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Fibrotic Scar in CNS Injuries: From the Cellular Origins of Fibroblasts to the Molecular Processes of Fibrotic Scar Formation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152371. [PMID: 35954214 PMCID: PMC9367779 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) trauma activates a persistent repair response that leads to fibrotic scar formation within the lesion. This scarring is similar to other organ fibrosis in many ways; however, the unique features of the CNS differentiate it from other organs. In this review, we discuss fibrotic scar formation in CNS trauma, including the cellular origins of fibroblasts, the mechanism of fibrotic scar formation following an injury, as well as the implication of the fibrotic scar in CNS tissue remodeling and regeneration. While discussing the shared features of CNS fibrotic scar and fibrosis outside the CNS, we highlight their differences and discuss therapeutic targets that may enhance regeneration in the CNS.
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Nelson DW, Gilbert RJ. Extracellular Matrix-Mimetic Hydrogels for Treating Neural Tissue Injury: A Focus on Fibrin, Hyaluronic Acid, and Elastin-Like Polypeptide Hydrogels. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101329. [PMID: 34494398 PMCID: PMC8599642 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurological and functional recovery is limited following central nervous system injury and severe injury to the peripheral nervous system. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic hydrogels are of particular interest as regenerative scaffolds for the injured nervous system as they provide 3D bioactive interfaces that modulate cellular response to the injury environment and provide naturally degradable scaffolding for effective tissue remodeling. In this review, three unique ECM-mimetic hydrogels used in models of neural injury are reviewed: fibrin hydrogels, which rely on a naturally occurring enzymatic gelation, hyaluronic acid hydrogels, which require chemical modification prior to chemical crosslinking, and elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) hydrogels, which exhibit a temperature-sensitive gelation. The hydrogels are reviewed by summarizing their unique biological properties, their use as drug depots, and their combination with other biomaterials, such as electrospun fibers and nanoparticles. This review is the first to focus on these three ECM-mimetic hydrogels for their use in neural tissue engineering. Additionally, this is the first review to summarize the use of ELP hydrogels for nervous system applications. ECM-mimetic hydrogels have shown great promise in preclinical models of neural injury and future advancements in their design and use can likely lead to viable treatments for patients with neural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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Durán-Laforet V, Fernández-López D, García-Culebras A, González-Hijón J, Moraga A, Palma-Tortosa S, García-Yébenes I, Vega-Pérez A, Lizasoain I, Moro MÁ. Delayed Effects of Acute Reperfusion on Vascular Remodeling and Late-Phase Functional Recovery After Stroke. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:767. [PMID: 31396042 PMCID: PMC6664024 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue perfusion is a necessary condition for vessel survival that can be compromised under ischemic conditions. Following stroke, delayed effects of early brain reperfusion on the vascular substrate necessary for remodeling, perfusion and maintenance of proper peri-lesional hemodynamics are unknown. Such aspects of ischemic injury progression may be critical for neurological recovery in stroke patients. This study aims to describe the impact of early, non-thrombolytic reperfusion on the vascular brain component and its potential contribution to tissue remodeling and long-term functional recovery beyond the acute phase after stroke in 3-month-old male C57bl/6 mice. Permanent (pMCAO) and transient (60 min, tMCAO) brain ischemia mouse models were used for characterizing the effect of early, non-thrombolytic reperfusion on the brain vasculature. Analysis of different vascular parameters (vessel density, proliferation, degeneration and perfusion) revealed that, while early middle cerebral artery recanalization was not sufficient to prevent sub-acute vascular degeneration within the ischemic brain regions, brain reperfusion promoted a secondary wave of vascular remodeling in the peri-lesional regions, which led to improved perfusion of the ischemic boundaries and late-phase neurological recovery. This study concluded that acute, non-thrombolytic artery recanalization following stroke favors late-phase vascular remodeling and improves peri-lesional perfusion, contributing to secondary functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Durán-Laforet
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fernández-López
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Culebras
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan González-Hijón
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Moraga
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Palma-Tortosa
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac García-Yébenes
