1
|
Longhena F, Faustini G, Brembati V, Pizzi M, Benfenati F, Bellucci A. An updated reappraisal of synapsins: structure, function and role in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:33-60. [PMID: 34407457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synapsins (Syns) are phosphoproteins strongly involved in neuronal development and neurotransmitter release. Three distinct genes SYN1, SYN2 and SYN3, with elevated evolutionary conservation, have been described to encode for Synapsin I, Synapsin II and Synapsin III, respectively. Syns display a series of common features, but also exhibit distinctive localization, expression pattern, post-translational modifications (PTM). These characteristics enable their interaction with other synaptic proteins, membranes and cytoskeletal components, which is essential for the proper execution of their multiple functions in neuronal cells. These include the control of synapse formation and growth, neuron maturation and renewal, as well as synaptic vesicle mobilization, docking, fusion, recycling. Perturbations in the balanced expression of Syns, alterations of their PTM, mutations and polymorphisms of their encoding genes induce severe dysregulations in brain networks functions leading to the onset of psychiatric or neurological disorders. This review presents what we have learned since the discovery of Syn I in 1977, providing the state of the art on Syns structure, function, physiology and involvement in central nervous system disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Longhena
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Viviana Brembati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova, Italy; IRCSS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy; Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tajbakhsh A, Alimardani M, Asghari M, Abedini S, Saghafi Khadem S, Nesaei Bajestani A, Alipoor F, Alidoust M, Savardashtaki A, Hashemian P, Pasdar A. Association of PICK1 and BDNF variations with increased risk of methamphetamine dependence among Iranian population: a case-control study. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:27. [PMID: 33499851 PMCID: PMC7836203 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors play an important role in susceptibility to methamphetamine dependency. In this line, protein that interact with C-kinase-1 (PICK1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genes are linked to methamphetamine dependence (substance use disorder). Thus, in a case-control study, we investigated the association between polymorphisms of PICK1 and BDNF genes and methamphetamine dependence in an Iranian population. METHODS Total of 235 cases and 204 controls were recruited in a period between 2015 to 2018. The PICK1-rs713729, -rs2076369 and BDNF-rs6265 genotypes were determined via ARMS-PCR assay. Statistical analysis was performed, using SPSS 20.0, PHASE 2.1.1 program as well as SNP Analyzer 2.0. RESULTS In the present study, two polymorphisms including PICK1-rs713729 (OR 1.38 (CI 1.08-1.52; P-value 0.004) in multiplicative and dominant models, and PICK1-rs2076369 (OR 1.31 (CI 1.10-1.56; P-value 0.002) in multiplicative, dominant and co-dominant models were associated with the risk of methamphetamine abuse. Moreover, haplotype analysis showed a significant association of haplotype AG (OR 2.50 (CI 1.50-4.16; P-value 0.0002) in dominant, recessive and co-dominant models, and haplotype TT (OR 0.67 (CI 0.50-0.91; P-value 0.009) in dominant and co-dominant models with the risk of methamphetamine abuse. None of the polymorphisms in this study had a high level of linkage disequilibrium. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the PICK1 gene polymorphism might affect the risk of methamphetamine dependency in our population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maliheh Alimardani
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahla Asghari
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soheila Abedini
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sohrab Saghafi Khadem
- Ibn-E-Sina and Dr Hejazi Psychiatry Hospital, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Nesaei Bajestani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ayatollah Madani Hospital, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Forough Alipoor
- Islamic Azad University Torbat-e Jam Branch, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran
| | - Maryam Alidoust
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peyman Hashemian
- Medical Genetics Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Division of Applied Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mirza FJ, Zahid S. The Role of Synapsins in Neurological Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2017; 34:349-358. [PMID: 29282612 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapsins serve as flagships among the presynaptic proteins due to their abundance on synaptic vesicles and contribution to synaptic communication. Several studies have emphasized the importance of this multi-gene family of neuron-specific phosphoproteins in maintaining brain physiology. In the recent times, increasing evidence has established the relevance of alterations in synapsins as a major determinant in many neurological disorders. Here, we give a comprehensive description of the diverse roles of the synapsin family and the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to several neurological disorders. These physiologically important roles of synapsins associated with neurological disorders are just beginning to be understood. A detailed understanding of the diversified expression of synapsins may serve to strategize novel therapeutic approaches for these debilitating neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Javed Mirza
