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Kennedy AR, Kirkhouse JBA, McCarney KM, Puissegur O. Isostructural behaviour in ammonium and potassium salt forms of sulfonated azo dyes. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2024; 80:66-79. [PMID: 38358436 PMCID: PMC10913082 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229624001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The structures of five ammonium salt forms of monosulfonated azo dyes, derivatives of 4-(2-phenyldiazen-1-yl)benzenesulfonate, with the general formula [NH4][O3S(C6H4)NN(C6H3)RR']·XH2O [R = OH, NH2 or N(C2H4OH)2; R' = H or OH] are presented. All form simple layered structures with alternating hydrophobic (organic) and hydrophilic (cation, solvent and polar groups) layers. To assess for isostructural behaviour of the ammonium cation with M+ ions, the packing of these structures is compared with literature examples. To aid this comparison, the corresponding structures of four potassium salt forms of the monosulfonated azo dyes are also presented herein. Of the five ammonium salts it is found that three have isostructural equivalents. In two cases this equivalent is a potassium salt form and in one case it is a rubidium salt form. The isostructurality of ion packing and of unit-cell symmetry and dimensions tolerates cases where the ammonium ions form somewhat different interaction types with coformer species than do the potassium or rubidium ions. No sodium salt forms are found to be isostructural with any ammonium equivalent. However, similarities in the anion packing within a single hydrophobic layer are found for a group that consists of the ammonium and rubidium salt forms of one azo anion species and the sodium and silver salt forms of a different azo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer B. A. Kirkhouse
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M. McCarney
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Puissegur
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
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Mao Y, Zhou C, Wang C, Xin Z. Continuous-flow synthesis and crystal modification of Pigment Red 53. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tapmeyer L, Eisenbeil D, Bolte M, Schmidt MU. First crystal structure of a Pigment Red 52 compound: DMSO solvate hydrate of the monosodium salt. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:402-405. [PMID: 33936765 PMCID: PMC8025858 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021002577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pigment Red 52, Na2[C18H11ClN2O6S], is an industrially produced hydrazone-laked pigment. It serves as an inter-mediate in the synthesis of the corresponding Ca2+ and Mn2+ salts, which are used commercially for printing inks and lacquers. Hitherto, no crystal structure of any salt of Pigment Red 52 is known. Now, single crystals have been obtained of a dimethyl sulfoxide solvate hydrate of the monosodium salt of Pigment Red 52, namely, monosodium 2-[2-(3-carb-oxy-2-oxo-1,2-di-hydro-naphthalen-1-yl-idene)hydrazin-1-yl]-5-chloro-4-methyl-benz-ene-sulfonate dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate monohydrate, Na+·C18H12ClN2O6S-·H2O·C2H6OS, obtained from in-house synthesized Pigment Red 52. The crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 173 K. In this monosodium salt, the SO3 - group is deprotonated, whereas the COOH group is protonated. The residues form chains via ionic inter-actions and hydrogen bonds. The chains are arranged in polar/non-polar double layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tapmeyer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Eisenbeil
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin U. Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Gardner HC, Kennedy AR, McCarney KM, Staunton E, Stewart H, Teat SJ. Structures of five salt forms of disulfonated monoazo dyes. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2020; 76:972-981. [PMID: 33016268 PMCID: PMC7533915 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229620012735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of five s-block metal salt forms of three disulfonated monoazo dyes are presented. These are poly[di-μ-aqua-diaqua[μ4-3,3'-(diazane-1,2-diyl)bis(benzenesulfonato)]disodium(I)], [Na2(C12H8N2O6S2)(H2O)4]n, (I), catena-poly[[tetraaquacalcium(II)]-μ-3,3'-(diazane-1,2-diyl)bis(benzenesulfonato)], [Ca(C12H8N2O6S2)(H2O)4]n, (II), catena-poly[[[diaquacalcium(II)]-μ-2-(4-amino-3-sulfonatophenyl)-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenium] dihydrate], {[Na(C12H10N3O6S2)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n, (III), hexaaquamagnesium bis[2-(4-amino-3-sulfonatophenyl)-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenium] octahydrate, [Mg(H2O)6](C12H10N3O6S2)2·8H2O, (IV), and poly[[{μ2-4-[2-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-methoxyphenyl)diazen-1-yl]benzene-1,3-disulfonato}di-μ-aqua-diaquabarium(II)] dihydrate], {[Ba(C14H13N3O7S2)(H2O)4]·2H2O}n, (V). Compound (III) is that obtained on crystallizing the commercial dyestuff Acid Yellow 9 [74543-21-8]. The Mg species is a solvent-separated ion-pair structure and the others are all coordination polymers with bonds from the metal atoms to sulfonate groups. Compound (I) is a three-dimensional coordination polymer, (V) is a two-dimensional coordination polymer and both (II) and (III) are one-dimensional coordination polymers. The coordination behaviour of the azo ligands and the water ligands, the dimensionality of the coordination polymers and the overall packing motifs of these five structures are contrasted to those of monosulfonate monoazo congers. It is found that (I) and (II) adopt similar structural types to those of monosulfonate species but that the other three structures do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. Gardner
- Westchem, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Westchem, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Karen M. McCarney
- Westchem, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Edward Staunton
- Westchem, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Heather Stewart
- Westchem, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Simon J. Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Tapmeyer L, Hill S, Bolte M, Hützler WM. Two monosodium salt hydrates of Colour Index Pigment Red 48. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2020; 76:716-722. [PMID: 32756033 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229620008530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein the crystal structures of a monohydrate of Colour Index Pigment Red 48 (P.R.48) (systematic name: monosodium 2-{2-[3-carboxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-1-ylidene]hydrazin-1-yl}-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonate monohydrate), Na+·C18H12ClO6S-·H2O, and a dihydrate, Na+·C18H12ClO6S-·2H2O. The two monosodium salt hydrates of P.R.48 were obtained from in-house synthesized P.R.48. Both have monoclinic (P21/c) symmetry at 173 K. The crystal packing of both crystal structures shows a layer arrangement whereby N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tapmeyer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Steven Hill
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Maximilian Hützler
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische und Chemische Biologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Monosulfonated Azo Dyes: A Crystallographic Study of the Molecular Structures of the Free Acid, Anionic and Dianionic Forms. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10080662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Crystallographic studies of monosulfonated azo dyes have concentrated on the salt forms that contain the azo anion. Here we present a study that compares the structures of these anions with protonated free acid forms and with doubly deprotonated dianion forms. To this end, the new single crystal diffraction structures of 13 systematically related free acid forms of monosulfonated azo dyes are presented, together with three new structures of doubly deprotonated forms and two new structures of Na salt forms of azo anions. No structures of dideprotonated monosulfonated azo dyes have previously been reported and this paper also reports the first crystal structure of an azo dye with a hydronium cation. The geometries of the free acid, anion and dianion forms are compared to literature equivalents. It is shown that protonation of the azo bond gives predictable bond lengthening and shortening, which is of a greater magnitude than similar effects caused by azo-hydrazone tautomerisation, or the smaller again effects caused by the resonance electron donation from O or N based substituents. The dianion containing structures have twisted dianion geometries that can be understood based on the resonance effects of the phenoxide groups and upon the needs to bond to a relatively high number of metal cations.
