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Zaera F. Designing Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Are We Reaching Selectivities Competitive With Those of Homogeneous Catalysts? Chem Rev 2022; 122:8594-8757. [PMID: 35240777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of different prominent nanotechnologies adapted to catalysis is provided, with focus on how they contribute to the improvement of selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. Ways to modify catalytic sites range from the use of the reversible or irreversible adsorption of molecular modifiers to the immobilization or tethering of homogeneous catalysts and the development of well-defined catalytic sites on solid surfaces. The latter covers methods for the dispersion of single-atom sites within solid supports as well as the use of complex nanostructures, and it includes the post-modification of materials via processes such as silylation and atomic layer deposition. All these methodologies exhibit both advantages and limitations, but all offer new avenues for the design of catalysts for specific applications. Because of the high cost of most nanotechnologies and the fact that the resulting materials may exhibit limited thermal or chemical stability, they may be best aimed at improving the selective synthesis of high value-added chemicals, to be incorporated in organic synthesis schemes, but other applications are being explored as well to address problems in energy production, for instance, and to design greener chemical processes. The details of each of these approaches are discussed, and representative examples are provided. We conclude with some general remarks on the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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2
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Boukhvalov DW, Paolucci V, D'Olimpio G, Cantalini C, Politano A. Chemical reactions on surfaces for applications in catalysis, gas sensing, adsorption-assisted desalination and Li-ion batteries: opportunities and challenges for surface science. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7541-7552. [PMID: 32926041 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of chemical processes on solid surfaces is a powerful tool to discover novel physicochemical concepts with direct implications for processes based on chemical reactions at surfaces, largely exploited by industry. Recent upgrades of experimental tools and computational capabilities, as well as the advent of two-dimensional materials, have opened new opportunities and challenges for surface science. In this Perspective, we highlight recent advances in application fields strictly connected to novel concepts emerging in surface science. Specifically, we show for selected case-study examples that surface oxidation can be unexpectedly beneficial for improving the efficiency in electrocatalysis (the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction) and photocatalysis, as well as in gas sensing. Moreover, we discuss the adsorption-assisted mechanism in membrane distillation for seawater desalination, as well as the use of surface-science tools in the study of Li-ion batteries. In all these applications, surface-science methodologies (both experimental and theoretical) have unveiled new physicochemical processes, whose efficiency can be further tuned by controlling surface phenomena, thus paving the way for a new era for the investigation of surfaces and interfaces of nanomaterials. In addition, we discuss the role of surface scientists in contemporary condensed matter physics, taking as case-study examples specific controversial debates concerning unexpected phenomena emerging in nanosheets of layered materials, solved by adopting a surface-science approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danil W Boukhvalov
- College of Science, Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
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Ivarsson DCA, Aviziotis IG, Keilhauer T, Armbrüster M. Fixed-bed reactor for catalytic studies on low-surface area materials. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:014101. [PMID: 30709161 DOI: 10.1063/1.5064713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Comparability of information gathered by different methods is vital to enhance knowledge in heterogeneous catalysis. A new type of flow-reactor has been developed which enables the comparison between the detailed information gained by surface science methods and industrial catalysis, thus contributing to bridge the pressure and material gaps. The design allows for catalytic investigations of compact, low-surface area materials at temperatures and pressures up to 500 °C and 10 bar, respectively. Catalytic measurements on pressed pills of Pd11Bi2Se2 in the semi-hydrogenation of acetylene and oriented single-crystalline slabs of InPd in methanol steam reforming are used as test cases for the reactor design. In the former, high-conversion of acetylene is demonstrated along with ensured inert sample transfer. In the latter, higher catalytic activity for the (110) surface is observed compared to the (100) and (111) surfaces. Most importantly, both test cases prove the viability of the reactor design, which opens new possibilities for studying different materials and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C A Ivarsson
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ioannis G Aviziotis
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Toni Keilhauer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Marc Armbrüster
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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4
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Dong Y, Zaera F. Kinetics of hydrogen adsorption during catalytic reactions on transition metal surfaces. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00216e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A study of the kinetics of the hydrogenation of ethylene promoted by hydrogen was performed by using a high-flux molecular beam in order to probe the intermediate pressure regime between the ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) used in surface-science experiments and the atmospheric conditions used in catalysis, the so-called “pressure gap”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujung Dong
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
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Dong Y, Ebrahimi M, Tillekaratne A, Simonovis JP, Zaera F. Hydrogenation vs. H–D isotope scrambling during the conversion of ethylene with hydrogen/deuterium catalyzed by platinum under single-collision conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19248-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04157d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic hydrogenation of ethylene promoted by platinum was studied under a unique regime representing pressures in the mTorr range and single-collision conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujung Dong
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Aashani Tillekaratne
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Juan Pablo Simonovis
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
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Abstract
A heterogeneous catalyst is a functional material that continually creates active sites with its reactants under reaction conditions. These sites change the rates of chemical reactions of the reactants localized on them without changing the thermodynamic equilibrium between the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schlögl
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin (Germany) http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de http://www.cec.mpg.de; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr (Germany).
