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Kang S, Lee JM, Jeon B, Elkamhawy A, Paik S, Hong J, Oh SJ, Paek SH, Lee CJ, Hassan AHE, Kang SS, Roh EJ. Repositioning of the antipsychotic trifluoperazine: Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico study of trifluoperazine analogs as anti-glioblastoma agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:186-198. [PMID: 29614416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Repositioning of the antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine for treatment of glioblastoma, an aggressive brain tumor, has been previously suggested. However, trifluoperazine did not increase the survival time in mice models of glioblastoma. In attempt to identify an effective trifluoperazine analog, fourteen compounds have been synthesized and biologically in vitro and in vivo assessed. Using MTT assay, compounds 3dc and 3dd elicited 4-5 times more potent inhibitory activity than trifluoperazine with IC50 = 2.3 and 2.2 μM against U87MG glioblastoma cells, as well as, IC50 = 2.2 and 2.1 μM against GBL28 human glioblastoma patient derived primary cells, respectively. Furthermore, they have shown a reasonable selectivity for glioblastoma cells over NSC normal neural cell. In vivo evaluation of analog 3dc confirmed its advantageous effect on reduction of tumor size and increasing the survival time in brain xenograft mouse model of glioblastoma. Molecular modeling simulation provided a reasonable explanation for the observed variation in the capability of the synthesized analogs to increase the intracellular Ca2+ levels. In summary, this study presents compound 3dc as a proposed new tool for the adjuvant chemotherapy of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokmin Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Moo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Borami Jeon
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Sora Paik
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed H E Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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AlDala'een NFD, Mohamad WNKW, Alias N, Ali AM, Shaikh Mohammed J. Bioinspired dynamic microcapsules. SOFT MATTER 2017; 14:124-131. [PMID: 29215674 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01682d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in bioinspired dynamic materials. Abundant illustrations of protein domains exist in nature, with remarkable ligand binding characteristics and structures that undergo conformational changes. For example, calmodulin (CaM) can have three conformational states, which are the unstructured Apo-state, Ca2+-bound ligand-exposed binding state, and compact ligand-bound state. CaM's mechanical response to biological cues is highly suitable for engineering dynamic materials. The distance between CaM globular terminals in the Ca2+-bound state is 5 nm and in the ligand-bound state is 1.5 nm. CaM's nanoscale conformational changes have been used to develop dynamic hydrogel microspheres that undergo reversible volume changes. The current work presents the fabrication and preliminary results of layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled Dynamic MicroCapsules (DynaMicCaps) whose multilayered shell walls are composed of polyelectrolytes and CaM. Quasi-dynamic perfusion results show that the DynaMicCaps undergo drastic volume changes, with up to ∼1500% increase, when exposed to a biochemical ligand trifluoperazine (TFP) at pH 6.3. Under similar test conditions, microcapsules without CaM also underwent volume changes, with only up to ∼290% increase, indicating that CaM's bio-responsiveness was retained within the shell walls of the DynaMicCaps. Furthermore, DynaMicCaps exposed to 0.1 M NaOH underwent volume changes, with only up to ∼580% volume increase. Therefore, DynaMicCaps represent a new class of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) capsules that can potentially be used to release their payload at near physiological pH. With over 200 proteins that undergo marked, well-characterized conformational changes in response to specific biochemical triggers, several other versions of DynaMicCaps can potentially be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F D AlDala'een
- Faculty of Innovative Design & Technology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Kövesi I, Menyhárd DK, Laberge M, Fidy J. Interaction of antagonists with calmodulin: insights from molecular dynamics simulations. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3081-93. [PMID: 18459732 DOI: 10.1021/jm701406e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We report results of 12 ns, all-atom molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) and Poisson-Boltzmann free energy calculations (PBFE) on calmodulin (CaM) bound to two molecules of trifluoperazine (TFP) and of N-(3,3, diphenylpropyl)- N'-[1- R-(3,4-bis-butoxyphenyl)-ethyl]-propylenediamine (DPD). X-ray data show very similar structures for the two complexes, yet the antagonists significantly differ with respect to their CaM binding affinities, the neutral DPD is much more potent. The goal of the study was to unravel the reason why TFP is less potent although its positive charge should facilitate binding. The electrostatic energy terms in CHARMM and binding free energy terms of the PBFE approach showed TFP a better antagonist, while inspection of hydrophobic contacts supports DPD binding. Detailed inspection of the amino acid contributions of PBFE calculations unravel that steric reasons oppose the favorable binding of TFP. Structural conditions are given for a successful drug design strategy, which may benefit also from charge-charge interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Kövesi
