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Comparison between polycrystalline Au and single-crystalline Au(1 1 1) electrodes as the substrate of a cationic organic monolayer based on their anion dependent redox activities. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ostatná V, Černocká H, Hasoň S, Paleček E. Modification of a Mercury Electrode with Different Thioalkanes: Structure-Sensitive Bovine Serum Albumin Analysis. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ostatná
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Královopolská 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Hana Černocká
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Královopolská 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Hasoň
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Královopolská 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Emil Paleček
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Královopolská 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
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3
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Zaidi SA, Shin JH. Recent developments in nanostructure based electrochemical glucose sensors. Talanta 2015; 149:30-42. [PMID: 26717811 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major health problem causing 4 million deaths each year and 171 million people suffering worldwide. Although there is no cure for diabetes, nevertheless, the blood glucose level of diabetic patients should be monitored tightly to avoid further complications. Thus, monitoring of glucose in blood has become an inevitable need leading to fabrication of accurate and sensitive advanced blood sugar detection devices for clinical diagnosis and personal care. It led to the development of enzymatic glucose sensing approach. Later on, various types of nanostructures have been utilized owing to their high surface area, great stability, and cost effectiveness for the fabrication of enzymatic as well as for nonenzymatic glucose sensing approach. This work reviews on both categories, however it is not intended to discuss all the research reports published regarding nanostructure based enzymatic and nonenzymatic approaches between mid-2010 and mid-2015. We, do, however, focused to describe the details of many substantial articles explaining the design of sensors, and utilities of the prepared sensors, so that readers might get the principles behind such devices and relevant detection strategies. This work also focuses on biocompatibility and toxicity of nanomaterials as well as provides a critical opinion and discussions about misconceptions in glucose sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabi Abbas Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Ho Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
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Barkam S, Saraf S, Seal S. Fabricated micro-nano devices for in vivo and in vitro biomedical applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:544-68. [PMID: 23894041 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the innovative use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMSs) in biomedical applications has opened wide opportunities for precise and accurate human diagnostics and therapeutics. The introduction of nanotechnology in biomedical applications has facilitated the exact control and regulation of biological environments. This ability is derived from the small size of the devices and their multifunctional capabilities to operate at specific sites for selected durations of time. Researchers have developed wide varieties of unique and multifunctional MEMS/NEMS devices with micro and nano features for biomedical applications (BioMEMS/NEMS) using the state of the art microfabrication techniques and biocompatible materials. However, the integration of devices with the biological milieu is still a fundamental issue to be addressed. Devices often fail to operate due to loss of functionality, or generate adverse toxic effects inside the body. The in vitro and in vivo performance of implantable BioMEMS such as biosensors, smart stents, drug delivery systems, and actuation systems are researched extensively to understand the interaction of the BioMEMS devices with physiological environments. BioMEMS developed for drug delivery applications include microneedles, microreservoirs, and micropumps to achieve targeted drug delivery. The biocompatibility of BioMEMS is further enhanced through the application of tissue and smart surface engineering. This involves the application of nanotechnology, which includes the modification of surfaces with polymers or the self-assembly of monolayers of molecules. Thereby, the adverse effects of biofouling can be reduced and the performance of devices can be improved in in vivo and in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Barkam
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Agonafer DD, Chainani E, Oruc ME, Lee KS, Shannon MA. Study of Insulating Properties of Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers Formed Under Prolonged Incubation Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4007698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical interfacial properties of a well-ordered self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-undecanethiol (UDT) on evaporated gold surface have been investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in electrolytes without a redox couple. Using a constant-phase element (CPE) series resistance model, prolonged incubation times (up to 120 h) show decreasing monolayer capacitance approaching the theoretical value for 1-undecanethiol. Using the CPE exponent α as a measure of ideality, it was found that the monolayer approaches an ideal dielectric (α = 0.992) under prolonged incubation, which is attributed to the reduction of pinholes and defects in the monolayer during coalescence and annealing of SAM chains. The SAMs behave as insulators until a critical potential, Vc, is exceeded in both cathodic and anodic regimes, where electrolyte ions are believed to penetrate the monolayers. Using a Randles circuit model for these cases, the variation of the capacitance and charge transfer resistance with applied dc potential shows decreased permeability to ionic species with prolonged incubation time. The EIS data show that UDT (methylene chain length n = 10), incubated for 120 h, forms a monolayer whose critical voltage range extends from −0.3 to 0.5 V versus Ag/AgCl, previously attained only for alkanethiol at n = 15. At low frequencies where ion diffusion occurs, almost pure capacitive phase (−89 deg) was attained with lengthy incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damena D. Agonafer