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Zahid
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Başay Ö, Kabukcu Basay B, Alacam H, Ozturk O, Buber A, Gorucu Yilmaz S, Kıroğlu Y, Erdal ME, Herken H. The impact of synapsin III gene on the neurometabolite level alterations after single-dose methylphenidate in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:1141-9. [PMID: 27274248 PMCID: PMC4869780 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the neurometabolite level changes according to synapsin III gene rs133945G>A and rs133946C>G polymorphisms by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Fifty-seven adults diagnosed with ADHD were recruited for the study. The participants were examined by single-voxel (1)H MRS when medication naïve and 30 minutes after oral administration of 10 mg methylphenidate (Mph). Those who had been on a stimulant discontinued the medication 48 hours before MRS imaging. Spectra were taken from the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, striatum, and cerebellum, and N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline, and creatine levels were examined. For genotyping of the synapsin III gene polymorphisms, DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. The effects of age, sex, and ADHD subtypes were controlled in the analyses. RESULTS After a single dose of Mph, choline levels increased significantly in the striatum of rs133945G>A polymorphism-GG genotypes (P=0.020) and NAA levels rose in the anterior cingulate cortex of rs133946C>G polymorphism-CG genotypes (P=0.014). Both rs133945G>A and rs133946C>G polymorphisms were found to statistically significantly affect the alteration of NAA levels in response to Mph in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with two-way repeated measure of analysis of variance. Post hoc comparisons revealed a significant difference between CG and GG genotypes of rs133946C>G polymorphisms after Bonferroni adjustment (P=0.016). CONCLUSION Synapsin III gene polymorphisms may be affecting the changes in neurometabolite levels in response to Mph in adult ADHD patients. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Başay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Burge Kabukcu Basay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Alacam
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Onder Ozturk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Buber
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Senay Gorucu Yilmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Yılmaz Kıroğlu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Erdal
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Hasan Herken
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Porton B, Wetsel WC, Kao HT. Synapsin III: role in neuronal plasticity and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:416-24. [PMID: 21827867 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synapsin III was discovered in 1998, more than two decades after the first two synapsins (synapsins I and II) were identified. Although the biology of synapsin III is not as well understood as synapsins I and II, this gene is emerging as an important factor in the regulation of the early stages of neurodevelopment and dopaminergic neurotransmission, and in certain neuropsychiatric illnesses. Molecular genetic and clinical studies of synapsin III have determined that its neurodevelopmental effects are exerted at the levels of neurogenesis and axonogenesis. In vitro voltammetry studies have shown that synapsin III can control dopamine release in the striatum. Since dopaminergic dysfunction is implicated in many neuropsychiatric conditions, one may anticipate that polymorphisms in synapsin III can exert pervasive effects, especially since it is localized to extrasynaptic sites. Indeed, mutations in this gene have been identified in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and multiple sclerosis. These and other findings indicate that the roles of synapsin III differ significantly from those of synapsins I and II. Here, we focus on the unique roles of the newest synapsin, and where relevant, compare and contrast these with the actions of synapsins I and II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Porton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, BioMedical Center, 171 Meeting Street, Room 187, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lakhan R, Kalita J, Misra UK, Kumari R, Mittal B. Association of intronic polymorphism rs3773364 A>G in synapsin-2 gene with idiopathic epilepsy. Synapse 2010; 64:403-8. [PMID: 20034013 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In epilepsy, there is a tendency towards recurrent unprovoked seizures. Seizures result due to the excessive electrical misfiring in the brain between neurons and disturbance in neurotransmitter release. Several gene products affect the behavior of these neurons by regulating neurotransmission via several mechanisms. One such gene, Synapsin-2 (SYN2), involved in synaptogenesis is also reported to regulate the neurotransmitter release. We hypothesized