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology and Research Group for Membrane Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Broniec A, Gjerde AU, Ølmheim AB, Holmsen H. Trifluoperazine causes a disturbance in glycerophospholipid monolayers containing phosphatidylserine (PS): effects of pH, acyl unsaturation, and proportion of PS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:694-9. [PMID: 17209622 DOI: 10.1021/la061628b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the interaction of trifluoperazine (TFP) with monolayers of various glycerophospholipids at 37 degrees C. TFP (1-10 microM) had little effect on surface pressure/molecular area isotherms in monolayers (on pure water) of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine but greatly increased the mean molecular area (mma) of dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine; the increment was greatest between 0 and 1 microM, and a further increase to 10 microM TFP gave only a slight increase in mma. With phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing stearoyl and varying acyls in the sn-1 and -2 positions, respectively, TFP increased the mma in a manner that depended on the number of double bonds and chain length. In mixtures of DPPC with two of these PS species the TFP-induced mma of the monolayers (on buffer, pH 7.4) increased linearly with the proportion of PS. Both PS and TFP have ionizable groups, and the TFP-induced mma increase had optima at pH 5.0 and 7.0. We conclude that the TFP-PS interaction is mainly, but not entirely, driven by electrostatic interactions between the TFP cation and PS headgroup anion, with an insertion of the phenothiazine moiety among the acyls in the monolayer that depends on the packing of the acyls.
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Ganoth A, Nachliel E, Friedman R, Gutman M. Molecular dynamics study of a calmodulin-like protein with an IQ peptide: spontaneous refolding of the protein around the peptide. Proteins 2006; 64:133-46. [PMID: 16568447 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Calmodulin (CaM) is a small (16.7 kDa), highly acidic protein that is crucial to all eukaryotes by serving as a prototypical calcium sensor. In the present study, we investigated, through molecular dynamics simulations, the dynamics of a complex between the Mlc1p protein, which is a CaM-like protein, and the IQ4 peptide. This protein-peptide interaction is of high importance because IQ motifs are widely distributed among different kinds of CaM-binding proteins. The Mlc1p-IQ4 complex, which had been resolved by crystallography to 2.1 A, confers to a Ca(+2)-independent stable structure. During the simulations, the complex undergoes a complicated modulation process, which involves bending of the angles between the alpha-helices of the protein, breaking of the alpha-helical structure of the IQ4 peptide into two sections, and formation of new contact points between the protein and the peptide. The dynamics of the process consist of fast sub picosecond events and much slower ones that take a few nanoseconds to completion. Our study expands the information embedded in the crystal structure of the Mlc1p-IQ4 complex by describing its dynamic behavior as it evolves from the crystal structure to a form stable in solution. The article shows that careful application of molecular dynamics simulations can be used for extending the structural information presented by the crystal structure, thereby revealing the dynamic configuration of the protein in its physiological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Ganoth
- Laser Laboratory for Fast Reactions in Biology, Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Valverde RHF, Tortelote GG, Lemos T, Mintz E, Vieyra A. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is an essential mediator in the coordinated regulation of electrocyte Ca2+-ATPase by calmodulin and protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:30611-8. [PMID: 15987689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501880200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate (a) whether Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) participates in the regulation of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase and (b) its possible cross-talk with other kinase-mediated modulatory pathways of the pump. Using isolated innervated membranes of the electrocytes from Electrophorus electricus L., we found that stimulation of endogenous protein kinase A (PKA) strongly phosphorylated membrane-bound CaM kinase II with simultaneous substantial activation of the Ca2+ pump (approximately 2-fold). The addition of cAMP (5-50 pM), forskolin (10 nM), or cholera toxin (10 or 100 nM) stimulated both CaM kinase II phosphorylation and Ca2+-ATPase activity, whereas these activation processes were cancelled by an inhibitor of the PKA alpha-catalytic subunit. When CaM kinase II was blocked by its specific inhibitor KN-93, the Ca2+-ATPase activity decreased to the levels measured in the absence of calmodulin; the unusually high Ca2+ affinity dropped 2-fold; and the PKA-mediated stimulation of Ca2+-ATPase was no longer seen. Hydroxylamine-resistant phosphorylation of the Ca2+-ATPase strongly increased when the PKA pathway was activated, and this phosphorylation was suppressed by inhibition of CaM kinase II. We conclude that CaM kinase II is an intermediate in a complex regulatory network of the electrocyte Ca2+ pump, which also involves calmodulin and PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael H F Valverde