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Çanakçı D. Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Thermodynamics and Kinetics Analysis Study of Novel Polymers Containing Various Azo Chromophore. Sci Rep 2020; 10:477. [PMID: 31949212 PMCID: PMC6965104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel polymers containing azo and ether groups were synthesized by oxidative polycondensation in an aqueous alkaline medium by NaOCI oxidants. The azo dye monomers that were polymerized were synthesized by diazotization of 2-amino-4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether and coupling reaction with 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene and 1,3-benzenediol. Structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic studies such as FT-IR, UV-vis, 1H-NMR. Gel permeation chromatography was used to evaluate the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the azo polymers. Furthermore, the surface morphology of the azo monomers and polymers were scrutinized by using scanning electron microscope. To investigate the effect of solvent on absorption, the electronic absorption spectra of the synthesized compounds were measured in six solvents with different polarity. The thermal behaviors of the monomers and polymers were identified by the TG, DTG and DTA techniques. In addition, the Coats-Redfern, Horowitz-Metzger and Broido methods for the determination of the kinetic parameters were used in the kinetic analysis of thermal decomposition of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Çanakçı
- Department of Chemistry, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Adıyaman University, 02040, Adıyaman, Turkey.
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Zurcher DM, Adhia YJ, Romero JD, McNeil AJ. Modifying a known gelator scaffold for nitrite detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:7813-6. [PMID: 24905176 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02504k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The process of selecting and modifying a known gelator scaffold to develop a new nitrite-based sensor is described. Five new azo-sulfonate gelators were discovered and characterized. The most promising scaffold exhibits a stable diazonium intermediate, proceeds in a high yield, and gels nitrite-spiked tap, river, and pond water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Zurcher
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA.
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9
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Theoretical investigation of polymer chain stability in the metal coordinated azorubine and cyclam complex. Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Bekö SL, Hammer SM, Schmidt MU. Kristallstrukturen der Hydratstufen von Pigment Red 57:1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201109082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Bekö SL, Hammer SM, Schmidt MU. Crystal structures of the hydration states of Pigment Red 57:1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4735-8. [PMID: 22461339 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201109082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor L Bekö
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Kennedy AR, Stewart H, Eremin K, Stenger J. Lithol Red: a systematic structural study on salts of a sulfonated azo pigment. Chemistry 2012; 18:3064-9. [PMID: 22298463 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The first systematic series of single-crystal diffraction structures of azo lake pigments is presented (Lithol Red with cations=Mg(II), Ca(II), Sr(II), Ba(II), Na(I) and Cd(II)) and includes the only known structures of non-Ca examples of these pigments. It is shown that these commercially and culturally important species show structural behaviour that can be predicted from a database of structures of related sulfonated azo dyes, a database that was specifically constructed for this purpose. Examples of the successful structural predictions from the prior understanding of the model compounds are that 1) the Mg salt is a solvent-separated ion pair, whereas the heavier alkaline-earth elements Ca, Sr and Ba form contact ion pairs, namely, low-dimensional coordination complexes; 2) all of the Lithol Red anions exist as the hydrazone tautomer and have planar geometries; and 3) the commonly observed packing mode of alternating inorganic layers and organic bilayers is as expected for an ortho-sulfonated azo species with a planar anion geometry. However, the literature database of dye structures has no predictive use for organic solvate structures, such as that of the observed Na Lithol Red DMF solvate. Interestingly, the Cd salt is isostructural with the Mg salt and not with the Ca salt. It is also observed that linked eight-membered [MOSO](2) rings are the basic coordination motif for all of the known structures of Ca, Sr and Ba salts of sulfonated azo pigments in which competing carboxylate groups are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL UK.
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13
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Synthesis and characterization of coordination polymers prepared from CuII and NiII cyclam perchlorate and carmosine. OPEN CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-010-0141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractReaction of [CuII(cyclam)](ClO4)2 or [NiII(cyclam)](ClO4)2 in DMF with aqueous 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo)naphthalen-1-sulfonate disodium salt (carmoisine) yielded coordination polymers {[CuII(cyclam)](carmoisine dianion)(H2O)5}n and powder {[NiII(cyclam)](carmoisine dianion)}n, respectively (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetrazacyclotetradecane). They were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, IR, Raman spectrometry and TGA.
