1
|
|
2
|
Masai H, Terao J, Fujihara T, Tsuji Y. Rational Design for Rotaxane Synthesis through Intramolecular Slippage: Control of Activation Energy by Rigid Axle Length. Chemistry 2016; 22:6624-30. [PMID: 27027800 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new concept for rotaxane synthesis through intramolecular slippage using π-conjugated molecules as rigid axles linked with organic soluble and flexible permethylated α-cyclodextrins (PM α-CDs) as macrocycles. Through hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions and flipping of PM α-CDs, successful quantitative conversion into rotaxanes was achieved without covalent bond formation. The rotaxanes had high activation barrier for their de-threading, so that they were kinetically isolated and derivatized even under conditions unfavorable for maintaining the rotaxane structures. (1) H NMR spectroscopy experiments clearly revealed that the restricted motion of the linked macrocycle with the rigid axle made it possible to control the kinetic stability by adjusting the length of the rigid axle in the precursor structure rather than the steric bulkiness of the stopper unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Tetsuaki Fujihara
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tsuji
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Benson CR, Share AI, Marzo MG, Flood AH. Double Switching of Two Rings in Palindromic [3]Pseudorotaxanes: Cooperativity and Mechanism of Motion. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:3767-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Benson
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew I. Share
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Matthew G. Marzo
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yamashita Y, Mutoh Y, Yamasaki R, Kasama T, Saito S. Synthesis of [3]rotaxanes that utilize the catalytic activity of a macrocyclic phenanthroline-Cu Complex: remarkable effect of the length of the axle precursor. Chemistry 2014; 21:2139-45. [PMID: 25470127 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
[3]Rotaxanes, which consist of one macrocyclic phenanthroline compound and two axle components, were prepared by the oxidative dimerization of an alkyne compound with bulky tris[4'-cyclohexyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl]methyl blocking group. The catalytic activity of a macrocyclic phenanthroline-Cu complex was utilized to thread the two axle components inside the ring. The alkyne compound with chain of 15 or 20 methylene groups gave [3]rotaxanes in high yields, whereas the axle with a chain of six methylene groups afforded a [3]rotaxane in very poor yield. We also examined the effect of the ring size on the synthesis of [3]rotaxanes. [3]Rotaxanes were not isolated when a macrocyclic phenanthroline compound with a smaller ring size was used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategien und Taktiken für die metallgesteuerte Synthese von Rotaxanen, Knoten, Catenanen und Verschlingungen höherer Ordnung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
6
|
Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategies and tactics for the metal-directed synthesis of rotaxanes, knots, catenanes, and higher order links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9260-327. [PMID: 21928462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than a quarter of a century after the first metal template synthesis of a [2]catenane in Strasbourg, there now exists a plethora of strategies available for the construction of mechanically bonded and entwined molecular level structures. Catenanes, rotaxanes, knots and Borromean rings have all been successfully accessed by methods in which metal ions play a pivotal role. Originally metal ions were used solely for their coordination chemistry; acting either to gather and position the building blocks such that subsequent reactions generated the interlocked products or by being an integral part of the rings or "stoppers" of the interlocked assembly. Recently the role of the metal has evolved to encompass catalysis: the metal ions not only organize the building blocks in an entwined or threaded arrangement but also actively promote the reaction that covalently captures the interlocked structure. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that currently exist for forming mechanically bonded molecular structures with metal ions and details the tactics that the chemist can utilize for creating cross-over points, maximizing the yield of interlocked over non-interlocked products, and the reactions-of-choice for the covalent capture of threaded and entwined intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Riley JG, Xu C, Brockhausen I. Synthesis of acceptor substrate analogs for the study of glycosyltransferases involved in the second step of the biosynthesis of O-antigen repeating units. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:586-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
8
|
