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Cai Z, Wan Y, Becker ML, Long YZ, Dean D. Poly(propylene fumarate)-based materials: Synthesis, functionalization, properties, device fabrication and biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2019; 208:45-71. [PMID: 30991217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) is a biodegradable polymer that has been investigated extensively over the last three decades. It has led many scientists to synthesize and fabricate a variety of PPF-based materials for biomedical applications due to its controllable mechanical properties, tunable degradation and biocompatibility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress made in improving PPF synthesis, resin formulation, crosslinking, device fabrication and post polymerization modification. Further, we highlight the influence of these parameters on biodegradation, biocompatibility, and their use in a number of regenerative medicine applications, especially bone tissue engineering. In particular, the use of 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of PPF-based scaffolds is extensively reviewed. The recent invention of a ring-opening polymerization method affords precise control of PPF molecular mass, molecular mass distribution (ƉM) and viscosity. Low ƉM facilitates time-certain resorption of 3D printed structures. Novel post-polymerization and post-printing functionalization methods have accelerated the expansion of biomedical applications that utilize PPF-based materials. Finally, we shed light on evolving uses of PPF-based materials for orthopedics/bone tissue engineering and other biomedical applications, including its use as a hydrogel for bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Chevron Science Center, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
| | - Yong Wan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Yun-Ze Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China; Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China.
| | - David Dean
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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2
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Oderinde O, Liu S, Li K, Kang M, Imtiaz H, Yao F, Fu G. Multifaceted polymeric materials in three-dimensional processing (3DP) technologies: Current progress and prospects. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Oderinde
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Shunli Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Kewen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Mengmeng Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Hussain Imtiaz
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Fang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Guodong Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 China
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3
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Muhammad KB, Abas WABW, Kim KH, Pingguan-Murphy B, Zain NM, Akram H. In vitro comparative study of white and dark polycaprolactone trifumarate in situ cross-linkable scaffolds seeded with rat bone marrow stromal cells. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:629-38. [PMID: 22760903 PMCID: PMC3370316 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(06)14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dark poly(caprolactone) trifumarate is a successful candidate for use as a bone tissue engineering scaffold. Recently, a white polymeric scaffold was developed that shows a shorter synthesis time and is more convenient for tissue-staining work. This is an in vitro comparative study of both the white and dark scaffolds. METHODS Both white and dark poly(caprolactone) trifumarate macromers were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy before being chemically cross-linked and molded into disc-shaped scaffolds. Biodegradability was assessed by percentage weight loss on days 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 (n = 5) after immersion in 10% serum-supplemented medium or distilled water. Static cell seeding was employed in which isolated and characterized rat bone marrow stromal cells were seeded directly onto the scaffold surface. Seeded scaffolds were subjected to a series of biochemical assays and scanning electron microscopy at specified time intervals for up to 28 days of incubation. RESULTS The degradation of the white scaffold was significantly lower compared with the dark scaffold but was within the acceptable time range for bone-healing processes. The deoxyribonucleic acid and collagen contents increased up to day 28 with no significant difference between the two scaffolds, but the glycosaminoglycan content was slightly higher in the white scaffold throughout 14 days of incubation. Scanning electron microscopy at day 1 [corrected] revealed cellular growth and attachment. CONCLUSIONS There was no cell growth advantage between the two forms, but the white scaffold had a slower biodegradability rate, suggesting that the newly synthesized poly(caprolactone) trifumarate is more suitable for use as a bone tissue engineering scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kama Bistari Muhammad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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4
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Lee JW, Ahn G, Kim JY, Cho DW. Evaluating cell proliferation based on internal pore size and 3D scaffold architecture fabricated using solid freeform fabrication technology. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:3195-3205. [PMID: 20981473 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-010-4173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The scaffold, as a medical component to regenerate tissues or organs in humans, plays an important role in tissue engineering. Recently, solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technology using computer-assisted methods was applied to address the problems of conventional fabrication methods in which the internal/outer architectures cannot be controlled. In this report, we propose suitable scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration considering the internal pore size and scaffold architecture. Poly(propylene fumarate) was used as the biodegradable photopolymer, and scaffolds were fabricated using microstereolithography (MSTL). We observed the relationship between the internal pores and architecture, and the proliferation of pre-osteoblast cells. To demonstrate the superiority of MSTL, we fabricated conventional and SFF scaffolds, and measured the cell proliferation rates for each. The results showed that cell proliferation on the MSTL scaffold was clearly superior and indicated that MSTL would be a good replacement for current conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0292, USA
