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Graham MR, Ryan P, Baker JS, Davies B, Thomas NE, Cooper SM, Evans P, Easmon S, Walker CJ, Cowan D, Kicman AT. Counterfeiting in performance- and image-enhancing drugs. Drug Test Anal 2010; 1:135-42. [PMID: 20355187 DOI: 10.1002/dta.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The current drastic escalation in obesity may be contributing to the exponential rise in drugs used for image enhancement. Drugs such as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are perceived as a viable method of achieving a perfect physique. They are also the most widely abused drugs in sport. The Internet has encouraged the abuse of expensive drugs, particularly human growth hormone (hGH), resulting in increased importation for personal use. The substantial increase in this market has opened up avenues for counterfeiting, estimated as a multi-million pound business. The acute adverse effects from contaminated vials may result in a variety of pathologies including communicable diseases. In 2007, in the UK, a series of intramuscular abscesses, requiring surgical treatment, led us to study samples obtained from the underground market. The analysis of 38 parenteral samples and 19 oral samples of tablets was performed by a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) accredited laboratory, in an attempt to establish the extent of available counterfeit products. Fifty-three per cent (20) of the injectable AAS esters and 21% (4) of the oral tablets were counterfeit. Culture and sensitivity revealed the presence of skin commensal organisms, which may have contributed to the development of the abscesses. Users of AAS and hGH for sport, including bodybuilding, are currently risking their health because of counterfeit and poorly controlled products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Graham
- The Newman Centre for Sport and Exercise Research, Newman University College, Birmingham, UK.
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Abstract
This chapter reviews drug and medication control in equestrian sports and addresses the rules of racing, the technological advances that have been made in drug detection and the importance of metabolism studies in the development of effective drug surveillance programmes. Typical approaches to screening and confirmatory analysis are discussed, as are the quality processes that underpin these procedures. The chapter also addresses four specific topics relevant to equestrian sports: substances controlled by threshold values, the approach adopted recently by European racing authorities to control some therapeutic substances, anabolic steroids in the horse and LC-MS analysis in drug testing in animal sports and metabolism studies. The purpose of discussing these specific topics is to emphasise the importance of research and development and collaboration to further global harmonisation and the development and support of international rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Houghton
- HFL Sport Science, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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Bailly-Chouriberry L, Pinel G, Garcia P, Popot MA, Le Bizec B, Bonnaire Y. Identification of Recombinant Equine Growth Hormone in Horse Plasma by LC−MS/MS: A Confirmatory Analysis in Doping Control. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8340-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801234f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Bailly-Chouriberry
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Gaud Pinel
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Yves Bonnaire
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
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Pinel G, André F, Le Bizec B. Discrimination of recombinant and pituitary-derived bovine and porcine growth hormones by peptide mass mapping. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:407-414. [PMID: 14759125 DOI: 10.1021/jf030536e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Somatotropins, which are used in cattle for growth and lactating performances, are difficult to reliably detect because no direct method exists. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HLC) coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) has been developed to separate and characterize the N-terminal peptides resulting from tryptic cleavage of natural and recombinant growth hormones from different species (bovine, porcine, and human) and suppliers. Conditions for tryptic digestion were optimized. This technique was found to be optimal to cleave efficiently the N-terminal peptide of the proteins without releasing too much noise from the matrix. Characterization of the peptides through ESI(+)-MS allowed natural and recombinant growth hormones from bovine and porcine species with N-terminal amino acid sequences differing from one amino acid residue to be discriminated. However, the studied human growth hormones had similar primary sequences that did not permit any discrimination between recombinant and natural forms, thus confirming the known identity of these hormones. Protein digestions with pepsin and chymotrypsin were also compared but were not conclusive due to the too small N-terminal peptides released after proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaud Pinel
- LABERCA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Route de Gachet, B.P. 50707, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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Secchi C, Berrini A, Gaggioli D, Borromeo V. Amino acid modifications in canine, equine and porcine pituitary growth hormones, identified by peptide-mass mapping. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 757:237-45. [PMID: 11417868 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Modified amino acid residues in porcine, canine and equine growth hormones purified from pituitary glands were characterised by tryptic mapping and high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line coupled electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) detection. Hormones from all three species showed the same changes. Conversion of Asp128 to iso-Asp128 was a component of native hormones, while deamidation of Asn12 and Asn98 to Asp and iso-Asp, oxidation of Met4, and cyclisation to the pyroglutamyl derivative of Gln139, probably occurred in vitro, during isolation, storage or hydrolysis. Porcine and canine hormones had indistinguishable protein fingerprints, confirming the assumption, based on their cDNA sequences, that their mature primary structures are identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Secchi
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Italy.
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