that SYN2 gene and its polymorphisms could affect the process of epileptogenesis and therapeutic response in humans. In this hospital-based study, we enrolled 372 patients with epilepsy and 199 control subjects. We selected rs3773364 A>G polymorphism in SYN2 gene and analyzed its distribution in north Indian patients with epilepsy and control subjects. Genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. According to the results obtained, SYN2 "AG" genotype frequency was significantly higher in patients with epilepsy versus control subjects in north Indian population (P = 0.02, OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.06-2.26). After subclassification, we observed higher frequency of AG genotype in idiopathic patients as compared to control subjects (P = 0.01, OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.08-2.56). There were no significant differences in genotypic (AG: OR = 0.80, P = 0.377; GG: P = 0.628, OR = 1.17) or allelic (P = 0.86, OR = 1.03) frequency distributions in patients with multiple drug resistance versus patients with drug-responsive epilepsy. Results from our study indicate the involvement of SYN2 gene polymorphism in conferring risk to epilepsy; however, the genetic variant does not seem to modulate drug-response in epilepsy pharmacotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Lakhan
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schizophrenia and birthplace of paternal and maternal grandfather in the Jerusalem perinatal cohort prospective study. Schizophr Res 2009; 111:23-31. [PMID: 19361958 PMCID: PMC2716070 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Some forms of epigenetic abnormalities transmitted to offspring are manifested in differences in disease incidence that depend on parent-of-origin. To explore whether such phenomena might operate in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, we estimated the relative incidence of these conditions in relation to parent-of-origin by considering the two grandfathers' countries of birth. In a prospective cohort of 88,829 offspring, born in Jerusalem in 1964-76 we identified 637 cases through Israel's psychiatric registry. Relative risks (RR) were estimated for paternal and maternal grandfathers' countries of birth using proportional hazards methods, controlling for parents' ages, low social class and duration of marriage. After adjusting for multiple observations, we found no significant differences between descendants of maternal or paternal grandfathers born in Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Yemen, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya/Egypt, Poland, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Germany or the USA. Those with paternal grandfathers from Romania (RR=1.9, 95% CI=1.3-2.8) or Hungary (1.6, 1.0-2.6) showed an increased incidence; however, those with maternal grandfathers from these countries experienced reduced incidence (RR=0.5, 0.3-0.8 and 0.4, 0.2-0.8). In post-hoc analyses we found that results were similar whether the comparison groups were restricted to descendants of other Europeans or included those from Western Asia and North Africa; and effects of paternal grandfathers from Romania/Hungary were more pronounced in females, while effects of maternal grandfathers from these countries were similar in males and females. These post-hoc "hypothesis-generating" findings lead one to question whether some families with ancestors in Romania or Hungary might carry a variant or mutation at a parentally imprinted locus that is altering susceptibility to schizophrenia. Such a locus, if it exists, might involve the X chromosome.
Collapse
|
8
|
Murphy BC, O'Reilly RL, Singh SM. DNA methylation and mRNA expression of SYN III, a candidate gene for schizophrenia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:115. [PMID: 19102774 PMCID: PMC2630979 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synapsin III (SYN III) gene on chromosome 22q is a candidate gene for schizophrenia susceptibility due to its chromosome location, neurological function, expression patterns and functional polymorphisms. METHODS This research has established the mRNA expression of SYN III in 22 adult human brain regions as well as the methylation specificity in the closest CpG island of this gene. The methylation specificity studied in 31 brain regions (from a single individual) was also assessed in 51 human blood samples (representing 20 people affected with schizophrenia and 31 normal controls) including a pair of monozygotic twin discordant for schizophrenia and 2 non-human primates. RESULTS The results show that the cytosine methylation in this genomic region is 1) restricted to cytosines in CpG dinucleotides 2) similar in brain regions and blood and 3) appears conserved in primate evolution. Two cytosines (cytosine 8 and 20) localized as the CpG dinucleotide are partially methylated in all brain regions studied. The methylation of these sites in schizophrenia and control blood samples was variable. While cytosine 8 was partially methylated in all samples, the distribution of partial to complete methylation at the cytosine 20 was 22:9 in controls as compared to 18:2 in schizophrenia (p = 0.82). Also, there is no difference in methylation between the affected and unaffected member of a monozygotic twin pair. CONCLUSION The variation in SYN III methylation studied is 1) not related to schizophrenia in the population sample or a monozygotic twin pair discordant for schizophrenia and 2) not related to the mRNA level of SYN IIIa in different human brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda C Murphy