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5
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Sharifi S, Imani M, Mirzadeh H, Atai M, Ziaee F, Bakhshi R. Synthesis, characterization, and biocompatibility of novel injectable, biodegradable, andin situcrosslinkable polycarbonate-based macromers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:830-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Cai ZY, Yang DA, Zhang N, Ji CG, Zhu L, Zhang T. Poly(propylene fumarate)/(calcium sulphate/beta-tricalcium phosphate) composites: preparation, characterization and in vitro degradation. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:628-35. [PMID: 18951071 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare a poly(propylene fumarate)/(calcium sulphate/beta-tricalcium phosphate) (PPF/(CaSO(4)/beta-TCP)) composite. We first examined the effects of varying the molecular weight of PPF and the N-vinyl pyrrolidinone (NVP) to PPF ratio on the maximum cross-linking temperature and the composite compressive strength and modulus. Then the in vitro biodegradation behaviour of PPF/(CaSO(4)/beta-TCP) composites was investigated. The effects of varying the molecular weight of PPF, the NVP/PPF ratio and the CaSO(4)/beta-TCP molar ratio on the weight loss and the composite compressive strength and modulus were examined. The cross-linking temperature, which increased with increasing molecular weight of PPF and NVP/PPF ratio, ranged from 41 to 43 degrees C for all formulations. The mechanical properties were increased by a decrease in the NVP/PPF ratio. For all formulations, the compressive strength values fell between 12 and 62 MPa, while the compressive modulus values fell between 290 and 1149 MPa. The weight loss decreased either with increasing molecular weight of PPF or with decreasing NVP/PPF ratio and CaSO(4)/beta-TCP molar ratio during degradation. The compressive strength and modulus increased with decreasing NVP/PPF ratio or decreasing CaSO(4)/beta-TCP ratio. The greatest weight loss over 6 weeks was 14.72%. For all formulations, the compressive modulus values fell between 57 and 712 MPa and the compressive strength fell between 0.5 and 21 MPa throughout 6 weeks degradation. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of the PPF/(CaSO(4)/beta-TCP) composites demonstrated that hydroxyapatite was deposited on the surface of CaSO(4)/beta-TCP granules during degradation.
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Lan PX, Lee JW, Seol YJ, Cho DW. Development of 3D PPF/DEF scaffolds using micro-stereolithography and surface modification. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2009; 20:271-279. [PMID: 18763023 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) is an ultraviolet-curable and biodegradable polymer with potential applications for bone regeneration. In this study, we designed and fabricated three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds based on a PPF polymer network using micro-stereolithography (MSTL). The 3D scaffold was well fabricated with a highly interconnected porous structure and porosity of 65%. These results provide a new scaffold fabrication method for tissue engineering. Surface modification is a commonly used and effective method for improving the surface characteristics of biomaterials without altering their bulk properties that avoids the expense and long time associated with the development of new biomaterials. Therefore, we examined surface modification of 3D scaffolds by applying accelerated biomimetic apatite and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide coating to promote cell behavior. The apatite coating uniformly covered the scaffold surface after immersion for 24 h in 5-fold simulated body fluid (5SBF) and then the RGD peptide was applied. Finally, the coated 3D scaffolds were seeded with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts and their biologic properties were evaluated using an MTS assay and histologic staining. We found that 3D PPF/diethyl fumarate (DEF) scaffolds fabricated with MSTL and biomimetic apatite coating can be potentially used in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phung Xuan Lan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanoi University of Technology, Hanoi City, Vietnam
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8
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Lee JW, Lan PX, Kim B, Lim G, Cho DW. Fabrication and characteristic analysis of a poly(propylene fumarate) scaffold using micro-stereolithography technology. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 87:1-9. [PMID: 18335437 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold fabrication for regenerating functional human tissues has an important role in tissue engineering, and there has been much progress in research on scaffold fabrication. However, current methods are limited by the mechanical properties of existing biodegradable materials and the irregular structures that they produce. Recently, several promising biodegradable materials have been introduced, including poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF). The development of micro-stereolithography allows the fabrication of free-form 3D microstructures as designed. Since this technology requires a low-viscosity resin to fabricate fine structures, we reduced the viscosity of PPF by adding diethyl fumarate. Using our system, the curing characteristics and material properties of the resin were analyzed experimentally. Then, we fabricated waffle shape and 3D scaffolds containing several hundred regular micro pores. This method controlled the pore size, porosity, interconnectivity, and pore distribution. The results show that micro-stereolithography has big advantages over conventional fabrication methods. In addition, the ultimate strength and elastic modulus of the fabricated scaffolds were measured, and cell adhesion to the fabricated scaffold was observed by growing seeded cells on it. These results showed that the PPF/DEF scaffold is a potential bone scaffold for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Hyoja dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-781, South Korea.