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Vega-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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Kanekiyo K, Nakano N, Noda T, Yamada Y, Suzuki Y, Ohta M, Yokota A, Fukushima M, Ide C. Transplantation of choroid plexus epithelial cells into contusion-injured spinal cord of rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:347-66. [PMID: 26923614 PMCID: PMC4927912 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The effect of the transplantation of choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) on locomotor improvement and tissue repair including axonal extension in spinal cord lesions was examined in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: CPECs were cultured from the choroid plexus of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic rats, and transplanted directly into the contusion-injured spinal cord lesions of rats of the same strain. Locomotor behaviors were evaluated based on BBB scores every week after transplantation until 4 weeks after transplantation. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed at 2 days, and every week until 5 weeks after transplantation. Results: Locomotor behaviors evaluated by the BBB score were significantly improved in cell-transplanted rats. Numerous axons grew, with occasional interactions with CPECs, through the astrocyte-devoid areas. These axons exhibited structural characteristics of peripheral nerves. GAP-43-positive axons were found at the border of the lesion 2 days after transplantation. Cavity formation was more reduced in cell-transplanted than control spinal cords. CPECs were found within the spinal cord lesion, and sometimes in association with astrocytes at the border of the lesion until 2 weeks after transplantation. Conclusion: The transplantation of CPECs enhanced locomotor improvement and tissue recovery, including axonal regeneration, in rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kanekiyo
- Institute of Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Aino University School of Health Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiko Nakano
- Institute of Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Aino University School of Health Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Noda
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aino University School of Health Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aino University School of Health Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suzuki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tazuke Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ohta
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tazuke Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aino Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Fukushima
- Translational Research Informatics Center, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chizuka Ide
- Institute of Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Aino University School of Health Science, Osaka, Japan
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Kanekiyo K, Nakano N, Homma T, Yamada Y, Tamachi M, Suzuki Y, Fukushima M, Saito F, Ide C. Effects of Multiple Injection of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells on Spinal Cord Injury of Rats. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:3003-3011. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kanekiyo
- The Central Biomedical Laboratory, Aino University School of Health Science, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiko Nakano
- The Central Biomedical Laboratory, Aino University School of Health Science, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamami Homma
- The Central Biomedical Laboratory, Aino University School of Health Science, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aino University School of Health Science, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tamachi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aino University School of Health Science, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suzuki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tazuke Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Fukushima
- Translational Research Informatics Center, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan
| | - Fukuki Saito
- Emergency and Clinical Care Center, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chizuka Ide
- The Central Biomedical Laboratory, Aino University School of Health Science, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
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Blits B, Boer GJ, Verhaagen J. Pharmacological, Cell, and Gene Therapy Strategies to Promote Spinal Cord Regeneration. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000002783985521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, recent studies using pharmacological treatment, cell transplantation, and gene therapy to promote regeneration of the injured spinal cord in animal models will be summarized. Pharmacological and cell transplantation treatments generally revealed some degree of effect on the regeneration of the injured ascending and descending tracts, but further improvements to achieve a more significant functional recovery are necessary. The use of gene therapy to promote repair of the injured nervous system is a relatively new concept. It is based on the development of methods for delivering therapeutic genes to neurons, glia cells, or nonneural cells. Direct in vivo gene transfer or gene transfer in combination with (neuro)transplantation (ex vivo gene transfer) appeared powerful strategies to promote neuronal survival and axonal regrowth following traumatic injury to the central nervous system. Recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth have enabled the design of experiments aimed at viral vector-mediated transfer of genes encoding neurotrophic factors, growth-associated proteins, cell adhesion molecules, and antiapoptotic genes. Central to the success of these approaches was the development of efficient, nontoxic vectors for gene delivery and the acquirement of the appropriate (genetically modified) cells for neurotransplantation. Direct gene transfer in the nervous system was first achieved with herpes viral and E1-deleted adenoviral vectors. Both vector systems are problematic in that these vectors elicit immunogenic and cytotoxic responses. Adeno-associated viral vectors and lentiviral vectors constitute improved gene delivery systems and are beginning to be applied in neuroregeneration research of the spinal cord. Ex vivo approaches were initially based on the implantation of genetically modified fibroblasts. More recently, transduced Schwann cells, genetically modified pieces of peripheral nerve, and olfactory ensheathing glia have been used as implants into the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Blits
- Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam-ZO, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. Boer
- Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam-ZO, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam-ZO, The Netherlands
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7
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Sarath Babu N, Krishnan S, Brahmendra Swamy CV, Venkata Subbaiah GP, Gurava Reddy AV, Idris MM. Quantitative proteomic analysis of normal and degenerated human intervertebral disc. Spine J 2016; 16:989-1000. [PMID: 27125197 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is the most common disease of aging in humans. DDD is characterized by the gradual damage of the intervertebral discs. The disease is characterized by progressive dehydration of nucleus pulposus and disruption of annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc. PURPOSE Even though it is highly prevalent, there is no effective therapy to regenerate the degenerated disc, or decrease or halt the disease progression. Therefore, novel monitoring and diagnostic tests are essential to develop an alternative therapeutic strategies which can prevent further progression of disc degeneration. STUDY DESIGN The study was designed to understand the proteome map of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus tissues of intervertebral disc and its differential expression in patients with DDD. METHODS The proteome map of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus tissues of intervertebral disc was cataloged involving one-dimensional gel electrophoresis-Fourier transform mass spectrometry/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (FTMS/ITMSMS) analysis. The altered proteome patterns of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus tissues for DDD were identified using Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics coupled with FTMS/ITMSMS and network pathway analysis. RESULTS The study identified a total of 759 and 692 proteins from the annulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus tissues of the disc based on FTMS/ITMSMS analysis, which includes 118 proteins commonly identified between the two tissues. Vibrant changes were observed between the normal and the degenerating annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus tissues. A total of 73 and 54 proteins were identified as differentially regulated in the annulus and the nucleus tissues, respectively, between the normal and the degenerated tissues independently. Network pathway analysis mapped the differentially expressed proteins to cell adhesion, cell migration, and interleukin13 signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, the current study provides a novel vision in the biomechanism of human disc degeneration and a certain number of proteins with the potential biomarker value for the preliminary diagnosis and scenario of DDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Goli P Venkata Subbaiah
- Sunshine Hospitals, SMART (Sunshine Medical Academy For Research and Training), Penderghast Rd, Secunderabad, 500003, India
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Hsiao TW, Tresco PA, Hlady V. Astrocytes alignment and reactivity on collagen hydrogels patterned with ECM proteins. Biomaterials 2014; 39:124-30. [PMID: 25477179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To modulate the surface properties of collagen and subsequent cell-surface interactions, a method was developed to transfer protein patterns from glass coverslips to collagen type I hydrogel surfaces. Two proteins and one proteoglycan found in central nervous system extracellular matrix as well as fibrinogen were patterned in stripes onto collagen hydrogel and astrocytes were cultured on these surfaces. The addition of the stripe protein patterns to hydrogels created astrocyte layers in which cells were aligned with underlying patterns and had reduced chondroitin sulfate expression compared to the cells grown on collagen alone. Protein patterns were covalently cross-linked to the collagen and stable over four days in culture with no visible cellular modifications. The present method can be adapted to transfer other types of protein patterns from glass coverslips to collagen hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W Hsiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Patrick A Tresco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vladimir Hlady
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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9
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Nakano N, Nakai Y, Seo TB, Homma T, Yamada Y, Ohta M, Suzuki Y, Nakatani T, Fukushima M, Hayashibe M, Ide C. Effects of bone marrow stromal cell transplantation through CSF on the subacute and chronic spinal cord injury in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73494. [PMID: 24039961 PMCID: PMC3770680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the infusion of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has beneficial effects on acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. The present study examined whether BMSC infusion into the CSF is effective for subacute (1- and 2-week post-injury), and/or chronic (4-week post-injury) SCI in rats. The spinal cord was contused by dropping a weight at the thoracic 8-9 levels. BMSCs cultured from GFP-transgenic rats of the same strain were injected three times (once weekly) into the CSF through the fourth ventricle, beginning at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-injury. At 4 weeks after initial injection, the average BBB score for locomotor assessment increased from 1.0–3.5 points before injection to 9.0-10.9 points in the BMSC-injection subgroups, while, in the PBS (vehicle)-injection subgroups, it increased only from 0.5–4.0 points before injection to 3.0-5.1 points. Numerous axons associated with Schwann cells extended longitudinally through the connective tissue matrices in the astrocyte-devoid lesion without being blocked at either the rostral or the caudal borders in the BMSC-injection subgroups. A small number of BMSCs were found to survive within the spinal cord lesion in SCI of the 1-week post-injury at 2 days of injection, but none at 7 days. No BMSCs were found in the spinal cord lesion at 2 days or at 7 days in the SCI of the 2-week and the 4-week post-injury groups. In an in vitro experiment, BMSC-injected CSF promoted the survival and the neurite extension of cultured neurons more effectively than did the PBS-injected CSF. These results indicate that BMSCs had beneficial effects on locomotor improvement as well as on axonal regeneration in both subacute and chronic SCI rats, and the results also suggest that BMSCs might function as neurotrophic sources via the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Nakano