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Chen T, Xu S, Zhang F, Evans DG, Duan X. Formation of photo- and thermo-stable layered double hydroxide films with photo-responsive wettability by intercalation of functionalized azobenzenes. Chem Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Kennedy AR, Andrikopoulos PC, Arlin JB, Armstrong DR, Duxbury N, Graham DV, Kirkhouse JBA. Supramolecular Structure in s-Block Metal Complexes of Sulfonated Monoazo Dyes: Discrepant Packing and Bonding Behavior ofortho-Sulfonated Azo Dyes. Chemistry 2009; 15:9494-504. [PMID: 19658126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
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Deacon GB, Forsyth CM, Greenhill NB, Harika R, Junk PC, Skelton BW, White AH. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of 1,2-Benzenedisulfonate Complexes of the Heavy Group 2 Elements. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200900048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Schmidt M, van de Streek J, Ivashevskaya S. The First Crystal Structures of Industrial Laked Yellow Pigments Determined by X-ray Powder Diffraction. Chemistry 2008; 15:338-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tait KM, Parkinson JA, Gibson DI, Richardson PR, Ebenezer WJ, Hutchings MG, Jones AC. Structural characterisation of the photoisomers of reactive sulfonated azo dyes by NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:1010-8. [PMID: 17721601 DOI: 10.1039/b703044d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with in situ laser irradiation has been used together with density functional theory (DFT) computation to examine the structures of the photoisomers of a series of sulfonated reactive azo dyes. Assignment of 1H NMR spectra acquired at the photostationary state has allowed, for the first time, NMR characterisation of unstable cis isomers of commercially relevant water-soluble azo dyes. Structural features of the two isomeric forms predicted by DFT calculations are clearly reflected in the experimental NMR data. The trans-cis photoisomerisation process could be unambiguously identified in each case, based on the large chemical shift change observed for resonances associated with aromatic protons adjacent to the azo linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Tait
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK
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Dines TJ, Onoh H. An infrared and resonance Raman spectroscopic study of phenylazonaphthol pigments. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 64:891-900. [PMID: 16458580 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The IR, resonance Raman (RR) and electronic spectra of two phenylazonaphthol pigments, LRC Scarlet and 4BL Red, have been measured and assignments of the vibrational and electronic spectra were facilitated by ab initio calculation s at the B3-LYP/DZ level. Vibrational spectra indicate that the major species in the solid state are the hydrazo tautomers. Electronic spectra are in accordance with the nature of the electronic transitions predicted by time-dependent B3-LYP/DZ calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Dines
- Division of Electronic Engineering & Physics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK.
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Abbott LC, Batchelor SN, Oakes J, Gilbert BC, Whitwood AC, Lindsay Smith JR, Moore JN. Experimental and Computational Studies of Structure and Bonding in Parent and Reduced Forms of the Azo Dye Orange II. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:2894-905. [PMID: 16833607 DOI: 10.1021/jp045216s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure and bonding of the azo dye Orange II (Acid Orange 7) in parent and reduced forms have been studied using NMR, infrared, Raman, UV-visible, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, allied with density functional theory (DFT) calculations on three hydrazone models (no sulfonate, anionic sulfonate, and protonated sulfonate) and one azo model (protonated sulfonate). The calculated structures of the three hydrazone models are similar to each other and that of the model without a sulfonate group (Solvent Yellow 14) closely matches its reported crystal structure. The 1H and 13C NMR resonances of Orange II, assigned directly from 1D and 2D experimental data, indicate that it is present as > or = 95% hydrazone in aqueous solution, and as a ca. 70:30 hydrazone:azo mixture in dimethyl sulfoxide at 300 K. Overall, the experimental data from Orange II are matched well by calculations on the hydrazone model with a protonated sulfonate group; the IR, Raman, and UV-visible spectra of Orange II are assigned to specific vibrational modes and electronic transitions calculated for this model. The EPR spectrum obtained on one-electron reduction of Orange II by the 2-hydroxy-2-propyl radical (*CMe2OH) at pH 4 is attributed to the hydrazyl radical produced on protonation of the radical anion. Calculations on reduced forms of the model dyes support this assignment, with electron spin density on the two nitrogen atoms and the naphthyl ring; in addition, they provide estimates of the structures, vibrational spectra, and electronic transitions of the radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence C Abbott
- Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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21
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Guo S, Li D, Zhang W, Pu M, Evans DG, Duan X. Preparation of an anionic azo pigment-pillared layered double hydroxide and the thermo- and photostability of the resulting intercalated material. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2004.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Abbott LC, Batchelor SN, Oakes J, Lindsay Smith JR, Moore JN. Semiempirical and Ab Initio Studies of the Structure and Spectroscopy of the Azo Dye Direct Blue 1: Comparison with Experiment. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047234f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence C. Abbott
- Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K., and Unilever Research, Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, U.K
| | - Stephen N. Batchelor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K., and Unilever Research, Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, U.K
| | - John Oakes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K., and Unilever Research, Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, U.K
| | - John R. Lindsay Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K., and Unilever Research, Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, U.K
| | - John N. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K., and Unilever Research, Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, U.K
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Kennedy AR, Kirkhouse JBA, McCarney KM, Puissegur O, Smith WE, Staunton E, Teat SJ, Cherryman JC, James R. Supramolecular Motifs in s-Block Metal-Bound Sulfonated Monoazo Dyes, Part 1: Structural Class Controlled by Cation Type and Modulated by Sulfonate Aryl Ring Position. Chemistry 2004; 10:4606-15. [PMID: 15378640 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state structures of 43 Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca and Ba salts of para- and meta-sulfonated azo dyes have been examined and can be categorised into three structural classes. All form alternating organic and inorganic layers, however, the nature of the coordination network that forms these layers differs from class to class. The class of structure formed was found to be primarily governed by metal type, but can also be influenced by the nature and position of the organic substituents. Thus, for the para-sulfonated azo dyes, Mg compounds form solvent-separated ion-pair solids; Ca, Ba and Li compounds form simple coordination networks based on metal-sulfonate bonding; and Na, K and Rb compounds form more complex, higher dimensional coordination networks. Compounds of meta-sulfonated azo dyes follow a similar pattern, but here, Ca species may also form solvent-separated ion-pair solids. Significantly, this first attempt to classify such dyestuffs using the principles of supramolecular chemistry succeeds not only for the simple dyes used here as model compounds, but also for more complex molecules, similar to modern colourants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL Scotland.
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Pérez-Serrano L, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. New Approach to Indole Alkaloids Based on the Intramolecular Pauson−Khand Reaction,1. J Org Chem 2004; 69:5413-8. [PMID: 15287790 DOI: 10.1021/jo049309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of indoles bearing alkenyl and alkynyl moieties in different positions of the nucleus is described. These compounds are used as substrates for the intermolecular Pauson-Khand reaction leading to tetracyclic cyclopentenones with formation of additional five- to seven-membered rings. Products are related to alkaloids such as mitosenes, clausines, ergotamines, or apogeissochizines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pérez-Serrano
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Urb. Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28668-Madrid, Spain
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Shibata T, Toshida N, Takagi K. Rhodium complex-catalyzed Pauson-Khand-type reaction with aldehydes as a CO source. J Org Chem 2002; 67:7446-50. [PMID: 12375978 DOI: 10.1021/jo0262661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With aldehydes as a CO source under solvent-free conditions, rhodium complex efficiently catalyzed an intramolecular carbonylative alkene-alkyne coupling (Pauson-Khand-type reaction) and various bicyclic enones were obtained in high yield. Experiments under argon flow and a 13C-labeling experiment suggested that almost no free carbon monoxide was generated in this reaction. When noncationic rhodium complex with chiral phosphine was used as a chiral catalyst, the reaction proceeded enantioselectively to give various chiral cyclopentenones in up to 90% ee under solvent-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shibata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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