The thermal conversion of the tetrahydrothiophene-precursor polymer to poly(p-phenylene vinylene)

Multilayered poly(p-phenylenevinylene)/reduced graphene oxide film: an efficient organic current collector in an all-plastic supercapacitor

This article describes the preparation, using layer-by-layer deposition techniques, of an all-solid-state flexible in-plane supercapacitor based on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate, laminated with two strata of ultrathin multilayer films composed of 30 polyaniline (PANi)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) bilayers and 30 poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV)/RGO bilayers. The influence of the (PPV/RGO)30 stratum on the electrochemical properties of the (PANi/RGO)30/(PPV/RGO)30 film (denoted P30) (d = 90.1 nm) supported on a PET was evaluated and compared to the corresponding influence of the (PANi/RGO)53 film (denoted P53) (d = 91.5 nm). The volumetric capacitance of P30 at a discharge current of 20 A/cm(3) (957 F/cm(3)) was much higher than that obtained from P53 (733 F/cm(3)), indicating that the (PPV/RGO)30 film performed well as a current collector. Furthermore, an all-solid-state flexible in-plane EC assembled with P30 electrodes in parallel mode (denoted EC30) exhibited an outstanding volumetric capacitance (152 F/cm(3) at 20 A/cm(3)) with a high energy density (9.4 mW h/cm(3)) and power density (6.5 W/cm(3)), compared to EC53 (assembled with P53). The electron-transfer resistance of the P30 electrode corresponded to only 59% of the P53's value (1.53 vs 2.60 kΩ cm(2)). The high capacitance of EC30 was attributed to the low internal resistance of P30, which resulted from the presence of additional in-plane electrical pathways in the electrode. The enhanced transport led to 85% capacitance retention by EC30 (69% for EC53) after a 1000 charge/discharge cycles test. The series resistance variations (ΔR/R0) of EC30 also indicated good electromechanical durability in the device, with a 5.0% increase in the resistance (contrasted with a 10.8% increase in EC53) over 1000 bending cycles at a minimum radius of 5 mm. The excellent electrochemical properties of EC30 may potentially meet the requirements for miniaturized electrodes in the manufacture of flexible, lightweight, mechanically durable microelectronic applications.