- Institute of Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Aino University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Nakai
- Institute of Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Aino University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tae-Beom Seo
- Institute of Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Aino University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamami Homma
- Institute of Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Aino University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aino University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ohta
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tazuke Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suzuki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tazuke Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakatani
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Fukushima
- Translational Research Informatics Center, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Miki Hayashibe
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Aino University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chizuka Ide
- Institute of Regeneration and Rehabilitation, Aino University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Aino University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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10
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Joosten EAJ. Biodegradable biomatrices and bridging the injured spinal cord: the corticospinal tract as a proof of principle. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:375-95. [PMID: 22411698 PMCID: PMC3375422 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Important advances in the development of smart biodegradable implants for axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury have recently been reported. These advances are evaluated in this review with special emphasis on the regeneration of the corticospinal tract. The corticospinal tract is often considered the ultimate challenge in demonstrating whether a repair strategy has been successful in the regeneration of the injured mammalian spinal cord. The extensive know-how of factors and cells involved in the development of the corticospinal tract, and the advances made in material science and tissue engineering technology, have provided the foundations for the optimization of the biomatrices needed for repair. Based on the findings summarized in this review, the future development of smart biodegradable bridges for CST regrowth and regeneration in the injured spinal cord is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elbert A J Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management and Research Center, Maastricht University Medical Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Okada M, Miyamoto O, Shibuya S, Zhang X, Yamamoto T, Itano T. Expression and role of type I collagen in a rat spinal cord contusion injury model. Neurosci Res 2007; 58:371-7. [PMID: 17669534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To verify the expression of type I collagen after SCI and discuss its role and cellular origin, a standardized animal model of contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) was analyzed. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injured at T11/12 and sacrificed at 1, 4 and 8 weeks after injury. The spinal cord was removed en block for both Western blotting and RT-PCR in order to verify expression of type I collagen. For immunohistological examination, those sections were stained with anti-type I collagen, RECA-1 and anti-rat prolyl-4-hydroxylase. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-type I collagen and RECA-1. Those sections were examined with an electron microscope. Western blots for type I collagen were positive, as was the gene expression of type I collagen mRNA. Type I collagen after SCI was observed around blood vessels in the ventral white matter of the spinal cord 4 weeks after injury in double-labeling immunohistological examination and electron microscopic images. Immunohistochemical expression of fibroblast was increased 4 weeks after injury. This study revealed the post-SCI expression of type I collagen around blood vessels. Type I collagen may play a role in angiogenesis after SCI. Fibroblasts may produce type I collagen in rat spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Okada
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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12
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Abstract
The implantation of exogenous cells or tissues has been a popular and successful strategy to overcome physical discontinuity and support axon growth in experimental models of spinal cord injury (SCI). Cellular therapies exhibit a multifarious potential for SCI restoration, providing not only a supportive substrate upon which axons can traverse the injury site, but also reducing progressive tissue damage and scarring, facilitating remyelination repair, and acting as a source for replacing and re-establishing lost neural tissue and its circuitry. The past two decades of research into cell therapies for SCI repair have seen the progressive evolution from whole tissue strategies, such as peripheral nerve grafts, to the use of specific, purified cell types from a diverse range of sources and, recently, to the employment of stem or neural precursor cell populations that have the potential to form a full complement of neural cell types. Although the progression of cell therapies from laboratory to clinical implementation has been slow, human SCI safety and efficacy trials involving several cell types within the US appear to be close at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien D Pearse
