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Chatton A, Le Borgne F, Leyrat C, Gillaizeau F, Rousseau C, Barbin L, Laplaud D, Léger M, Giraudeau B, Foucher Y. G-computation, propensity score-based methods, and targeted maximum likelihood estimator for causal inference with different covariates sets: a comparative simulation study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9219. [PMID: 32514028 PMCID: PMC7280276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling for confounding bias is crucial in causal inference. Distinct methods are currently employed to mitigate the effects of confounding bias. Each requires the introduction of a set of covariates, which remains difficult to choose, especially regarding the different methods. We conduct a simulation study to compare the relative performance results obtained by using four different sets of covariates (those causing the outcome, those causing the treatment allocation, those causing both the outcome and the treatment allocation, and all the covariates) and four methods: g-computation, inverse probability of treatment weighting, full matching and targeted maximum likelihood estimator. Our simulations are in the context of a binary treatment, a binary outcome and baseline confounders. The simulations suggest that considering all the covariates causing the outcome led to the lowest bias and variance, particularly for g-computation. The consideration of all the covariates did not decrease the bias but significantly reduced the power. We apply these methods to two real-world examples that have clinical relevance, thereby illustrating the real-world importance of using these methods. We propose an R package RISCA to encourage the use of g-computation in causal inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Chatton
- INSERM UMR 1246 - SPHERE, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
- A2COM-IDBC, Pacé, France
| | - Florent Le Borgne
- INSERM UMR 1246 - SPHERE, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
- A2COM-IDBC, Pacé, France
| | - Clémence Leyrat
- INSERM UMR 1246 - SPHERE, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
- Department of Medical Statistics & Cancer Survival Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Florence Gillaizeau
- INSERM UMR 1246 - SPHERE, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Chloé Rousseau
- INSERM UMR 1246 - SPHERE, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
- INSERM CIC1414, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - David Laplaud
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie INSERM UMR1064, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Maxime Léger
- INSERM UMR 1246 - SPHERE, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
- Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Bruno Giraudeau
- INSERM UMR 1246 - SPHERE, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France
- INSERM CIC1415, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Yohann Foucher
- INSERM UMR 1246 - SPHERE, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, Nantes, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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4
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Ostrom QT, Kinnersley B, Wrensch MR, Eckel-Passow JE, Armstrong G, Rice T, Chen Y, Wiencke JK, McCoy LS, Hansen HM, Amos CI, Bernstein JL, Claus EB, Il'yasova D, Johansen C, Lachance DH, Lai RK, Merrell RT, Olson SH, Sadetzki S, Schildkraut JM, Shete S, Rubin JB, Lathia JD, Berens ME, Andersson U, Rajaraman P, Chanock SJ, Linet MS, Wang Z, Yeager M, Houlston RS, Jenkins RB, Melin B, Bondy ML, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. Sex-specific glioma genome-wide association study identifies new risk locus at 3p21.31 in females, and finds sex-differences in risk at 8q24.21. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7352. [PMID: 29743610 PMCID: PMC5943590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidence of glioma is approximately 50% higher in males. Previous analyses have examined exposures related to sex hormones in women as potential protective factors for these tumors, with inconsistent results. Previous glioma genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not stratified by sex. Potential sex-specific genetic effects were assessed in autosomal SNPs and sex chromosome variants for all glioma, GBM and non-GBM patients using data from four previous glioma GWAS. Datasets were analyzed using sex-stratified logistic regression models and combined using meta-analysis. There were 4,831 male cases, 5,216 male controls, 3,206 female cases and 5,470 female controls. A significant association was detected at rs11979158 (7p11.2) in males only. Association at rs55705857 (8q24.21) was stronger in females than in males. A large region on 3p21.31 was identified with significant association in females only. The identified differences in effect of risk variants do not fully explain the observed incidence difference in glioma by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn T Ostrom
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Population and Quantitative Heath Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ben Kinnersley
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret R Wrensch
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeanette E Eckel-Passow
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Georgina Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terri Rice
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yanwen Chen
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John K Wiencke
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lucie S McCoy
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Helen M Hansen
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonine L Bernstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth B Claus
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dora Il'yasova
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Cancer Control and Prevention Program, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- Oncology clinic, Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Survivorship Research Unit, The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel H Lachance
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rose K Lai
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan T Merrell
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sara H Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Siegal Sadetzki
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Joellen M Schildkraut
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael E Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ulrika Andersson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Preetha Rajaraman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick, Inc, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martha S Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick, Inc, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick, Inc, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melissa L Bondy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
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Xu XS, Qu K, Liu C, Zhang YL, Liu J, Song YZ, Zhang P, Liu SN, Chang HL. Highlights for α-fetoprotein in determining prognosis and treatment monitoring for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:7242-7250. [PMID: 23326129 PMCID: PMC3544026 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i48.7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the prognostic value in the monitoring of treatment efficacy of serial α-fetoprotein (AFP) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.
METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and COCHRANE LIBRARY through April 21, 2012, to find qualifying articles. Our overall search strategy included terms for HCC, AFP, treatment response, and prognosis. Literature was limited to English-language, human studies. Studies reporting cumulative survival rates were summarized qualitatively. For the prognostic meta-analysis, we undertook a series of meta-analyses that summarised the Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) by assuming a random effects model. With regards to the correlation of AFP change with radiologic response, the categorical dichotomous variables were assessed using Poisson relative risks (RRs), which were incorporated into the random effects model meta-analysis of accuracy prediction. Between-study heterogeneity was estimated by use of the I² statistic. Publication bias was evaluated using the Begg funnel plot and Egger plot. Sensitivity analyses were conducted first by separating systemic treatment estimates from locoregional therapy estimates, evaluating different AFP response cut-off point effects, and exploring the impact of different study sizes.
RESULTS: Of 142 titles identified in our original search, 11 articles (12 clinical studies) met our criteria. Six studies investigated outcome in a total of 464 cases who underwent systemic treatment, and six studies investigated outcome in a total of 510 patients who received locoregional therapy. A random-effects model meta-analysis showed that AFP response was associated with an mortality HR of 0.55 (95%CI, 0.47-0.65) across HCC in overall survival (OS) and 0.50 (95%CI, 0.38-0.65) in progression-free survival. Restricting analysis to the six eligible analyses of systemic treatment, the pooled HRs were 0.64 (95%CI, 0.53-0.77) for OS. Limiting analysis to the six analyses of locoregional therapy, the pooled HRs for OS was 0.39 (95%CI, 0.29-0.53). We showed a larger pooled HR in the 50% definition studies (HR, 0.67, 95%CI, 0.55-0.83) compared with that from the 20% definition studies (HR, 0.41, 95%CI, 0.32-0.53). Restricting analysis to the four studies including over 100 patients individually, the pooled HR was 0.65 (95%CI, 0.54-0.79), with a pooled HR for OS of 0.35 (95%CI, 0.23-0.46) in the studies of less than 100 patients. As to radiological imaging, 43.1% (155/360) of the patients in the AFP response group presented with a radiological overall response, while the response rate decreased to 11.5% (36/313) in the patients from the AFP nonresponse group. The RR of having no overall response was significantly lower in the AFP response group than the AFP nonresponse group (RR, 0.67; 95%CI, 0.61-0.75). In terms of disease control rate, 86.9% (287/330) in the AFP response group and 51.0% (153/300) in the AFP nonresponse group showed successful disease control, respectively. The RR of disease control failure, similarly, was significantly lower in the AFP response group (RR, 0.37; 95%CI, 0.23-0.58). But these findings could be overestimates because of publication and reporting bias.
CONCLUSION: HCC patients presenting with an AFP response are at decreased risk of mortality. In addition, patients with an AFP response also present with a higher overall response rate and disease control rate.
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10
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Babchishin KM, Hanson RK, Helmus L. Even Highly Correlated Measures Can Add Incrementally to Predicting Recidivism Among Sex Offenders. Assessment 2012; 19:442-61. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191112458312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Criterion-referenced measures, such as those used in the assessment of crime and violence, prioritize predictive accuracy (discrimination) at the expense of construct validity. In this article, we compared the discrimination and incremental validity of three commonly used criterion-referenced measures for sex offenders (Rapid Risk Assessment for Sex Offence Recidivism [RRASOR], Static-99R, and Static-2002R). In a meta-analysis of 20 samples ( n = 7,491), Static-99R and Static-2002R provided similar discrimination but outperformed the RRASOR in the prediction of sexual, violent, and any recidivism. Remarkably, despite large correlations between them ( rs ranging from .70 to .92), these risk scales consistently added incremental validity to one another. The direction of the incremental effects, however, was not consistently positive. When controlling for the other measures, high scores on the RRASOR were associated with lower risk for violent and any recidivism. We also examined different methods of combining risk scales and found that the averaging approach produced better discrimination than choosing the highest score and produced better calibration than either choosing the lowest or highest risk score. The findings reinforce the importance of understanding the psychological content of criterion-referenced measures, even when the sole purpose is to predict a particular outcome and provide some direction concerning the best methods for combining risk scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Babchishin
- Public Safety Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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