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9
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Qiu JJ, He ZX, Liu CM, Guo XD, Zheng QX. Crosslinking property of an oligomeric unsaturated phosphoester used as a potential injectable biomaterial. Biomed Mater 2008; 3:044107. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/3/4/044107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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A review on the polymer properties of Hydrophilic, partially Degradable and Bioactive acrylic Cements (HDBC). Prog Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Cobb JA, Dunn AC, Kwon J, Sarntinoranont M, Sawyer WG, Tran-Son-Tay R. A novel method for low load friction testing on living cells. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 30:801-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Chen CP, Zeiger AR, Wickstrom E. Bactericidal activity of extended 9-glycyl-amido-minocyclines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6558-62. [PMID: 17933534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The need for self-protecting polymer or alloy implants resistant to a broad spectrum of bacterial challenges led us to investigate covalent bonding of minocycline (MIN), a tetracycline derivative, to polystyrene beads and to titanium alloy foils by oligoethylene glycol spacers. 9-Hydrazino-acetyl-amido-MIN, and simpler glycylcycline derivatives, retained minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus comparable to MIN. However, PEG-glycyl-amido-MIN showed very low activity. Hence, we coupled 9-hydrazino-acetyl-amido-MIN to the aldehyde termini of oligoethylene glycol spacers bonded to polystyrene and titanium alloy surfaces to form acid-releasable hydrazone linkages. 9-Hydrazino-acetyl-amido-MIN was released from the monolayers more rapidly at pH 5.0 than at pH 7.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-po Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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13
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Sharifi S, Mirzadeh H, Imani M, Atai M, Ziaee F. Photopolymerization and shrinkage kinetics of
in situ
crosslinkable
N
‐vinyl‐pyrrolidone/poly(ε‐caprolactone fumarate) networks. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 84:545-56. [PMID: 17647285 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable, injectable and in situ photocrosslinkable macromers based on fumaric acid and polycaprolactone (PCLF) were prepared and characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR spectroscopy. The multifunctional macromers dissolved in N-vinyl pyrollidone (NVP) were photopolymerized by visible light irradiation in the presence of camphorquinone as photoinitiator. The photocrosslinking reaction was monitored by measuring shrinkage strain and shrinkage strain rate. The degree of photopolymerization reaction i.e. degree of conversion (DC%) was traced using FTIR spectroscopy. A three level factorial design was developed to study the effects of initiator concentration, NVP concentration, and molecular weight of PCLF upon photocrosslinking characteristics including degree of conversion and shrinkage strain. Results revealed that although neat PCLF was photopolymerized, but it was putty like after 220 seconds of irradiation and showed a very low degree of conversion (29%). Adding about 20% NVP caused a dramatic increase in its degree of conversion (63.33%). Increasing NVP up to 50% resulted in a decrease in DC% because of lower reactivity of NVP and leaving more unreacted NVP monomers. Sol fraction studies supported these results indicating that at higher NVP concentration, most of NVP and PCLF have not undergone the crosslinking reaction, leading to 55% decrease in DC%. Shrinkage strain measurement also confirmed the FTIR results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Sharifi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, PO Box 15875/4413, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Abstract
Although tissue engineering is an area with great potential, it still has few applications due to the lack of biocompatible, biodegradable materials with suitable mechanical properties. Recently, several biodegradable materials were developed, of which poly(propylene fumarate (PPF) is one of the most notable. It degrades into fumaric acid and propylene glycol, which are both biocompatible products. Microstereolithography is a new technology that can be used to fabricate free-form 3-D microstructures by dividing a desired shape into many slices of a given horizontal thickness. This technology requires a low-viscosity resin to fabricate fine structures. However, the viscosity of PPF is too high to fabricate 3D structures using microstereolithography. Therefore, we reduced the viscosity of the resin by adding diethyl fumarate (DEF). Then, we added a photoinitiator to photo-crosslink the DEF/PPF resin, and fabricated 2.5-D scaffolds using our system. We confirmed that microstereolithography technology is effective in scaffold fabrication. The fabricated 2.5-D scaffolds were seeded with fibroblasts and the cells attached well after seeding.
