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Lin LY, Peng CC, Huang YP, Chen KC, Peng RY. p-Synephrine Indicates Internal Maturity of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck cv. Mato Peiyu-Reclaiming Functional Constituents from Nonedible Parts. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104244. [PMID: 37241982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing of Citrus grandis Osbeck cv. Mato Peiyu (CGMP) fruits generates a considerable amount of waste, mainly the flavedo, albedo, and segment membrane; the generated waste yields severe environmental and economic challenges. In this study, we tried to reclaim some functional chemicals from the waste. Our data indicated that the essential oil content in the flavedo was 0.76-1.34%, with the major component being monoterpenes (93.75% in August, declining to 85.56% in November, including mainly limonene (87.08% to 81.12%) and others such as β-myrcene). p-Synephrine (mg/100 g dry weight) declined accordingly (flavedo, 10.40 to 2.00; albedo, 1.80 to 0.25; segment membrane, 0.3 in August, 0.2 in September, and none since October). Polyphenols (in μg/g) included gallic acid (70.32-110.25, 99.27-252.89, and 105.78-187.36, respectively); protocatechuic acid (65.32-204.94, 26.35-72.35, and 214.98-302.65, respectively), p-coumaric acid (30.63-169.13, 4.32-17.00, and 6.68-34.32, respectively), ferulic acid (12.36-39.36, 1.21-10.25, and 17.07-39.63, respectively), and chlorogenic acid (59.19-199.36, 33.08-108.57, and 65.32-150.14, respectively). Flavonoids (in μg/g) included naringin (flavedo, 89.32-283.19), quercetin (181.05-248.51), nobiletin (259.75-563.7), hesperidin, and diosmin. The phytosterol content (mg/100 g) was 12.50-44.00 in the flavedo. The total dietary fiber in the segment membrane was 57 g/100 g. The antioxidant activity against the DPPH• and ABTS+• free radicals was moderately high. In conclusion, the waste of CGMP fruits is worth reclaiming for essential oil, p-synephrine, polyphenolics, and dietary fiber. Notably, p-synephrine content (flavedo: <8 mg/100 g dry weight, albedo: <2.0, or segment membrane: <0.4 mg) can serve as a marker of the internal maturation of CGMP fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Lin
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Chiung Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Huang
- Department of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 291, Zhong Zheng Rd., Zhonghe, Taipei 23561, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing St., Xin-Yi District, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Nursing, Hungkuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City 43302, Taiwan
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Song HS, Lan Phi NT, Park YH, Sawamura M. Volatile Profiles in Cold-Pressed Peel Oil from Korean and Japanese Shiranui (Citrus unshiuMarcov. ×C. sinensisOsbeck ×C. reticulataBlanco). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:737-9. [PMID: 16556996 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of the volatile profiles between Korean and Japanese Shiranui cold-pressed peel oil was performed by GC and GC-MS. Limonene was the most abundant in the Japanese (91.8%) and Korean (86.4%) oil. Alcohols accounted for 1.8% in the Korean oil, and 0.2% in the Japanese oil, in which the respective linalool levels were 1.2% and 0.1%. The level of aldehydes was also higher in the Korean oil (1.6%) than in the Japanese oil (0.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sun Song
- Department of Food & Nutrition and Bioindustry & Technology Research Institute, Kwangju Health College, Korea
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Takahashi S, Nakamura M, Fujii T. Design and performance of a compact Li+ ion attachment mass spectrometry system with an atmospheric sampling device. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:547-552. [PMID: 22278323 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a compact ion attachment mass spectrometry system. A single turbomolecular pump was employed to fill the basic requirements for vacuum conditions simply and cost-effectively, without the need for a differential pumping stage. A Li(+) ion source was placed in the first of two vacuum chambers; a 0.4 mm aperture allowed the product ions to enter the second chamber for mass analysis. With the present system, any chemical species, including radical intermediates, can be detected at atmospheric pressure in real-time. The minimum detectable amount (at S/N = 3) of toluene was around 1.3 × 10(-12) g/s with a linearity greater than 10(4). For illustrative purposes, we tested the system on laboratory air and on aroma compounds in the headspace of the Yuzu plant, Citrus junos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Meisei University, Hodokubo 2-1-1, Hino, Tokyo, 191-8506, Japan
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Song HS, Sawamura M. Volatile Profile of the Peel Oil of ‘Setoka’ ([‘Kiyomi x Encore No.2’] x ‘Murcott’), A New Hybrid Sweet Citrus Fruit. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2010.9700342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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