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Bonilla-Gutiérrez AF, Castillo-Franz C, López C, Álvarez ME, Giraldo CE, Carmona JU. Equine suspensory ligament and tendon explants cultured with platelet-rich gel supernatants release different anti-inflammatory and anabolic mediators. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:476-485. [PMID: 30241051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory as well as anabolic mediators stimulated by a leukocyte-reduced platelet-rich gel supernatant (Lr-PRGS) and a leukocyte-reduced plasma supernatant (Lr-PL) at two concentrations (25 and 50%) on normal equine suspensory ligament explants (SLEs) and tendon explants (TEs). SLEs and TEs from six horses were independently incubated for 48 h with Lr-PRGS and Lr-PL at concentrations of 25 and 50%, respectively. Samples were collected from the incubated tissues at 1 h and 48 h, which were employed for ELISA determination of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-4, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), platelet-derived growth factor isoform BB (PDGF-BB), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1, and hyaluronic acid (HA). Overall, 50% Lr-PRGS induced significantly less IL-1β release than the other hemoderivatives in both tissues. At 48 h, both Lr-PRGS and 25% Lr-PL induced significantly higher TNF-α concentrations in SLEs when compared to TEs, whereas both Lr-PRGS concentrations induced significantly higher IL-4 concentrations in SLEs in comparison to TEs. IL-1ra release was not different between tissues. However, this cytokine was significantly higher in tissue explants cultured with both Lr-PRGS concentrations. HA concentration was lower in tissue explants cultured with all hemoderivatives at two concentrations when compared to the control group. The positive effects observed for ligaments and tendons treated with Lr-PRGS may be mediated by the inhibition of IL-1β release of and increased release of IL-4 and IL-1ra. Furthermore, PDGF-BB could be a polypeptide responsible for mediating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines in SLEs and TEs incubated with Lr-PRGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F Bonilla-Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
| | - Cristian Castillo-Franz
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria GIVET, Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas, Colombia; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Veterinarias, Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Becario Doctorado Nacional CONICYT, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Catalina López
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
| | - María E Álvarez
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
| | - Carlos E Giraldo
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
| | - Jorge U Carmona
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
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Całkosiński I, Majda J, Terlecki G, Gostomska-Pampuch K, Małolepsza-Jarmołowska K, Sobolewska S, Całkosińska A, Kumala A, Gamian A. Dynamic Analysis of Changes of Protein Levels and Selected Biochemical Indices in Rat Serum in the Course of Experimental Pleurisy. Inflammation 2016; 39:1076-89. [PMID: 27083876 PMCID: PMC4883275 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A significant role is played in inflammation by the liver, which, stimulated by inflammatory mediators, synthetizes plasma proteins with various dynamics. The purpose of these studies is to generate a detailed dynamic analysis of changes to concentrations of plasma and serum protein fractions and selected acute-phase proteins as well as nonspecific biochemical indices during the course of an induced pleurisy. The studies were conducted on female inbred Buffalo rats, which were divided into two groups: a control group (C) and an experimental group (IP) in which pleurisy was induced. In the IP group, significant changes in biochemical indices were observed between the 48th and 96th hours of pleurisy. A reduction of albumin, transferrin, urea, and creatinine concentrations was observed, while concentrations of the complement components C3 and C4, haptoglobin, and fibrinogen increased. An early increase of IL-1 was observed, while increases of IL-6 and TNF were noted in the later period. The maximum intensity of the processes described above occurred between the 72nd and 96th hours of pleurisy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Całkosiński
- Independent Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Environmental Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Majda
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, 4th Military Hospital, Weigla 5, 50-981, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Terlecki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Gostomska-Pampuch
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Sylwia Sobolewska
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38c, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Całkosińska
- Independent Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Environmental Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kumala
- Independent Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Environmental Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.,Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
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García-Bailo B, Roke K, Mutch DM, El-Sohemy A, Badawi A. Association between circulating ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and plasma cytokine concentrations in young adults: a cross-sectional study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:102. [PMID: 23158971 PMCID: PMC3515429 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with the development of numerous chronic diseases. Circulating ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) may help reduce concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These micronutrients may act synergistically, and they may have different anti-inflammatory effects, but previous studies have assessed the link between each of these micronutrients and inflammation in isolation without controlling for the other micronutrients. Our objective was to examine the association between circulating concentrations of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and 25(OH) D and a panel of pro-inflammatory cytokines in an ethnically diverse population of young adults. METHODS Participants (n = 1,007) from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health study provided fasting blood samples for biomarker measurements and were subsequently categorized into tertiles for each micronutrient based on their circulating concentrations. We conducted Pearson's correlation analyses across all micronutrients and cytokines. The associations between individual micronutrients and cytokines were examined using analysis of covariance with age, sex, waist circumference, ethnicity, physical activity, season of blood collection, total cholesterol, hormonal contraceptive use among women, and the other two micronutrients as covariates. RESULTS We observed weak micronutrient-cytokine correlations, moderate correlations between certain cytokines, and strong correlations between specific cytokines, particularly interleukin 1- receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-bb). After full covariate adjustment, circulating α-tocopherol was inversely associated with IFN-γ and regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). We observed an unexpected positive association between ascorbic acid and IFN-γ. 25(OH)D was not associated with altered concentrations of any inflammatory biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that α-tocopherol, but not ascorbic acid or 25(OH)D, is inversely associated with inflammation in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana García-Bailo
- Office of Biotechnology, Genomics and Population Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, 180 Queen Street West, 11th Floor, Toronto, ON M5V 3L7, Canada.