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15
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Kretlow JD, Klouda L, Mikos AG. Injectable matrices and scaffolds for drug delivery in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:263-73. [PMID: 17507111 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Injectable matrices and depots have been the subject of much research in the field of drug delivery. The classical tissue engineering paradigm includes a matrix or scaffold to facilitate tissue growth and provide structural support, cells, and the delivery of bioactive molecules. As both tissue engineering and drug delivery techniques benefit from the use of injectable materials due to the minimal invasiveness of an injection, significant crossover should be observed between injectable materials in both fields. This review aims to outline injectable materials and processing techniques used in both tissue engineering and drug delivery and to describe methods by which current injectable materials in the field of drug delivery can be adapted for use as injectable scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Kretlow
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
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16
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Edupuganti OP, Antoci V, King SB, Jose B, Adams CS, Parvizi J, Shapiro IM, Zeiger AR, Hickok NJ, Wickstrom E. Covalent bonding of vancomycin to Ti6Al4V alloy pins provides long-term inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2692-6. [PMID: 17369042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Self-protecting Ti6Al4V alloy pins were prepared by covalent bonding of bis(ethylene glycol) linkers, then vancomycin to the oxidized, aminopropylated Ti6Al4V alloy surface. Fluorescence modification-enabled estimation of yields of free amines on the metallic surface monolayer at each reaction step. The vancomycin-protected Ti6Al4V pins were not colonized by Staphylococcus aureus, even after 44days storage in physiological buffer. These results provide a basis for testing self-protection against S. aureus colonization in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P Edupuganti
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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17
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Jose B, Antoci V, Zeiger AR, Wickstrom E, Hickok NJ. Vancomycin covalently bonded to titanium beads kills Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:1041-8. [PMID: 16183028 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Periprosthetic infections are life-threatening complications that occur in about 6% of medical device insertions. Stringent sterile techniques have reduced the incidence of infections, but many implant patients are at high risk for infection, especially the elderly, diabetic, and immune compromised. Moreover, because of low vascularity at the site of the new implant, antibiotic prophylaxis is often not effective. To address this problem, we designed a covalent modification to titanium implant surfaces to render them bactericidal. Specifically, we aminopropylated titanium, a widely used implant material and extended a tether by solid phase coupling of ethylene glycol linkers, followed by solid phase coupling of vancomycin. Vancomycin covalently attached to titanium still bound soluble bacterial peptidoglycan, reduced Staphylococcus aureus colony-forming units by 88% +/- 16% over 2 hr, and retained antibacterial activity upon a repeated challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Jose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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18
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Qiu JJ, Liu CM, Hu F, Guo XD, Zheng QX. Synthesis of unsaturated polyphosphoester as a potential injectable tissue engineering scaffold materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Jabbari E, Wang S, Lu L, Gruetzmacher JA, Ameenuddin S, Hefferan TE, Currier BL, Windebank AJ, Yaszemski MJ. Synthesis, material properties, and biocompatibility of a novel self-cross-linkable poly(caprolactone fumarate) as an injectable tissue engineering scaffold. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:2503-11. [PMID: 16153086 PMCID: PMC2530909 DOI: 10.1021/bm050206y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel self-cross-linkable and biodegradable macromer, poly(caprolactone fumarate) (PCLF), has been developed for guided bone regeneration. This macromer is a copolymer of fumaryl chloride, which contains double bonds for in-situ cross-linking, and poly(epsilon-caprolactone), which has a flexible chain to facilitate self-cross-linkability. PCLF was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. Porous scaffolds were fabricated with sodium chloride particles as the porogen and a chemical initiation system. The PCLF scaffolds were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed-tomography. The cytotoxicity and in vivo biocompatibility of PCLF were also assessed. Our results suggest that this novel copolymer, PCLF, is an injectable, self-cross-linkable, and biocompatible macromer that may be potentially used as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaiel Jabbari
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Shanfeng Wang
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Lichun Lu
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - James A. Gruetzmacher
