure. Mass spectrometric techniques are used to monitor the exchange events as mass shifts that arise through the incorporation of deuterium into the protein. Global conformational information can be deduced by monitoring the exchange profiles over time. Combining the labeling experiment with proteolysis under conditions that preserve the exchange information allows for localizing exchange events to distinct regions of the protein backbone and thus, the study of protein conformation with medium spatial resolution. Over the past decade, H/D exchange mass spectrometry has evolved into a versatile technique for investigating conformational dynamics and interactions in proteins, protein-ligand and protein-protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Cailliau K, Browaeys-Poly E. A microinjectable biological system, the Xenopus oocyte, as an approach to understanding signal transduction protein function. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 518:43-55. [PMID: 19085133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-202-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To study protein function in cellular signaling, manual microinjection is a direct technique, but limited by the small size of many cells. The giant vertebrate cell, the Xenopus laevis oocyte, is a perfect model system to perform these studies. Oocytes are numerous and synchronous cells, arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle and easily amenable to biochemical, electrophysiological, and cytological studies. We describe how to microinject proteins or peptides in this model and we study, as an example, the Grb2 transduction cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cailliau
- Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Laboratoire de Régulation des Signaux de Division, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Hickman AB, Davies DR. Principles of macromolecular X-ray crystallography. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2008; Chapter 17:Unit 17.3. [PMID: 18429137 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps1703s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
X-ray crystallography is one of the major tools available for protein structural analysis. This unit provides an introductory review of the principles of X-ray crystallography that covers how the image is generated and analyzed. The second half of the unit describes strategies for producing crystals of protein, including methods for dealing with proteins that do not easily form crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Hickman
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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10
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Browaeys-Poly E, Broutin I, Antoine AF, Marin M, Lescuyer A, Vilain JP, Ducruix A, Cailliau K. A non-canonical Grb2-PLC-gamma1-Sos cascade triggered by lipovitellin 1, an apolipoprotein B homologue. Cell Signal 2007; 19:2540-8. [PMID: 17869481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The injection of the Grb2 adapter in Xenopus oocytes promotes G2/M transition without stimulation from a receptor only the first day after the oocytes removal from the ovaries. This cell cycle reinitiation is Ras-dependent and requires the SH2 and SH3 domains of Grb2. The SH2 domain of Grb2 binds the tyrosine phosphorylated lipovitellin1, a homologue of the human apolipoprotein B. The N-SH3 domain of Grb2 is linked to a proline-rich sequence of the C2 domain of PLC-gamma1, PLC-gamma1 itself is linked, through its SH3 domain, to the C-terminal proline-rich region of Sos. When Grb2-PLC-gamma1-Sos is associated, PLC-gamma1 is not phosphorylated on Y783 but shows a phospholipase activity. Inhibition of lipovitellin 1 or PLC-gamma1 avoids Grb2-induced cell cycle reinitiation. Therefore, the Grb2-lipovitellin 1 association is the starting point of a novel signaling pathway, where PLC-gamma1 binds Grb2 and recruits Sos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Browaeys-Poly
- Laboratoire de Régulation des Signaux de Division, EA 4020, IFR 147, Bât. SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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11
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de Mol NJ, Catalina MI, Fischer MJE, Broutin I, Maier CS, Heck AJR. Changes in structural dynamics of the Grb2 adaptor protein upon binding of phosphotyrosine ligand to its SH2 domain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1700:53-64. [PMID: 15210125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is an extensively studied adaptor protein involved in cell signaling. Grb2 is a highly flexible protein composed of a single SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains. Here we report on the structural dynamic effects upon interaction of a phosphopeptide ligand derived from the recognition sequence of the Shc adaptor protein with (i) the isolated SH2 domain of Grb2 (Grb2 SH2) and (ii) the full-length Grb2 protein. From kinetic studies using surface plasmon resonance, it was deduced that a conformation change occurred in the SH2 protein as well as the full-length Grb2 after binding. Measurements of hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) in the isolated SH2 domain and full-length Grb2 protein as monitored by electrospray mass spectrometry, showed that binding reduces the overall flexibility of the proteins, possibly via slightly different mechanisms for the single SH2 domain and the full-length Grb2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J de Mol
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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12