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology and Division of Medical Genetics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Minchin RF, Lewis A, Mitchell D, Kadlubar FF, McManus ME. Sulfotransferase 4A1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 40:2686-91. [PMID: 18248844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the physical and enzymatic properties of the novel human sulfotransferase, SULT4A1. The gene is most highly expressed in selective regions of the brain, although work to date has failed to identify any specific endogenous substrate for the enzyme. SULT4A1 shares low homology with other human sulfotransferases. Nevertheless, it is highly conserved between species. Despite the low homology, it is structurally very similar to other cytosolic sulfotransferases with a conserved substrate binding domain, dimerization site and partial cofactor binding sites. However, the catalytic cavity is much smaller, and it has been suggested that the cofactor may not be accommodated within it. A recent link between variability in the 5'UTR of the SULT4A1 gene and schizophrenia has heightened interest in the endogenous function of the enzyme and its possible role in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney F Minchin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Luciano M, Wright MJ, Duffy DL, Wainwright MA, Zhu G, Evans DM, Geffen GM, Montgomery GW, Martin NG. Genome-wide scan of IQ finds significant linkage to a quantitative trait locus on 2q. Behav Genet 2005; 36:45-55. [PMID: 16341610 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-005-9003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide linkage scan of 795 microsatellite markers (761 autosomal, 34 X chromosome) was performed on Multidimensional Aptitude Battery subtests and verbal, performance and full scale scores, the WAIS-R Digit Symbol subtest, and two word-recognition tests (Schonell Graded Word Reading Test, Cambridge Contextual Reading Test) highly predictive of IQ. The sample included 361 families comprising 2-5 siblings who ranged in age from 15.7 to 22.2 years; genotype, but not phenotype, data were available for 81% of parents. A variance components analysis which controlled for age and sex effects showed significant linkage for the Cambridge reading test and performance IQ to the same region on chromosome 2, with respective LOD scores of 4.15 and 3.68. Suggestive linkage (LOD score>2.2) for various measures was further supported on chromosomes 6, 7, 11, 14, 21 and 22. Where location of linkage peaks converged for IQ subtests within the same scale, the overall scale score provided increased evidence for linkage to that region over any individual subtest. Association studies of candidate genes, particularly those involved in neural transmission and development, will be directed to genes located under the linkage peaks identified in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Luciano
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brennan MD, Condra J. Transmission disequilibrium suggests a role for the sulfotransferase-4A1 gene in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 139B:69-72. [PMID: 16152568 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest a role for chromosome 22q13 in schizophrenia. This segment of chromosome 22 contains the sulfotransferase-4A1 (Sult4A1) gene, which encodes an enzyme thought to be involved in neurotransmitter metabolism in the central nervous system. To evaluate this candidate, we developed a microsatellite marker targeting a polymorphism in its 5' nontranslated region (D22s1749E). Using samples obtained from the National Institutes of Mental Health Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative, we evaluated 27 families having multiple siblings with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders for transmission disequilibrium (TDT) of this marker along with three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning a 37 kb segment containing the Sult4A1 gene. TDT for D22s1749E was significant (P < 0.05), with a tendency for the 213 nt allele to be preferentially transferred to affected children (P = 0.0079). Global chi-square values for haplotypes involving the SNPs (ss146366, ss146407, and ss146420) and D22s1749E, also showed significant TDT values (P = 0.0006-0.0016). Consequently, we proposed that Sult4A merited more careful scrutiny as a candidate gene for schizophrenia susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Brennan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lindholm E, Aberg K, Ekholm B, Pettersson U, Adolfsson R, Jazin EE. Reconstruction of ancestral haplotypes in a 12-generation schizophrenia pedigree. Psychiatr Genet 2004; 14:1-8. [PMID: 15091309 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200403000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We searched for candidate chromosomal regions inherited identical by descent in 19 patients suffering from schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder that are related 12 generations back, to an ancestral couple born in the middle of the seventeenth century. To accomplish this goal, we constructed complete chromosomal haplotypes for each patient using genotype data from 450 markers. In total, 12 haplotype