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Syed Ameenuddin
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Theresa E. Hefferan
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Bradford L. Currier
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Anthony J. Windebank
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
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Abstract
The primary benefit achieved with local antibiotic delivery vehicles is the ability to obtain extremely high levels of local antibiotics without increasing systemic toxicity. Antibiotic-loaded bone cement represents the current standard as an antibiotic delivery vehicle in orthopaedic surgery. Biodegradable alternatives to antibiotic-loaded bone cement also are being used clinically and there are many new products in the active stages of development. These alternatives can be categorized as bone graft, bone graft substitutes or extenders, natural polymers (protein-based products), and synthetic polymers. Composite biomaterials that simultaneously provide the functions of variable antibiotic delivery patterns and also contribute to the process of bone regeneration represent the most ideal class of local antibiotic delivery vehicles. High concentrations of certain antibiotics have been shown to affect the process of normal bone regeneration adversely in a dose dependent response. Considerable investigation still is required to determine the proper use of locally administered antibiotics to negotiate the balance between eradicating infection without excessively inhibiting the processes of bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlen D Hanssen
- Department of Orthopedics Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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21
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Parvizi J, Wickstrom E, Zeiger AR, Adams CS, Shapiro IM, Purtill JJ, Sharkey PF, Hozack WJ, Rothman RH, Hickok NJ. Frank Stinchfield Award. Titanium surface with biologic activity against infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004:33-8. [PMID: 15577462 DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000150116.65231.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite immense improvements, periprosthetic infection continues to compromise the result of otherwise successful joint arthroplasty. There are various limitations in the treatment of periprosthetic infection, the most important of which is the inability to deliver antibiotics to the local tissue without the need for intravenous administration. We have developed a novel route to covalently tether vancomycin to a metal (titanium) surface, which showed effective bactericidal activity because of a vancomycin coupling. The chemistry of tethering does not affect the biological activity of the biofactors that are attached to the metal surface. This technology holds great promise for the manufacturing of "smart" implants that can be self protective against periprosthetic infection, or can be used for the treatment of periprosthetic infections when they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Parvizi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, WORK, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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22
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Ribeiro CC, Barrias CC, Barbosa MA. Calcium phosphate-alginate microspheres as enzyme delivery matrices. Biomaterials 2004; 25:4363-73. [PMID: 15046927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study concerns the preparation and initial characterisation of novel calcium titanium phosphate-alginate (CTP-alginate) and hydroxyapatite-alginate (HAp-alginate) microspheres, which are intended to be used as enzyme delivery matrices and bone regeneration templates. Microspheres were prepared using different concentrations of polymer solution (1% and 3% w/v) and different ceramic-to-polymer solution ratios (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 w/w). Ceramic powders were characterised using X-ray diffraction, laser granulometry, Brunauer, Emmel and Teller (BET) method for the determination of surface area, zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Alginate was characterised using high performance size exclusion chromatography. The methodology followed in this investigation enabled the preparation of homogeneous microspheres with a uniform size. Studies on the immobilisation and release of the therapeutic enzyme glucocerebrosidase, employed in the treatment of Gaucher disease, were also performed. The enzyme was incorporated into the ceramic-alginate matrix before gel formation in two different ways: pre-adsorbed onto the ceramic particles or dispersed in the polymeric matrix. The two strategies resulted in distinct release profiles. Slow release was obtained after adsorption of the enzyme to the ceramic powders, prior to preparation of the microspheres. An initial fast release was achieved when the enzyme and the ceramic particles were dispersed in the alginate solution before producing the microspheres. The latter profile is very similar to that of alginate microspheres. The different patterns of enzyme release increase the range of possible applications of the system investigated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biomateriais, INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto 4150-180, Portugal.