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Abstract
Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) pathophysiology remains largely unknown. Its treatment is not codified and usually disappointing. Interferon (IFN)-α therapy lacks efficacy for some life-threatening manifestations and has a poor tolerance profile. Because interleukin (IL)-1Ra synthesis is naturally induced after stimulation by IFN-α, we hypothesized that recombinant IL-1Ra (anakinra) might have some efficacy in ECD. We treated 2 patients who had poor tolerance or contraindication to IFN-α with anakinra as a rescue therapy and measured their serum C-reactive protein, IL-1β, IL-6, and monocytic membranous IL-1α (mIL-1α) levels before, under, and after therapy. Another untreated ECD patient and 5 healthy subjects were enrolled as controls. After treatment, fever and bone pains rapidly disappeared in both patients, as well as eyelid involvement in one patient. In addition, retroperitoneal fibrosis completely or partially regressed, and C-reactive protein, IL-6, and mIL-1α levels decreased to within the normal and control range. Beside injection-site reactions, no adverse event was reported. Therefore, our results support a central role of the IL-1 network, which seemed to be overstimulated in ECD. Its specific blockade using anakinra thereby opens new pathophysiology and therapeutic perspectives in ECD.
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Williams MR, Sakurai Y, Zughaier SM, Eskin SG, McIntire LV. Transmigration across activated endothelium induces transcriptional changes, inhibits apoptosis, and decreases antimicrobial protein expression in human monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1331-43. [PMID: 19706840 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0209062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the hypothesis that transmigration drives monocyte transcriptional changes. Using Agilent whole human genome microarrays, we identified over 692 differentially expressed genes (2x, P<0.05) in freshly isolated human monocytes following 1.5 h of transmigration across IL-1beta-stimulated ECs compared with untreated monocytes. Genes up-regulated by monocyte transmigration belong to a number of over-represented functional groups including immune response and inhibition of apoptosis. qRT-PCR confirmed increased expression of MCP-1 and -3 and of NAIP following monocyte transmigration. Additionally, quantification of Annexin V binding revealed a reduction in apoptosis following monocyte transmigration. Comparison of gene expression in transmigrated monocytes with additional controls (monocytes that failed to transmigrate and monocytes incubated beneath stimulated ECs) revealed 89 differentially expressed genes, which were controlled by the process of diapedesis. Functional annotation of these genes showed down-regulation of antimicrobial genes (e.g., alpha-defensin down 50x, cathelicidin down 9x, and CTSG down 3x). qRT-PCR confirmed down-regulation of these genes. Immunoblots confirmed that monocyte diapedesis down-regulates alpha-defensin protein expression. However, transmigrated monocytes were functional and retained intact cytokine and chemokine release upon TLR ligand exposure. Overall, these data indicate that the process of monocyte transmigration across stimulated ECs promotes further monocyte recruitment and inhibits monocyte apoptosis. Unexpectedly, following transmigration, monocytes displayed reduced antimicrobial protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcie R Williams
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
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Liberman AC, Druker J, Refojo D, Holsboer F, Arzt E. Glucocorticoids inhibit GATA-3 phosphorylation and activity in T cells. FASEB J 2009; 23:1558-71. [PMID: 19124555 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-121236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) immunosuppression and anti-inflammatory action involve the regulation of several transcription factors (TFs). GCs inhibit the acute production of T-helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cytokines but ultimately favor a shift toward Th2 phenotype. GCs inhibit the transcriptional activity of T-bet Th1 TF by a transrepression mechanism. Here we analyze GC regulation of GATA-3, the master driver of Th2 differentiation. We found that GCs inhibit GATA-3 transcriptional activity. We demonstrate that this mechanism does not involve physical interaction between the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and GATA-3 or reduction of GATA-3 binding to DNA, as described previously for T-bet. Instead, GCs inhibit GATA-3 activity by inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase induced GATA-3 phosphorylation. GCs also inhibit GATA-3 mRNA and protein expression. Finally, GATA-3 inhibition affects the interleukin-5 gene, a central Th2 cytokine. The IC(50) of dexamethasone is 10 nM with a maximum effect at 100 nM. All inhibitory actions were blocked by the GR antagonist RU38486 (1 uM), proving the specificity of GR action. In view of the crucial role of GATA-3 in T-cell differentiation and inflammation, we propose that the mechanism of GATA-3 inhibition compared with that in T-bet may have relevant implications in understanding and modulating the anti-inflammatory and Th-regulatory properties of GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Liberman