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
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Turjanski AG, Estrin DA, Rosenstein RE, McCormick JE, Martin SR, Pastore A, Biekofsky RR, Martorana V. NMR and molecular dynamics studies of the interaction of melatonin with calmodulin. Protein Sci 2005; 13:2925-38. [PMID: 15498938 PMCID: PMC2286588 DOI: 10.1110/ps.04611404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pineal hormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is thought to modulate the calcium/calmodulin signaling pathway either by changing intracellular Ca(2+) concentration via activation of its G-protein-coupled membrane receptors, or through a direct interaction with calmodulin (CaM). The present work studies the direct interaction of melatonin with intact calcium-saturated CaM both experimentally, by fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and theoretically, by molecular dynamics simulations. The analysis of the experimental data shows that the interaction is calcium-dependent. The affinity, as obtained from monitoring (15)N and (1)H chemical shift changes for a melatonin titration, is weak (in the millimolar range) and comparable for the N- and C-terminal domains. Partial replacement of diamagnetic Ca(2+) by paramagnetic Tb(3+) allowed the measurement of interdomain NMR pseudocontact shifts and residual dipolar couplings, indicating that each domain movement in the complex is not correlated with the other one. Molecular dynamics simulations allow us to follow the dynamics of melatonin in the binding pocket of CaM. Overall, this study provides an example of how a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches can shed light on a weakly interacting system of biological and pharmacological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián G Turjanski
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Goto K, Toyama A, Takeuchi H, Takayama K, Saito T, Iwamoto M, Yeh JZ, Narahashi T. Ca2+binding sites in calmodulin and troponin C alter interhelical angle movements. FEBS Lett 2004; 561:51-7. [PMID: 15013750 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Revised: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics analyses were performed to examine conformational changes in the C-domain of calmodulin and the N-domain of troponin C induced by binding of Ca(2+) ions. Analyses of conformational changes in calmodulin and troponin C indicated that the shortening of the distance between Ca(2+) ions and Ca(2+) binding sites of helices caused widening of the distance between Ca(2+) binding sites of helices on opposite sides, while the hydrophobic side chains in the center of helices hardly moved due to their steric hindrance. This conformational change acts as the clothespin mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Goto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
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Komeiji Y, Ueno Y, Uebayasi M. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed Ca(2+)-dependent conformational change of Calmodulin. FEBS Lett 2002; 521:133-9. [PMID: 12067741 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to simulate Ca(2+)-dependent conformational change of calmodulin (CaM). Simulations of the fully Ca(2+)-bound form of CaM (Holo-CaM) and the Ca(2+)-free form (Apo-CaM) were performed in solution for 4 ns starting from the X-ray crystal structure of Holo-CaM. A striking difference was observed between the trajectories of Holo-CaM and Apo-CaM: the central helix remained straight in the former but became largely bent in the latter. Also, the flexibility of Apo-CaM was higher than that of Holo-CaM. The results indicated that the bound Ca(2+) ions harden the structure of CaM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Komeiji
- IMCB/RICS, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Kim YK, Jang YY, Han ES, Lee CS. Depressant effect of ambroxol on stimulated functional responses and cell death in rat alveolar macrophages exposed to silica in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:629-37. [PMID: 11805226 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.2.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of ambroxol on free radical production, granule enzyme release, and cell death in silica-activated rat alveolar macrophages. The action of ambroxol was assayed by measuring changes in the activities of protein kinase C (PKC) and tyrosine kinase (PTK) and in the intracellular calcium level. Ambroxol attenuated the production of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide and the release of acid phosphatase and lysozyme in macrophages activated by silica. Staurosporine, genistein, EGTA, and trifluoperazine inhibited the silica-induced free radical production and granule enzyme release. Silica induced the increase in PKC and PTK activities and the elevation of intracellular calcium level in macrophages, which was decreased by ambroxol. Silica induced a cell death and increased the caspase-3 activity in macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Ambroxol decreased the silica-induced cell viability loss in macrophages. The results show that ambroxol decreases the stimulated responses and cell death in rat alveolar macrophages exposed to silica, which may be accomplished by inhibition of activation processes, protein kinases, and calcium transport. The inhibitory effect of ambroxol on silica-induced cell death appears to provide the protective effect on pulmonary tissues against the toxic action of silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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