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Bennett DA, Cargnello M, Gordon TR, Murray CB, Vohs JM. Thermal and photochemical reactions of methanol on nanocrystalline anatase TiO2thin films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17190-201. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02307f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Yin C, Zheng F, Lee S, Guo J, Wang WC, Kwon G, Vajda V, Wang HH, Lee B, DeBartolo J, Seifert S, Winans RE, Vajda S. Size- and support-dependent evolution of the oxidation state and structure by oxidation of subnanometer cobalt clusters. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8477-84. [PMID: 24922443 DOI: 10.1021/jp501817u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Size-selected subnanometer cobalt clusters with 4, 7, and 27 cobalt atoms supported on amorphous alumina and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) surfaces were oxidized after exposure to ambient air. Grazing incidence X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (GIXANES) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) were used to characterize the clusters revealed a strong dependency of the oxidation state and structure of the clusters on the surface. A dominant Co(2+) phase was identified in all samples. However, XANES analysis of cobalt clusters on UNCD showed that ∼10% fraction of a Co(0) phase was identified for all three cluster sizes and about 30 and 12% fraction of a Co(3+) phase in 4, 7, and 27 atom clusters, respectively. In the alumina-supported clusters, the dominating Co(2+) component was attributed to a cobalt aluminate, indicative of a very strong binding to the support. NEXAFS showed that in addition to strong binding of the clusters to alumina, their structure to a great extent follows the tetrahedral morphology of the support. All supported clusters were found to be resistant to agglomeration when exposed to reactive gases at elevated temperatures and atmospheric pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Yin
- Materials Science Division, ‡X-ray Science Division, and ▽Nanoscience and Technology Center, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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Nanoparticle Shape Selectivity in Catalysis: Butene Isomerization and Hydrogenation on Platinum. Top Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-013-0155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Zaera F. Key unanswered questions about the mechanism of olefin hydrogenation catalysis by transition-metal surfaces: a surface-science perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:11988-2003. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50402f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Prinz J, Gaspari R, Pignedoli CA, Vogt J, Gille P, Armbrüster M, Brune H, Gröning O, Passerone D, Widmer R. Isolated Pd sites on the intermetallic PdGa(111) and PdGa(111) model catalyst surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9339-43. [PMID: 22915300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Prinz
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Prinz J, Gaspari R, Pignedoli CA, Vogt J, Gille P, Armbrüster M, Brune H, Gröning O, Passerone D, Widmer R. Isolated Pd Sites on the Intermetallic PdGa(111) and PdGa($\bar 1$$\bar 1$$\bar 1$) Model Catalyst Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Armbrüster M, Behrens M, Cinquini F, Föttinger K, Grin Y, Haghofer A, Klötzer B, Knop-Gericke A, Lorenz H, Ota A, Penner S, Prinz J, Rameshan C, Révay Z, Rosenthal D, Rupprechter G, Sautet P, Schlögl R, Shao L, Szentmiklósi L, Teschner D, Torres D, Wagner R, Widmer R, Wowsnick G. How to Control the Selectivity of Palladium-based Catalysts in Hydrogenation Reactions: The Role of Subsurface Chemistry. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rosenthal D, Widmer R, Wagner R, Gille P, Armbrüster M, Grin Y, Schlögl R, Gröning O. Surface investigation of intermetallic PdGa(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6848-56. [PMID: 22519655 DOI: 10.1021/la2050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The intermetallic PdGa is a highly selective and potent catalyst in the semihydrogenation of acetylene, which is attributed to the surface stability and isolated Pd atom ensembles. In this context PdGa single crystals of form B with (111) orientation were investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD), and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) to study the electronic and geometric properties of this surface. UPS and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) were used to probe the chemisorption behavior of CO. The PdGa(111) surface exhibits a (1 × 1) LEED and a pronounced XPD pattern indicating an unreconstructed bulk-truncated surface. Low-temperature STM reveals a smooth surface with a (1 × 1) unit cell. No segregation occurs, and no impurities are detected by XPS. The electronic structure and the CO adsorption properties reveal PdGa(111) to be a bulk-truncated intermetallic compound with Pd-Ga partial covalent bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Rosenthal
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.
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Freund HJ, Libuda J, Bäumer M, Risse T, Carlsson A. Cluster, facets, and edges: site-dependent selective chemistry on model catalysts. CHEM REC 2003; 3:181-201. [PMID: 12900938 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
More than activity, selectivity of catalytic reactions is the focus of research in the 21(st) century. We review studies on model systems that address the issue of directing a catalytic reaction on disperse metal catalysts by controlling the specific surface site. Three examples are explored: methanol dehydrogenation over Pd/alumina, NO dissociation on Pd/alumina, and reaction studies for molecules relevant in a Fischer-Tropsch scenario on a bimetallic Pd/Co/alumina model catalyst. We show how surface science can be used by combining a variety of experimental techniques to study the chemistry of model catalysts at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Kaichev VV, Prosvirin IP, Bukhtiyarov VI, Unterhalt H, Rupprechter G, Freund HJ. High-Pressure Studies of CO Adsorption on Pd(111) by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Sum-Frequency Generation. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021992t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Nilius N, Wallis TM, Ho W. Vibrational spectroscopy and imaging of single molecules: Bonding of CO to single palladium atoms on NiAl(110). J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1521151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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