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Singh RH, Cunningham AC, Mofidi S, Douglas TD, Frazier DM, Hook DG, Jeffers L, McCune H, Moseley KD, Ogata B, Pendyal S, Skrabal J, Splett PL, Stembridge A, Wessel A, Rohr F. Updated, web-based nutrition management guideline for PKU: An evidence and consensus based approach. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 118:72-83. [PMID: 27211276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2014, recommendations for the nutrition management of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency were published as a companion to the concurrently published American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guideline for the medical treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU). These were developed primarily from a summary of findings from the PKU scientific review conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality along with additional systematic literature review. Since that time, the Genetic Metabolic Dietitians International and the Southeast Regional Newborn Screening and Genetics Collaborative have partnered to create a web-based technology platform for the update and development of nutrition management guidelines for inherited metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this PKU guideline is to establish harmonization in treatment and monitoring, to guide the integration of nutrition therapy in the medical management of PKU, and to improve outcomes (nutritional, cognitive, and developmental) for individuals with PKU in all life stages while reducing associated medical, educational, and social costs. METHODS Six research questions critical to PKU nutrition management were formulated to support guideline development: Review, critical appraisal, and abstraction of peer-reviewed studies and unpublished practice literature, along with expert Delphi survey feedback, nominal group process, and external review from metabolic physicians and dietitians were utilized for development of recommendations relevant to each question. Recommendations address nutrient intake, including updated protein requirements, optimal blood phenylalanine concentrations, nutrition interventions, monitoring parameters specific to life stages, adjunct therapies, and pregnancy and lactation. Recommendations were graded using a rigorous system derived from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION These guidelines, updated utilizing a thorough and systematic approach to literature analysis and national consensus process, are now easily accessible to the global community via the newly developed digital platform. For additional details on specific topics, readers are encouraged to review materials on the online portal: https://GMDI.org/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani H Singh
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2165 North Decatur Road, Decatur, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA; Nutrition Health Sciences Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Amy C Cunningham
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Shideh Mofidi
- Inherited Metabolic Disease Center, Maria Fareri Childrens Hospital, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
| | - Teresa D Douglas
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2165 North Decatur Road, Decatur, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
| | - Dianne M Frazier
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 1100 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | - Laura Jeffers
- Cleveland Clinic, Center for Human Nutrition, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Helen McCune
- Pediatric Genetics and Metabolism, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA.
| | - Kathryn D Moseley
- Genetics Division, USC/Keck School of Medicine, 1801 Marengo St. Rm. 1G-24, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Beth Ogata
- University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, UW-CHDD, Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Surekha Pendyal
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 1100 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jill Skrabal
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Nebraska Medical Center/Children's Hospital and Medical Center, 981200 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. 68198-1200, USA.
| | - Patricia L Splett
- Evaluation Consultant Splett & Associates, LLC, 399 Badger Blvd W., Stanchfield, MN 55080, USA.
| | - Adrya Stembridge
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2165 North Decatur Road, Decatur, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
| | - Ann Wessel
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Frances Rohr
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylketonuria is an inherited metabolic disorder characterised by an absence or deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. The aim of treatment is to lower blood phenylalanine concentrations to the recommended therapeutic range to prevent developmental delay and support normal growth. Current treatment consists of a low-phenylalanine diet in combination with a protein substitute which is free from or low in phenylalanine. Guidance regarding the use, dosage, and distribution of dosage of the protein substitute over a 24-hour period is unclear, and there is variation in recommendations among treatment centres. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2005, and previously updated in 2008. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and adverse effects of protein substitute, its dosage, and distribution of dose in children and adults with phenylketonuria who are adhering to a low-phenylalanine diet. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register which consists of references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and hand searches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We also contacted manufacturers of the phenylalanine-free and low-phenylalanine protein substitutes for any data from published and unpublished randomised controlled trials.Date of the most recent search of the Group's Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register: 03 April 2014. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing: any dose of protein substitute with no protein substitute; an alternative dosage; or the same dose, but given as frequent small doses throughout the day compared with the same total daily dose given as larger boluses less frequently. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Both authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. MAIN RESULTS Three trials (69 participants) are included in this review. One trial investigated the use of protein substitute in 16 participants, while a further two trials investigated the dosage of protein substitute in a total of 53 participants. Due to issues with data presentation in each trial, described in full in the review, formal statistical analyses of the data were impossible. Investigators will be contacted for further information. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS No conclusions could be drawn about the short- or long-term use of protein substitute in phenylketonuria due to the lack of adequate or analysable trial data. Additional data and randomised controlled trials are needed to investigate the use of protein substitute in phenylketonuria. Until further evidence is available, current practice in the use of protein substitute should continue to be monitored with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah HL Yi
- Emory Genetics Metabolic Nutrition Program2165 N. Decatur RoadDecaturGeorgiaUSA30033
| | - Rani H Singh
- Emory University School of MedicineDepartment of Human Genetics2165 North Decatur RoadDecaturGeorgiaUSA30033
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Laclair CE, Ney DM, MacLeod EL, Etzel MR. Purification and use of glycomacropeptide for nutritional management of phenylketonuria. J Food Sci 2009; 74:E199-206. [PMID: 19490325 PMCID: PMC3632067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) cannot metabolize phenylalanine (Phe) and must adhere to a low-Phe diet in which most dietary protein is provided by a Phe-free amino acid formula. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is the only naturally occurring protein that does not contain Phe, and is of interest as a source of protein for dietary management of PKU. However, commercially available GMP contains too much Phe from residual whey proteins and does not contain adequate levels of all the indispensable amino acids to provide a nutritionally complete protein. The aim of this study was to increase purity of GMP and develop a mass balance calculation for indispensable amino acid supplementation of GMP foods. Cation exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration/diafiltration, and lyophilization were used at the pilot plant scale to decrease Phe. Enough purified GMP (5 kg) was manufactured to provide 15 PKU subjects with a 4-d diet in which the majority of protein was from GMP foods. A mass balance was used to supplement GMP foods so that all indispensable amino acids met or exceeded the daily recommended intake. GMP foods were tested in a human clinical trial as a replacement for the traditional amino acid formula. Nutritionally complete GMP foods created with high purity GMP provide individuals with PKU with more options to manage PKU, which may lead to improved compliance and quality of life.
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