regions (with sizes ranging from 0.6 to 10.9 cM) constituted by three markers each were identical in three or more of the affected individuals. The largest genomic segment was located on 6q25, a region previously shown to be significantly more frequent in patients than controls, and proposed to contain a schizophrenia susceptibility locus. For the remaining 11 candidate haplotypes, we estimated haplotype frequencies from all the 43 affected members collected from the same family and 46 unrelated control individuals. This analysis indicated that at least four of the 11 candidate haplotypes are ancestral, since the frequencies were significantly higher in patients than in controls. Five additional haplotypes showed higher estimated frequencies in the patients but the differences were not significant. Interestingly, five of these 11 genomic regions are located in, or close to, candidate regions previously suggested to contain susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. The regions are 5q21-23, 8p21-22, 10p13-15, 13q12-13 and 22q12-13. Several of these haplotypes are probably ancestral linkage disequilibrium blocks inherited from the original couple. There exists, however, the possibility that one or more of these regions harbour schizophrenia susceptibility loci that may have epistatic interactions among them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lindholm
- Department of Evolution, Genomics and Systematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Protein interacting with C-kinase-1 (PICKl) plays an important role in the targeting and clustering of neuronal receptors and amine transporters. The PICK1 gene may play a role in conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia as it has been mapped to chromosome 22q13.1, a region thought to contain a gene for schizophrenia. We tested the hypothesis that an allelic variant of the PICK1 gene was associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The PICK1 rs3952 polymorphism was genotyped in 225 schizophrenia and 260 controls. Results demonstrated that the PICK1 rs3952 genotype and allele distribution was significantly different between the two groups. The positive association suggests that the PICK1 gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jee Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, 11217, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sivagnansundaram S, Müller D, Gubanov A, Potkin S, Kennedy J. Genetics of schizophrenia: current strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-2772(03)00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
15
|
Petronis A, Popendikyte V, Kan P, Sasaki T. Major psychosis and chromosome 22: genetics meets epigenetics. CNS Spectr 2002; 7:209-14. [PMID: 15211284 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900017570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of genetic factors in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder remains a challenging task to psychiatric researchers. As a rule, data from genetic linkage and association studies are quite controversial. In this article, we further explore the possibility that in addition to DNA sequences variation, a putative epigenetic dysregulation of brain genes plays an important role in the etiopathogenesis of major psychosis. We provide an epigenetic interpretation of unclear genetic findings specifically pertaining to chromosome 22 in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It is suggested that epigenetic strategies, when applied in conjunction with traditional genetic ones, may significantly expedite the uncovering of the molecular causes of major psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Petronis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tsai MT, Hung CC, Tsai CY, Liu MY, Su YC, Chen YH, Hsiao KJ, Chen CH. Mutation analysis of synapsin III gene in schizophrenia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:79-83. [PMID: 11840510 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synapsin III is a new synapsin family gene with the putative function of synaptogenesis regulation and neurotransmitter release in the brain. The gene was mapped to 22q12-q13, a schizophrenia susceptible region gene as suggested by several linkage studies. Hence, the synapsin III gene is considered a candidate gene of schizophrenia. We systematically sequenced the protein coding and 5'-promoter regions of the synapsin III gene to look for mutations in 62 Han Chinese schizophrenic patients from Taiwan with positive family history. Further case-control association study was performed among 163 patients and 151 controls using the genetic polymorphic markers identified from these 62 patients. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified: g.-631C > G and g.-196G>A at 5'-promoter region, and g.69G>A at exon 1. Besides, no other mutations were identified in these patients. The g.69G>A polymorphism does not alter the amino acid threonine at codon 23 (ACG>ACA). Further case-control association studies also did not find significant differences of genotype or allele frequency distributions of these three polymorphisms between 163 patients and 151 non-psychotic comparison individuals. Hence, our data are not in favor of a large effect of synapsin III gene in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ta Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University Medical School, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|