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Saunders NR, Noor NM, Dziegielewska KM, Wheaton BJ, Liddelow SA, Steer DL, Ek CJ, Habgood MD, Wakefield MJ, Lindsay H, Truettner J, Miller RD, Smith AI, Dietrich WD. Age-dependent transcriptome and proteome following transection of neonatal spinal cord of Monodelphis domestica (South American grey short-tailed opossum). PLoS One 2014; 9:e99080. [PMID: 24914927 PMCID: PMC4051688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes a combined transcriptome and proteome analysis of Monodelphis domestica response to spinal cord injury at two different postnatal ages. Previously we showed that complete transection at postnatal day 7 (P7) is followed by profuse axon growth across the lesion with near-normal locomotion and swimming when adult. In contrast, at P28 there is no axon growth across the lesion, the animals exhibit weight-bearing locomotion, but cannot use hind limbs when swimming. Here we examined changes in gene and protein expression in the segment of spinal cord rostral to the lesion at 24 h after transection at P7 and at P28. Following injury at P7 only forty genes changed (all increased expression); most were immune/inflammatory genes. Following injury at P28 many more genes changed their expression and the magnitude of change for some genes was strikingly greater. Again many were associated with the immune/inflammation response. In functional groups known to be inhibitory to regeneration in adult cords the expression changes were generally muted, in some cases opposite to that required to account for neurite inhibition. For example myelin basic protein expression was reduced following injury at P28 both at the gene and protein levels. Only four genes from families with extracellular matrix functions thought to influence neurite outgrowth in adult injured cords showed substantial changes in expression following injury at P28: Olfactomedin 4 (Olfm4, 480 fold compared to controls), matrix metallopeptidase (Mmp1, 104 fold), papilin (Papln, 152 fold) and integrin α4 (Itga4, 57 fold). These data provide a resource for investigation of a priori hypotheses in future studies of mechanisms of spinal cord regeneration in immature animals compared to lack of regeneration at more mature stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R. Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Natassya M. Noor
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin J. Wheaton
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane A. Liddelow
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Steer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - C. Joakim Ek
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mark D. Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Wakefield
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Lindsay
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessie Truettner
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Miller
- Center for Evolutionary & Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - A. Ian Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - W. Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Grimpe B. Deoxyribozymes and bioinformatics: complementary tools to investigate axon regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 349:181-200. [PMID: 22190188 PMCID: PMC7087747 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For over 100 years, scientists have tried to understand the mechanisms that lead to the axonal growth seen during development or the lack thereof during regeneration failure after spinal cord injury (SCI). Deoxyribozyme technology as a potential therapeutic to treat SCIs or other insults to the brain, combined with a bioinformatics approach to comprehend the complex protein-protein interactions that occur after such trauma, is the focus of this review. The reader will be provided with information on the selection process of deoxyribozymes and their catalytic sequences, on the mechanism of target digestion, on modifications, on cellular uptake and on therapeutic applications and deoxyribozymes are compared with ribozymes, siRNAs and antisense technology. This gives the reader the necessary knowledge to decide which technology is adequate for the problem at hand and to design a relevant agent. Bioinformatics helps to identify not only key players in the complex processes that occur after SCI but also novel or less-well investigated molecules against which new knockdown agents can be generated. These two tools used synergistically should facilitate the pursuit of a treatment for insults to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Grimpe
- Applied Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Noor NM, Steer DL, Wheaton BJ, Ek CJ, Truettner JS, Dietrich WD, Dziegielewska KM, Richardson SJ, Smith AI, VandeBerg JL, Saunders NR. Age-dependent changes in the proteome following complete spinal cord transection in a postnatal South American opossum (Monodelphis domestica). PLoS One 2011; 6:e27465. [PMID: 22110655 PMCID: PMC3217969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery from severe spinal injury in adults is limited, compared to immature animals who demonstrate some capacity for repair. Using laboratory opossums (Monodelphis domestica), the aim was to compare proteomic responses to injury at two ages: one when there is axonal growth across the lesion and substantial behavioural recovery and one when no axonal growth occurs. Anaesthetized pups at postnatal day (P) 7 or P28 were subjected to complete transection of the spinal cord at thoracic level T10. Cords were collected 1 or 7 days after injury and from age-matched controls. Proteins were separated based on isoelectric point and subunit molecular weight; those whose expression levels changed following injury were identified by densitometry and analysed by mass spectrometry. Fifty-six unique proteins were identified as differentially regulated in response to spinal transection at both ages combined. More than 50% were cytoplasmic and 70% belonged to families of proteins with characteristic binding properties. Proteins were assigned to groups by biological function including regulation (40%), metabolism (26%), inflammation (19%) and structure (15%). More changes were detected at one than seven days after injury at both ages. Seven identified proteins: 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3 gamma, cofilin, alpha enolase, heart fatty acid binding protein (FABP3), brain fatty acid binding protein (FABP7) and ubiquitin demonstrated age-related differential expression and were analysed by qRT-PCR. Changes in mRNA levels for FABP3 at P7+1day and ubiquitin at P28+1day were statistically significant. Immunocytochemical staining showed differences in ubiquitin localization in younger compared to older cords and an increase in oligodendrocyte and neuroglia immunostaining following injury at P28. Western blot analysis supported proteomic results for ubiquitin and 14-3-3 proteins. Data obtained at the two ages demonstrated changes in response to injury, compared to controls, that were different for different functional protein classes. Some may provide targets for novel drug or gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natassya M. Noor
- Department of Pharmacology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L. Steer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Wheaton
- Department of Pharmacology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - C. Joakim Ek
- Department of Pharmacology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessie S. Truettner
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - W. Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Samantha J. Richardson
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - A. Ian Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John L. VandeBerg
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Norman R. Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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