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Liberman AC, Druker J, Perone MJ, Arzt E. Glucocorticoids in the regulation of transcription factors that control cytokine synthesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:45-56. [PMID: 17336577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction at different levels between intracellular signals elicited by cytokines and activated glucocorticoid receptors (GR) is essential for the regulation of immune responses. We describe different levels of interaction between glucocorticoids and cytokines which result in the induction or repression of gene transcription. These include the regulation of cytokine receptor expression, the molecular cross-talk between the GR and transcription factors (TFs) activated by cytokine signaling, the interaction with several signaling pathways and also posttranslational modifications of both GR and TFs. Also, an overview of the implications of chromatin remodeling in this interplay is discussed. The complexity of the intricate network involved in the interaction between GR and TFs is pivotal for the final outcome of cytokines biological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Liberman
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBYNE-CONICET, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Liberman AC, Refojo D, Druker J, Toscano M, Rein T, Holsboer F, Arzt E. The activated glucocorticoid receptor inhibits the transcription factor T-bet by direct protein-protein interaction. FASEB J 2007; 21:1177-88. [PMID: 17215482 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7452com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) immunosuppression acts via regulation of several transcription factors (TF), including activating protein (AP)-1, NF-kappaB, and NFAT. GCs inhibit Th1 cytokines and promote a shift toward Th2 differentiation. Th1 phenotype depends on TF T-bet. In this study, we examined GC regulation of T-bet. We found that GCs inhibit T-bet transcriptional activity. We show that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) physically interacts with T-bet both in transfected cell lines and in primary splenocyte cultures with endogenous GR and T-bet. This interaction also blocks GR-dependent transcription. We show both in vitro and in vivo at endogenous binding sites that the mechanism underlying T-bet inhibition further involves reduction of T-bet binding to DNA. Using specific mutations of GR, we demonstrate that the first zinc finger region of GR is required for T-bet inhibition. GCs additionally inhibit T-bet both at mRNA and protein expression levels, revealing another layer of GR action on T-bet. Finally, we examined the functional consequences of GR/T-bet interaction on IFN-gamma, showing that GCs inhibit transcriptional activity of T-bet on its promoter. In view of the crucial role of T-bet in T cell differentiation and inflammation, we propose that GR inhibitory interaction with T-bet may be an important mechanism underlying the immunosuppressive properties of GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Liberman
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBYNE-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Almawi WY, Abou Jaoude MM, Li XC. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms of glucocorticoid antiproliferative effects. Hematol Oncol 2002; 20:17-32. [PMID: 11921014 DOI: 10.1002/hon.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are used as immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents in treating organ transplantation rejection, autoimmune diseases, (hematological) cancers, and inflammatory disorders. GCs exert their effects through a multitude of mechanisms, the most significant of which is inhibition of cytokine production, and for some cytokines their effects on target cells. Paradoxically, GCs also upregulate the expression of (pro-inflammatory) high-affinity cytokine receptors on target cells in the face of lost ligand (cytokine) stimulation. GC inhibition of cytokine expression occurs at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. GCs acted transcriptionally by binding their cytosolic receptor (GR), thereby facilitating its nuclear translocation and subsequent binding to the promoter region of cytokine genes on sites compatible with GC response element (GRE) motifs, which in turn directly or indirectly regulated gene expression. In addition to direct DNA binding, GCs acted post-transcriptionally by: (1) antagonism of nuclear factors required for efficient gene expression either directly or through induction of the expression of specific transcription factor antagonists, (2) altered Th lineage development by favouring the generation of (anti-inflammatory) Th2 cells and suppressing the induction or the activity of established (pro-inflammatory) Th1 cells, and (3) stimulating the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, an immunosuppressive cytokine which inhibited cytokine production. However, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, since GCs may utilize more than one mechanism in exerting their anti-proliferative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Y Almawi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