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Watkins AW, Anseth KS. Copolymerization of photocrosslinkable anhydride monomers for use as a biodegradable bone cement. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2003; 14:267-78. [PMID: 12713099 DOI: 10.1163/156856203763572716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A multifunctional anhydride monomer, methacrylated sebacic anhydride (MSA), was synthesized and copolymerized with methacrylic anhydride via photoinitiated polymerization to form highly crosslinked, degradable networks. This material system was investigated as a potential degradable bone cement. Several aspects were examined, including curing characteristics, degradation rates and mechanical properties. These copolymer networks reached high double-bond conversions on clinically acceptable time scales (<5 min). Furthermore, these divinyl monomer copolymerizations exhibit features of classical crosslinking polymerizations, including autoacceleration, autodeceleration and limited double-bond conversion. Additionally, the networks degrade via a surface erosion mechanism by which the degradation rate can be controlled through varying the degree of oligomerization of the multifunctional monomer backbone, varying the copolymer precursor composition and changing the monomer backbone chemistry. Finally, the copolymer was found to have improved mechanical properties over homopolymerized MSA. Compressive strengths as high as 78 +/- 5 MPa were attained with a 70/30 wt% MSA/methacrylic anhydride copolymer, which are comparable to measured (91 +/- 7 MPa) and literature (approx. 100 MPa) values for conventional poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Watkins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado, 424 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0424, USA
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24
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Timmer MD, Carter C, Ambrose CG, Mikos AG. Fabrication of poly(propylene fumarate)-based orthopaedic implants by photo-crosslinking through transparent silicone molds. Biomaterials 2003; 24:4707-14. [PMID: 12951014 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a new molding process for photo-crosslinked, degradable polymeric networks of poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and the crosslinking agent poly(propylene fumarate)-diacrylate (PPF-DA). Transparent room temperature vulcanizing silicone molds were fabricated for parts ranging from simple test coupons to orthopaedic implants. The PPF/PPF-DA resin blend was injected into the cavity and photo-crosslinked as light was transmitted through the mold wall. The volumetric shrinkage, mechanical properties, and the effects of gamma sterilization were reported for molded PPF/PPF-DA networks prepared with varying compositions of the two polymer components. The shrinkage decreased while the mechanical properties displayed a general increasing trend when more of the crosslinking agent was incorporated into the network. Gamma irradiation resulted in an improvement of the mechanical properties. In addition, PPF/PPF-DA replicates of a 70:30 poly(L/DL-lactide) biodegradable fixation plate and a bone allograft interbody fusion spacer were produced to evaluate the performance of PPF/PPF-DA as an orthopaedic implant and allow for a comparison to be made with materials that have been established for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Timmer
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, PO Box 1892 MS-142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
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25
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Healey JH, Shannon F, Boland P, DiResta GR. PMMA to stabilize bone and deliver antineoplastic and antiresorptive agents. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003:S263-75. [PMID: 14600618 DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000093053.96273.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Antineoplastic and antiresorptive drugs added to polymethylmethacrylate cement may prevent local cancer progression and failure of reconstructive devices used to treat patients with pathologic fractures. We tested the mechanical properties of cement containing various amounts of the drugs and found that as much as 2 g of either doxorubicin or pamidronate can be added to Simplex cement and the cement retains 87% of its compressive and tensile strength after 6 months of wet storage. Approximately 1 mg pamidronate elutes from experimental pellets. One half of the drug elution occurs within the first day in experiments that combined doxorubicin and pamidronate, and within 3 days when pamidronate was the only additive. Cement containing these drugs seems to be strong enough, but its fatigue strength should be tested before using it clinically. Sufficient amounts of the tested drugs elute to have potential biologic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Healey
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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26
