1
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Ngudsuntear K, Limtrakul S, Vatanatham T, Arayapranee W. Mechanical and Aging Properties of Hydrogenated Epoxidized Natural Rubber and Its Lifetime Prediction. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36448-36456. [PMID: 36278086 PMCID: PMC9583332 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) has restricted its application due to its potential for thermal- and oil-resistant materials. The weakness of NR can be eliminated by chemical modification to enhance aging properties. Formic acid and hydrogen peroxide have been used to prepare partially epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) in the latex state. Its residual unsaturated units were then modified using hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide to obtain hydrogenated ENR (HENR). 1H-NMR characterized the resulting products. NR and modified NRs were compounded and then vulcanized using a conventional milling process. This paper compares NR, ENR having 49.5% epoxide group content, and HENR having 49.5% epoxide group content and 24% hydrogenation degree in terms of tensile, thermal, oil, and ozone properties. Morphology and lifetime prediction were studied. Overall results show that the tensile strength of the HENR composite (14.7 MPa) was 79 and 71% lower than that of ENR (18.6 MPa) and NR (20.8 MPa) composites, respectively. In contrast, the modulus at 100% elongation of the HENR composite (2.0 MPa) was 167 and 200% higher than that of ENR (1.2 MPa) and NR (1.0 MPa) composites, respectively. Morphological studies of the tensile fractured surface of the vulcanizates, using scanning electron microscopy, confirmed a shift from ductility failure to brittle with the presence of the epoxide groups and low unsaturated bonds in the backbone chain. The results demonstrated that HENR could act as an ideal material, providing better thermal, oil, and ozone resistances while maintaining the mechanical properties of the rubber. The kinetic analyses of the thermal degradation of NR, ENR, and HENR were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at three heating rates. Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) was employed to calculate the activation energy (E a). The obtained data were used to predict the lifetime under the established temperature range and 0.05 conversion level. Overall, the results represented that HENR had a longer lifetime than NR and ENR for a temperature range between 25 and 200 °C, indicating that HENR had excellent thermal stability than NR and ENR. Therefore, the HENR should extend the applications to include gaskets and seals, especially for the automotive and oil industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitnipat Ngudsuntear
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Center of Excellence
on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Center for Advanced Studies
in Industrial Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok10900, Thailand
| | - Sunun Limtrakul
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Center of Excellence
on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Center for Advanced Studies
in Industrial Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok10900, Thailand
| | - Terdthai Vatanatham
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Center of Excellence
on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Center for Advanced Studies
in Industrial Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok10900, Thailand
| | - Wanvimon Arayapranee
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Rangsit University, Mueang, Pathum Thani12000, Thailand
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2
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Zhang X, Niu K, Song W, Yan S, Zhao X, Lu Y, Zhang L. The Effect of Epoxidation on Strain-Induced Crystallization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900042. [PMID: 31021434 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of epoxidation on strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and mechanism are studied with synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SR-WAXD) and polarized infrared spectroscopy (P-IR). WAXD results reveal that appropriate epoxidation, for example, ENR-25 epoxidized with ≈25% isoprene units, can unexpectedly enhance the SIC of natural rubber (NR), resulting in the improvement of tear resistance. On the other hand, exorbitant epoxidation, for example, ENR-40 epoxidized with ≈40% isoprene units, depresses the SIC and weakens the mechanical properties of NR remarkably. P-IR studies reveal that epoxidation can promote the orientation of chain segments along the stretching direction, which plays a determining role on SIC of NR. Accordingly, hierarchical multiscale schematic models are proposed. This insight into epoxidation on SIC of ENR strongly suggests that ENR with appropriate epoxidation degree is a promising candidate material for the fabrication of high-performance engineering rubber products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kaijing Niu
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Weixiao Song
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yonglai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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3
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Dutta J, Ramachandran P, Naskar K. Scrutinizing the influence of peroxide crosslinking of dynamically vulcanized EVA/TPU blends with special reference to cable sheathing applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Dutta
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur, Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Padmanabhan Ramachandran
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur, Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Kinsuk Naskar
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur, Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
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4
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Wongthong P, Nakason C, Pan Q, Rempel GL, Kiatkamjornwong S. Influences of the phenolic curative content and blend proportions on the properties of dynamically vulcanized natural rubber/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pinyo Wongthong
- Program of Petrochemistry; Faculty of Science; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Charoen Nakason
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology; Prince of Songkla University; Surat Thani Campus Surat Thani 84000 Thailand
| | - Qinmin Pan
- Green Polymer and Catalysis Technology Laboratory; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Garry L. Rempel
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Waterloo; Ontario N2L3G1 Canada
| | - Suda Kiatkamjornwong