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Muller Igaz L, Refojo D, Costas MA, Holsboer F, Arzt E. CRE-mediated transcriptional activation is involved in cAMP protection of T-cell receptor-induced apoptosis but not in cAMP potentiation of glucocorticoid-mediated programmed cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1542:139-48. [PMID: 11853887 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of thymic cells induced by glucocorticoids (GC) and T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement are mutually antagonistic. We demonstrate that cAMP enhances GC and antagonizes TCR (anti-CD3) apoptosis on the same cell (DO-11.10 and 2B4.11 T-cell hybridomas). We analyzed the activity of several transcription factors in this cAMP dual, stimulus-dependent, regulatory action. Anti-CD3 increases kB-activity which is inhibited by CPTcAMP or dexamethasone (DEX), supporting the proapoptotic role of NFkB on TCR-induced apoptosis. Anti-CD3 not only increases kB- but diminishes GC response element (GRE)-activity induced by DEX, suggesting that TCR-mediated blockade of GC-induced apoptosis involves not only the proposed antiapoptotic action of NF-kB on GC, but also the inhibition of GRE-regulated proapoptotic genes. To test the involvement of CRE-driven transcription in the cAMP dual apoptotic regulation, cells were transfected with a CRE decoy DNA oligomer. Blockade of CRE transactivation with decoy targeting of CRE completely blocked the protection of TCR-induced apoptosis by cAMP, while it did not modify the enhancement by cAMP on GC-induced apoptosis. We show that CRE-binding factors have a definite role in T-cell apoptosis: they are involved in cAMP protection of TCR- but not in cAMP potentiation of GC-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Muller Igaz
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia y Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Grünberg K, Sharon RF, Sont JK, In 't Veen JC, Van Schadewijk WA, De Klerk EP, Dick CR, Van Krieken JH, Sterk PJ. Rhinovirus-induced airway inflammation in asthma: effect of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids before and during experimental infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1816-22. [PMID: 11734429 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma exacerbations are frequently linked to rhinovirus infections. However, the associated inflammatory pathways are poorly understood, and treatment of exacerbations is often unsatisfactory. In the present study we investigated whether antiinflammatory treatment with inhaled corticosteroids prevents any rhinovirus-induced worsening of lower airway inflammation. To that end, we selected 25 atopic patients with mild asthma who underwent experimental rhinovirus 16 (RV16) infection, while receiving double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment with the inhaled corticosteroid budesonide (800 microg twice a day) throughout the study period, starting 2 wk before infection. We assessed inflammatory cell numbers in the bronchial mucosa as obtained by bronchial biopsies 2 d before and 6 d after RV16 infection, and analyzed those in relation to cold symptoms, changes in blood leukocyte counts, airway obstruction, and airway hyperresponsiveness. RV16 colds induced an increase in CD3(+) cells in the lamina propria (p = 0.03) and tended to decrease the numbers of epithelial eosinophils (p = 0.06) in both groups analyzed as a whole. The T cell accumulation was positively associated with cold symptoms. Budesonide pretreatment improved airway hyperresponsiveness (p = 0.02) and eosinophilic airways inflammation (p = 0.04). Yet it did not significantly affect the RV16-associated changes in the numbers of any of the inflammatory cell types. We conclude that RV16 infection by itself induces only subtle worsening of airway inflammation in asthma, which is not improved (or worsened) by inhaled corticosteroids. The latter finding is in keeping with the limited protection of inhaled corticosteroids against acute asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Grünberg
- Department of Pulmonology, Department of Medical Decision Making, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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Refojo D, Liberman AC, Holsboer F, Arzt E. Transcription factor-mediated molecular mechanisms involved in the functional cross-talk between cytokines and glucocorticoids. Immunol Cell Biol 2001; 79:385-94. [PMID: 11488986 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