Arduini A, Bussolati R, Credi A, Pochini A, Secchi A, Silvi S, Venturi M. Rotaxanes with a calix[6]arene wheel and axles of different length. Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical and electrochemical properties. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Tokunaga Y, Ito T, Sugawara H, Nakata R. Dynamic covalent chemistry of a boronylammonium ion and a crown ether: formation of a C3-symmetric [4]rotaxane. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Suzaki Y, Taira T, Osakada K, Horie M. Rotaxanes and pseudorotaxanes with Fe-, Pd- and Pt-containing axles. Molecular motion in the solid state and aggregation in solution. Dalton Trans 2008:4823-33. [DOI: 10.1039/b804125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Collin JP, Heitz V, Bonnet S, Sauvage JP. Transition metal-complexed catenanes and rotaxanes in motion: Towards molecular machines. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Efficient chemoselective deprotection of silyl ethers using catalytic 1-chloroethyl chloroformate in methanol. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
[Structure: See text] In addition to a parent zinc(II) Borromean ring (BR) complex, the preparation and characterization of two hexasubstituted BR complexes with either 4-acetoxymethylphenyl or 4-methylthiophenyl substituents associated in turn with all six pyridyl rings has been achieved convergently in good yields by appealing to the dynamic features of the reactions between primary amino groups in a preformed acyclic ligand and 2,6-diformylpyridine. Two molecules of the acyclic ligands react with two molecules of 2,6-diformylpyridine to form a cyclic [2 + 2] tetraimine in the presence of Zn(II) ions as templates in 2-propanol at 70 degrees C. The successful preparation of the two derivatives by convergent template-directed syntheses opens up opportunities to self-assemble, under equilibrium control, numerous nanoscale metallo-organic particles with potentially useful properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Chichak
- California NanoSystems Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aricó F, Chang T, Cantrill SJ, Khan SI, Stoddart JF. Template-Directed Synthesis of Multiply Mechanically Interlocked Molecules Under Thermodynamic Control. Chemistry 2005; 11:4655-66. [PMID: 15887196 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The template-directed construction of crown-ether-like macrocycles around secondary dialkylammonium ions (R2NH2+) has been utilized for the expedient (one-pot) and high-yielding synthesis of a diverse range of mechanically interlocked molecules. The clipping together of appropriately designed dialdehyde and diamine compounds around R2NH2+-containing dumbbell-shaped components proceeds through the formation, under thermodynamic control, of imine bonds. The reversible nature of this particular reaction confers the benefits of "error-checking" and "proof-reading", which one usually associates with supramolecular chemistry and strict self-assembly processes, upon these wholly molecular systems. Furthermore, these dynamic covalent syntheses exploit the efficient templating effects that the R2NH2+ ions exert on the macrocyclization of the matched dialdehyde and diamine fragments, resulting not only in rapid rates of reaction, but also affording near-quantitative conversion of starting materials into the desired interlocked products. Once assembled, these "dynamic" interlocked compounds can be "fixed" upon reduction of the reversible imine bonds (by using BH3.THF) to give kinetically stable species, a procedure that can be performed in the same reaction vessel as the inital thermodynamically controlled assembly. Isolation and purification of the mechanically interlocked products formed by using this protocol is relatively facile, as no column chromatography is required. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of 1) a [2]rotaxane, 2) a [3]rotaxane, 3) a branched [4]rotaxane, 4) a bis [2]rotaxane, and 5) a novel cyclic [4]rotaxane, demonstrating, in incrementally more complex systems, the efficacy of this one-pot strategy for the construction of interlocked molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aricó
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1569, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Collin JP, Sauvage JP. Transition Metal-complexed Catenanes and Rotaxanes as Light-driven Molecular Machines Prototypes. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
16
|
Blight BA, Van Noortwyk KA, Wisner JA, Jennings MC. [2]Pseudorotaxanes through Second-Sphere Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
17
|
Blight BA, Van Noortwyk KA, Wisner JA, Jennings MC. [2]Pseudorotaxanes through Second-Sphere Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1499-504. [PMID: 15685671 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Blight
- University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Employing halogen atom labels on one of the ligand precursors, the lability of at least some of the 30 dative and 12 imine bonds stabilizing and constituting the three rings of a metallo-Borromean linked compound are scrambled in acidic methanolic solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Chichak