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Nioche P, Liu WQ, Broutin I, Charbonnier F, Latreille MT, Vidal M, Roques B, Garbay C, Ducruix A. Crystal structures of the SH2 domain of Grb2: highlight on the binding of a new high-affinity inhibitor. J Mol Biol 2002; 315:1167-77. [PMID: 11827484 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The activation of growth factor receptors induces phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in its C-terminal part, creating binding sites for SH2 domain-containing proteins. Grb2 is a protein that recruits Sos, the exchange factor for Ras. Recruitment of Sos allows for Ras activation and subsequent signal transmission. This promotes translocation of MAP kinases into the nucleus and activation of early transcription factors. Grb2, a 25 kDa protein, is composed of one SH2 domain surrounded by two SH3 domains. The SH2 domain of Grb2 binds to class II phosphotyrosyl peptides with the consensus sequence pYXNX. Thus, Grb2 is a good example of a bifunctional adaptor protein that brings proteins into close proximity, allowing signal transduction through proteins located in different compartments. To explore the interactions between Grb2 and phosphorylated ligands, we have solved the crystal structure of complexes between the Grb2-SH2 domain and peptides corresponding to Shc-derived sequences. Two structures are described: the Grb2-SH2 domain in complex with PSpYVNVQN at 1.5 A; and the Grb2-SH2 domain in complex with mAZ*-pY-(alphaMe)pY-N-NH2 pseudo-peptide, at 2 A. Both are compared to an unliganded SH2 structure determined at 2.7 A which, interestingly enough, forms a dimer through two swapping subdomains from two symmetry-related molecules. The nanomolar affinity of the mAZ-pY-(alphaMe)pY-N-NH2 pseudo-peptide for Grb2-SH2 is related to new interactions with non- conserved residues. The design of Grb2-SH2 domain inhibitors that prevent interaction with tyrosine kinase proteins or other adaptors like Shc or IRS1 should provide a means to interrupt the Ras signaling pathway. Newly synthesized pseudo-peptides exhibit nanomolar affinities for the Grb2-SH2 domain. It will then be possible to design new inhibitors with similar affinity and simpler chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nioche
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN biologiques; UMR 8015 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université René Descartes, 4, Avenue de l'Observatorie, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France
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13
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Cailliau K, Browaeys-Poly E, Broutin-L'Hermite I, Nioche P, Garbay C, Ducruix A, Vilain JP. Grb2 promotes reinitiation of meiosis in Xenopus oocytes. Cell Signal 2001; 13:51-5. [PMID: 11257447 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(00)00138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adaptor protein Grb2 plays a central role in cell proliferation and/or cell cycle progression. In this study, we investigate the role of Grb2 in signalling pathways involved in meiotic reinitiation. For that purpose, Xenopus Grb2 cRNA and its mutated forms or human Grb2 protein was microinjected into immature Xenopus oocytes. Reinitiation of meiosis was seen in unstimulated oocytes. Induction of the meiosis was time dependent and Ras dependent, and the presence in Grb2 of SH2 and SH3 domains was required. Several tyrosine phosphorylated proteins were solely detected in oocytes responsive to Grb2 injection. Our results are in favour of an unusual recruitment and initiation of the Grb2 transduction cascade independent of a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cailliau
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, UE 1033, Bâtiment SN3, 59655 Villeneuve D'Ascq Cedex, France
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14
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Mattsson PT, Lappalainen I, Bäckesjö CM, Brockmann E, Laurén S, Vihinen M, Smith CI. Six X-linked agammaglobulinemia-causing missense mutations in the Src homology 2 domain of Bruton's tyrosine kinase: phosphotyrosine-binding and circular dichroism analysis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4170-7. [PMID: 10754312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.8.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2) domains recognize phosphotyrosine (pY)-containing sequences and thereby mediate their association to ligands. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase, in which mutations cause a hereditary immunodeficiency disease, X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Mutations have been found in all Btk domains, including SH2. We have analyzed the structural and functional effects of six disease-related amino acid substitutions in the SH2 domain: G302E, R307G, Y334S, L358F, Y361C, and H362Q. Also, we present a novel Btk SH2 missense mutation, H362R, leading to classical XLA. Based on circular dichroism analysis, the conformation of five of the XLA mutants studied differs from the native Btk SH2 domain, while mutant R307G is structurally identical. The binding of XLA mutation-containing SH2 domains to pY-Sepharose was reduced, varying between 1 and 13% of that for the native SH2 domain. The solubility of all the mutated proteins was remarkably reduced. SH2 domain mutations were divided into three categories: 1) Functional mutations, which affect residues presumably participating directly in pY binding (R307G); 2) structural mutations that, via conformational change, not only impair pY binding, but severely derange the structure of the SH2 domain and possibly interfere with the overall conformation of the Btk molecule (G302E, Y334S, L358F, and H362Q); and 3) structural-functional mutations, which contain features from both categories above (Y361C).
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Mattsson
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, and Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology and Infectious Diseases (IMPI), Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
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15
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Peptidomimetic ligands for src Homology-2 Domains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(97)80007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Riès-kautt M, Ducruix A. [3] Inferences drawn from physicochemical studies of crystallogenesis and precrystalline state. Methods Enzymol 1997; 276:23-59. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)76049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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