After antigenic stimulation the increase in cytokine levels constitutes a fundamental event in the host defense and mediates many processes such as inflammation, B- and T-cell growth and differentiation and activation of effector cells. Most of these processes depend on the cytokine-induced activation of transcription factors that modulate the expression of target genes. Cytokines induce a rise in glucocorticoid levels, which are instrumental in controlling immune-cytokine overreactions. Because of their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions, glucocorticoids are highly useful as therapeutic drugs in a range of diseases. The cross-talk between cytokine-induced transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappaB, activating protein-1, cAMP responsive element binding protein and nuclear factor of activated T cells, and glucocorticoid receptors involves both genomic and non-genomic actions, and constitutes the mechanism by which glucocorticoid repressive effects on cytokine synthesis and action take place. These molecular interactions represent the key for the study of physiological compensatory actions of corticosteroids, the interactions of cytokines and glucocorticoids at their target cells, as well as the therapeutic benefits and side-effects of synthetic steroids. For this reason, we will focus on the molecular aspects of cytokine-glucocorticoid interactions, represented by the cross-coupling between cytokine-mediated transcription factors and glucocorticoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Refojo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Almawi WY, Melemedjian OK, Rieder MJ. An alternate mechanism of glucocorticoid anti-proliferative effect: promotion of a Th2 cytokine-secreting profile. Clin Transplant 1999; 13:365-74. [PMID: 10515216 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0012.1999.130501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are used as immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents in organ transplantation and in treating autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders and they exert their effects by several mechanisms, the most significant of which is inhibition of cytokine production and action. Recent reports suggested that GCs inhibit cytokine expression indirectly through promotion of a T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokine-secreting profile, thereby resulting in preferential blockade of pro-inflammatory monokine and T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cytokine expression. The target of GCs appeared to be monocytes macrophages, whereby altered regulation of interleukin (IL)-1/IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), coupled with profound blockade of IL-12 synthesis and inhibition of interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression, lead to a preferential cognate stimulation of Th2 cells at the expense of Th1 cells. It is possible that this may have involved the expansion of a Th2-cell pool or, in addition, frank stimulation of uncommitted naive CD4 + T cells toward the Th2 lineage. In addition, GCs may have blocked Th1 cytokine expression, thereby inhibiting ongoing Th1 cytokine secretion, and consequently provided for the unimpeded production of Th2 cytokines. Collectively, this indicates that, in exerting their anti-proliferative effects, GCs act indirectly by altering Th1/Th2 cytokine balance, blocking the (pro-inflammatory) Th1 program and favoring the (anti-inflammatory) Th2 program.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Almawi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St Georges-Orthodox Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
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Kovalovsky D, Pereda MP, Stalla GK, Holsboer F, Arzt E. Differential regulation of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist by proopiomelanocortin peptides adrenocorticotropic hormone and beta-endorphin. Neuroimmunomodulation 1999; 6:367-72. [PMID: 10474056 DOI: 10.1159/000026397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described the regulation of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) protein secretion and expression by IL-1, glucocorticoids and corticotropin-releasing hormone in monocytes in culture. In the present work, we analyze the direct effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and beta-endorphin on the expression and secretion of IL-1ra by human monocytes in culture. ACTH exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-1ra production and mRNA expression. Basal IL-1ra levels were not affected by treatment with any ACTH dose. In contrast, on human monocytes, beta-endorphin at concentrations as low as 10 pg/ml produced an increase of basal IL-1ra protein secretion and mRNA expression, this effect being reverted by pretreatment with naloxone. No effect of beta-endorphin was observed either in IL-1ra mRNA expression or protein secretion when cells were treated with LPS. The different effects of ACTH and beta-endorphin could account for their differential contribution to the inflammatory response: while ACTH contributes to the glucocorticoid overall control of the inflammatory response, beta-endorphin exerts an inhibitory tone on the resting IL-1 system. Because IL-1ra is essential in setting the level of monocyte and inflammatory response its differential regulation by the HPA axis hormones contributes to regulating the IL-1/inflammatory temporal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kovalovsky
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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