- California NanoSystems Institute and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rane SS, Mattice WL, Pugh C. Modification of statistical threading in two-component pseudorotaxane melts using the amphiphilic approach and variations in the confinement geometry. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:10299-306. [PMID: 15268055 DOI: 10.1063/1.1724818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we described a coarse-grained model of poly(ethylene oxide) and then employed that model to study the amount of spontaneous threading of cyclic molecules by linear chains in the melt [C. A. Helfer, G. Xu, W. L. Mattice, and C. Pugh, Macromolecules 36, 10071 (2003)]. Since the amount of statistical threading at equilibrium is small, there is interest in identifying physical changes in the system that will increase the threading. We now use that coarse-grained model to investigate the effect on threading of various hypothetical (but feasible) modifications to the two-component system of macrocycles and linear chains in the melt, and different confinement geometries, that can bring about correlations in the arrangement of the rings. Our work follows on the concept of an amphiphilic approach [C. Pugh, J.-Y. Bae, J. R. Scott, and C. L. Wilkins, Macromolecules 30, 8139 (1997)] for increasing the statistical threading in homopolyrotaxane melts. We investigate whether introducing such correlations in the macrocycles can increase the spontaneous threading. This paper shows that some of our modifications can yield more than double the amount of threading seen in purely statistical mixing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Rane
- Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3909, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Self-assembly of [2]rotaxane exploiting reversible Pt(II)- pyridine coordinate bonds. Molecules 2004; 9:278-86. [PMID: 18007431 DOI: 10.3390/90500278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A dinuclear self-assembled cationic macrocycle based on Pt(II)-N(pyridine) coordinative bonds and having competitive triflate anions, as metal counterions, is used in the construction of [2]rotaxane and [2]pseudorotaxane architectures assisted by hydrogen bonding. The kinetic lability of the Pt(II)-N(pyridine) coordinative bond controls the dynamics of the [2]rotaxane.
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
|
23
|
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry relates to chemical reactions carried out reversibly under conditions of equilibrium control. The reversible nature of the reactions introduces the prospects of "error checking" and "proof-reading" into synthetic processes where dynamic covalent chemistry operates. Since the formation of products occurs under thermodynamic control, product distributions depend only on the relative stabilities of the final products. In kinetically controlled reactions, however, it is the free energy differences between the transition states leading to the products that determines their relative proportions. Supramolecular chemistry has had a huge impact on synthesis at two levels: one is noncovalent synthesis, or strict self-assembly, and the other is supramolecular assistance to molecular synthesis, also referred to as self-assembly followed by covalent modification. Noncovalent synthesis has given us access to finite supermolecules and infinite supramolecular arrays. Supramolecular assistance to covalent synthesis has been exploited in the construction of more-complex systems, such as interlocked molecular compounds (for example, catenanes and rotaxanes) as well as container molecules (molecular capsules). The appealing prospect of also synthesizing these types of compounds with complex molecular architectures using reversible covalent bond forming chemistry has led to the development of dynamic covalent chemistry. Historically, dynamic covalent chemistry has played a central role in the development of conformational analysis by opening up the possibility to be able to equilibrate configurational isomers, sometimes with base (for example, esters) and sometimes with acid (for example, acetals). These stereochemical "balancing acts" revealed another major advantage that dynamic covalent chemistry offers the chemist, which is not so easily accessible in the kinetically controlled regime: the ability to re-adjust the product distribution of a reaction, even once the initial products have been formed, by changing the reaction's environment (for example, concentration, temperature, presence or absence of a template). This highly transparent, yet tremendously subtle, characteristic of dynamic covalent chemistry has led to key discoveries in polymer chemistry. In this review, some recent examples where dynamic covalent chemistry has been demonstrated are shown to emphasise the basic concepts of this area of science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Rowan
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mahoney JM, Shukla R, Marshall RA, Beatty AM, Zajicek J, Smith BD. Templated conversion of a crown ether-containing macrobicycle into [2]rotaxanes. J Org Chem 2002; 67:1436-40. [PMID: 11871870 DOI: 10.1021/jo0162787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A crown ether-containing macrobicycle was used as the wheel component in a templated synthesis of a [2]rotaxane with an acetal-containing axle. The molecular structures of the macrobicycle and the [2]rotaxane were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The chloride-binding ability of the macrobicycle, either free in solution or when it is part of a [2]rotaxane, is quite weak as determined by NMR titration experiments. A second analogous [2]rotaxane, with a longer axle, was synthesized, and its solvent-dependent co-conformation was characterized by 2D NMR spectroscopy. The position of the wheel along the axle can be controlled by the solvent polarity, however, attempts to use metal cations such as Na(+), K(+), Ba(2+), and Ag(+) to switch the wheel position in polar solvents were unsuccessful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|