- Program of Petrochemistry; Faculty of Science; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Department of Imaging and Printing Technology; Faculty of Science; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand; Bangkok 10300 Thailand
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5
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Tanjung FA, Hassan A, Hasan M. Use of epoxidized natural rubber as a toughening agent in plastics. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Amri Tanjung
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group; Department of Polymer Engineering; Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Azman Hassan
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group; Department of Polymer Engineering; Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Mahbub Hasan
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering; Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology; Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh
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Dey P, Naskar K, Dash B, Nair S, Unnikrishnan G, Nando GB. Thermally cross-linked and sulphur-cured soft TPVs based on S-EB-S and S-SBR blends. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04722b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel thermally cross-linked and sulphur-vulcanized TPVs based on S-EB-S and S-SBR blends have registered good mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties with reduced hardness suitable for automotive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Dey
- Rubber Technology Centre
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur – 721302, India
| | - Kinsuk Naskar
- Rubber Technology Centre
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur – 721302, India
| | | | | | | | - Golok B. Nando
- Rubber Technology Centre
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur – 721302, India
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Esmizadeh E, Naderi G, Ghoreishy MHR, Bakhshandeh GR. Chemical and physical properties of self-crosslinked poly(vinyl chloride)/nitrile rubber nanocomposites prepared by melt-mixing process. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng.2011.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this article, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/clay nanocomposites were melt-mixed using the computerized Brabender plasticorder. During preparation of the nanocomposites self-crosslinking (crosslinking without aid of any crosslinking agent) occurs and affects all properties of a sample. The extent of crosslinking reaction depends on the processing temperature, rotor speed and mixing temperature and it increased with increasing each of mixing parameters. The mechanism of the self-crosslinking reaction was examined by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test. The morphology of the materials was characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The swelling test and tensile test were applied to distinguish the effects of self-crosslinking phenomena on physical properties of NBR/PVC nanocomposites. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis tests of nanocomposites were also performed to study the physical properties, such as glass transition temperature (T
g). The results showed that the crosslinking reaction made a material more strong with high modulus and tensile strength. Thus, it can be deduced that crosslinks convert the NBR/PVC nanocomposites to stiffer materials that are less penetrable by the solvent. The results drawn from the loss tangent (tan δ) curves of nanocomposite samples can be used as further evidence for the above conclusions.
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Radhakrishnan Nair MN, Biju PK, Thomas GV, Gopinathan Nair MR. Blends of PVC and epoxidized liquid natural rubber: Studies on impact modification. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Intharapat P, Derouet D, Nakason C. Dynamically cured natural rubber/EVA blends: influence of NR-g-poly(dimethyl (methacryloyloxymethyl)phosphonate) compatibilizer. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Multifunctional peroxide as alternative crosslink agents for dynamically vulcanized epoxidized natural rubber/polypropylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Thermoplastic vulcanizates based on epoxidized natural rubber/polypropylene blends: Selection of optimal peroxide type and concentration in relation to mixing conditions. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Mousa A. Evolution of the Mechanical Properties of EPDM Vulcanizates by Compounding with Layered Organo-Montmorillonite. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030600873444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Studies on the cure and mechanical properties of blends of natural rubber with dichlorocarbene modified styrene–butadiene rubber and chloroprene rubber. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Oil Resistance of Dynamically Vulcanized Poly(Vinyl Chloride)/Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Thermoplastic Elastomers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-004-0325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Teh P, Mohd Ishak Z, Hashim A, Karger-Kocsis J, Ishiaku U. Effects of epoxidized natural rubber as a compatibilizer in melt compounded natural rubber–organoclay nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Teh PL, Mohd Ishak ZA, Hashim AS, Karger-Kocsis J, Ishiaku US. On the potential of organoclay with respect to conventional fillers (carbon black, silica) for epoxidized natural rubber compatibilized natural rubber vulcanizates. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Mousa A, Ishiaku US, Ishak ZAM. Thermo-oxidative aging and fatigue behavior of dynamically vulcanized PVC/ENR thermoplastic elastomers. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/714975687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Ratnam CT, Nasir M, Baharin A, Zaman K. Evidence of irradiation-induced crosslinking in miscible blends of poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber in presence of trimethylolpropane triacrylate. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Ratnam CT, Nasir M, Baharin A, Zaman K. Electron-beam irradiation of poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blend in the presence of Irganox 1010. Polym Degrad Stab 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Ratnam CT, Nasir M, Baharin A, Zaman K. Effect of electron-beam irradiation on poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blend: dynamic mechanical analysis. POLYM INT 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Tawonsree S, Omi S, Kiatkamjornwong S. Control of various morphological changes of poly(meth)acrylate microspheres and their swelling degrees by SPG emulsification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0518(20001115)38:22<4038::aid-pola40>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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