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Lois Pope Life Center, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R-48), Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Abstract
The fibrous scar that develops after central nervous system (CNS) injury is considered a major impediment for axonal regeneration. It consists of a dense collagen IV meshwork, which serves as a binding matrix for numerous other extracellular matrix components and inhibitory molecules like proteoglycans and semaphorins, but also growth-promoting factors. Inhibition of collagen matrix formation in brain and spinal cord lesions leads to axonal regeneration and functional recovery, although collagen IV per se is not inhibitory for axonal outgrowth. This review focuses on the molecular properties of the collagen IV matrix and its interactions with various molecules that are expressed after CNS lesion. Moreover, studies on collagen expression and matrix formation after injury of regenerating versus non-regenerating nervous systems are reviewed. Major differences in collagen deposition in the CNS and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and differences in specific cell responses to extracellular matrix deposition in the lesion area are discussed. Therapeutic treatments aiming at suppression of fibrous scarring have been shown to promote axon regeneration in various lesion paradigms of the mammalian CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Klapka
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Regeneration and Repair. Dev Neurobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-28117-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Iseda T, Nishio T, Kawaguchi S, Kawasaki T, Wakisaka S. Spontaneous regeneration of the corticospinal tract after transection in young rats: collagen type IV deposition and astrocytic scar in the lesion site are not the cause but the effect of failure of regeneration. J Comp Neurol 2003; 464:343-55. [PMID: 12900928 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In young rats the corticospinal tract regenerated after a single transection of the spinal cord with a sharp blade, but regeneration failed if the transection was repeated to make a more traumatic injury. To identify cells and associated molecules that promote or impede regeneration, we compared expression of collagen type IV, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vimentin immunoreactivity (IR) at the lesion sites in combination with anterograde axonal tracing between animals with two types of transection. Axonal regeneration occurred as early as 18 hours after transection; regenerating axons penetrated vessel-like structures with collagen type IV-IR at the lesion site, while reactive astrocytes coexpressing GFAP- and vimentin-IR appeared in the lesioned white matter. In contrast, when regeneration failed astrocytes were absent near the lesion. By 7 days sheet-like structures with collagen type IV-IR and astrocytic scar appeared in the lesioned white matter and persisted until the end of the observation period (31 days). On the basis of their spatiotemporal appearance, collagen type IV-IR sheet-like structures and the astrocytic scar follow, rather than cause, the failure of regeneration. The major sign, and perhaps cause, of failure of axonal regeneration is likely the prolonged disappearance of astrocytes around the lesion site in the early postinjury period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Iseda
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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The critical role of basement membrane-independent laminin gamma 1 chain during axon regeneration in the CNS. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 11943817 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-08-03144.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have addressed the question of whether a family of axon growth-promoting molecules known as the laminins may play a role during axon regeneration in the CNS. A narrow sickle-shaped region containing a basal lamina-independent form of laminin exists in and around the cell bodies and proximal portion of the apical dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons of the postnatal hippocampus. To understand the possible function of laminin in axon regeneration within this pathway, we have manipulated laminin synthesis at the mRNA level in a slice culture model of the lesioned mossy system. In this model early postnatal mossy fibers severed near the hilus can regenerate across the lesion and elongate rapidly within strata lucidum and pyramidale. In slice cultures of the postnatal day 4 hippocampus, 2 d before lesion and then continuing for 1-5 d after lesion, translation of the gamma1 chain product of laminin was reduced by using antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides and DNA enzymes. In the setting of the lesioned organotypic hippocampal slice, astroglial repair of the lesion and overall glial patterning were unperturbed by the antisense or DNA enzyme treatments. However, unlike controls, in the treated, lesioned slices the vast majority of regenerating mossy fibers could not cross the lesion site; those that did were very much shorter than usual, and they took a meandering course. In a recovery experiment in which the DNA enzyme or antisense oligos were washed away, laminin immunoreactivity returned and mossy fiber regeneration resumed. These results demonstrate the critical role of laminin(s) in an axon regeneration model of the CNS.
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Condic ML, Lemons ML. Extracellular matrix in spinal cord regeneration: getting beyond attraction and inhibition. Neuroreport 2002; 13:A37-48. [PMID: 11930141 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200203040-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Condic
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, School of Medicine, 50 N. Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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