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Timmer MD, Ambrose CG, Mikos AG. Evaluation of thermal- and photo-crosslinked biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-based networks. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 66:811-8. [PMID: 12926033 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable networks of poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and the crosslinking reagent poly(propylene fumarate)-diacrylate (PPF-DA) were prepared with thermal- and photo-initiator systems. Thermal-crosslinking was performed with benzoyl peroxide (BP), which is accelerated by N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMT) and enables injection and in situ polymerization. Photo-crosslinking was accomplished with bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide (BAPO), which is activated by long-wavelength UV light and facilitates material processing with rapid manufacturing techniques, such as stereolithography. Networks were evaluated to assess the effects of the initiators and the PPF/PPF-DA double bond ratio on the mechanical properties. Regardless of the initiator system, the compressive properties of the PPF/PPF-DA networks increased as the double bond ratio decreased from 2 to 0.5. BAPO/UV-initiated networks were significantly stronger than those formed with BP/DMT. The compressive modulus of the photo- and thermal-crosslinked PPF/PPF-DA networks ranged from 310 +/- 25 to 1270 +/- 286 MPa and 75 +/- 8 to 332 +/- 89 MPa, respectively. The corresponding fracture strengths varied from 58 +/- 7 to 129 +/- 17 MPa and 31 +/- 13 to 105 +/- 12 MPa. The mechanical properties were not affected by the initiator concentration. Characterization of the network structures indicated that BAPO was a more efficient initiator for the crosslinking of PPF/PPF-DA, achieving a higher double bond conversion and crosslinking density than its BP counterpart. Estimated average molecular weights between crosslinks (Mc) confirmed the effects of the initiators and PPF/PPF-DA double bond ratio on the mechanical properties. This work demonstrates the capability to control the properties of PPF/PPF-DA networks as well as their versatility to be used as an injectable material or a prefabricated implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Timmer
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
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Timmer MD, Jo S, Wang C, Ambrose CG, Mikos AG. Characterization of the Cross-Linked Structure of Fumarate-Based Degradable Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020028q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Timmer
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, Houston, Texas 77251-1892; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS-317, Houston, Texas 77251-1892; and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Seongbong Jo
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, Houston, Texas 77251-1892; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS-317, Houston, Texas 77251-1892; and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, Houston, Texas 77251-1892; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS-317, Houston, Texas 77251-1892; and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Catherine G. Ambrose
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, Houston, Texas 77251-1892; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS-317, Houston, Texas 77251-1892; and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, Houston, Texas 77251-1892; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS-317, Houston, Texas 77251-1892; and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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28
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Streppa HK, Singer MJ, Budsberg SC. Applications of local antimicrobial delivery systems in veterinary medicine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219:40-8. [PMID: 11439768 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.219.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H K Streppa
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Abstract
The large number of orthopedic procedures performed each year, including many performed arthroscopically, have led to great interest in injectable biodegradable materials for regeneration of bone and cartilage. A variety of materials have been developed for these applications, including ceramics, naturally derived substances and synthetic polymers. These materials demonstrate overall biocompatibility and appropriate mechanical properties, as well as promote tissue formation, thus providing an important step towards minimally invasive orthopedic procedures. This review provides a comparison of these materials based on mechanical properties, biocompatibility and regeneration efficacy. Advantages and disadvantages of each material are explained and design criteria for injectable biodegradable systems are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Temenoff
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
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30
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Yang JM, Li HM, Yang MC, Shih CH. Characterization of acrylic bone cement using dynamic mechanical analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2000; 48:52-60. [PMID: 10029150 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(1999)48:1<52::aid-jbm10>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to characterize the properties of acrylic bone cement with the addition of tricalcium phosphate (TCP), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The glass transition temperature of acrylic bone cement is >100 degrees C; the cement has a flat modulus response near human body temperature. The height of the damping peak decreases and becomes broader with increasing TCP content. Thus, TCP is incompatibile with acrylic bone cement. When the frequency is changed from high to low, the damping peak shifts to low temperature. The shift in damping peak with frequency indicates that this relaxation is time-dependent. When acrylic bone cement contains TCP with HEMA and EGDMA, the incompatibility between acrylic bone cement and TCP can be ameliorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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