- Department of Mechanical Science
and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 e-mail:
| | - Edward Chainani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Muhammed E. Oruc
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Ki Sung Lee
- Department of Mechanical Science
and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Mark A. Shannon
- Department of Mechanical Science
and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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6
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Liana DD, Raguse B, Wieczorek L, Baxter GR, Chuah K, Gooding JJ, Chow E. Sintered gold nanoparticles as an electrode material for paper-based electrochemical sensors. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra00102d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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7
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Gooding JJ, Darwish N. The rise of self-assembled monolayers for fabricating electrochemical biosensors-an interfacial perspective. CHEM REC 2011; 12:92-105. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Amine functionalized TiO2–carbon nanotube composite: synthesis, characterization and application to glucose biosensing. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-011-0025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Mandler D, Kraus-Ophir S. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) for electrochemical sensing. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Layer by layer assembly of glucose oxidase and thiourea onto glassy carbon electrode: Fabrication of glucose biosensor. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Volkert AA, Subramaniam V, Ivanov MR, Goodman AM, Haes AJ. Salt-mediated self-assembly of thioctic acid on gold nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4570-80. [PMID: 21524135 PMCID: PMC3125453 DOI: 10.1021/nn200276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modification is a widely used method to improve the functionality and stability of bulk and nanoscale materials. For instance, the chemical compatibility and utility of solution-phase nanoparticles are often improved using covalently bound SAMs. Herein, solution-phase gold nanoparticles are modified with thioctic acid SAMs in the presence and absence of salt. Molecular packing density on the nanoparticle surfaces is estimated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and increases by ∼20% when molecular self-assembly occurs in the presence versus the absence of salt. We hypothesize that as the ionic strength of the solution increases, pinhole and collapsed-site defects in the SAM are more easily accessible as the electrostatic interaction energy between adjacent molecules decreases, thereby facilitating the subsequent assembly of additional thioctic acid molecules. Significantly, increased SAM packing densities increase the stability of functionalized gold nanoparticles by a factor of 2 relative to nanoparticles functionalized in the absence of salt. These results are expected to improve the reproducible functionalization of solution-phase nanomaterials for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amanda J. Haes
- University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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12
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Gooding JJ, Ciampi S. The molecular level modification of surfaces: from self-assembled monolayers to complex molecular assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:2704-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00139b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Hook AL, Creasey R, Hayes JP, Thissen H, Voelcker NH. Laser-based patterning for transfected cell microarrays. Biofabrication 2010; 1:045003. [PMID: 20811112 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/1/4/045003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The spatial control over biomolecule- and cell-surface interactions is of great interest to a broad range of biomedical applications, including sensors, implantable devices and cell microarrays. Microarrays in particular require precise spatial control and the formation of patterns with microscale features. Here, we have developed an approach specifically designed for transfected cell microarray (TCM) applications that allows microscale spatial control over the location of both DNA and cells on highly doped p-type silicon substrates. This was achieved by surface modification, involving plasma polymerization of allylamine, grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) and subsequent excimer laser ablation. DNA could be delivered in a spatially defined manner using ink-jet printing. In addition, electroporation was investigated as an approach to transfect attached cells with adsorbed DNA and good transfection efficiencies of approximately 20% were observed. The ability of the microstructured surfaces to spatially direct both DNA adsorption and cell attachment was demonstrated in a functional TCM, making this system an exciting platform for chip-based functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Hook
- Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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Sabzi RE, Kant K, Losic D. Electrochemical synthesis of nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoarrays with dots, rods and nanotubes morphology using a porous alumina template. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Role of SAM Chain Length in Enhancing the Sensitivity of Nanopillar Modified Electrodes for Glucose Detection. SENSORS 2009; 9:1295-305. [PMID: 22573954 PMCID: PMC3345854 DOI: 10.3390/s90301295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this report, alkanethiol self assembled monolayers (SAM) with two different chain lengths were used to immobilize the functionalizing enzyme (glucose oxidase) onto gold nanopillar modified electrodes and the electrochemical processes of these functionalized electrodes in glucose detection were investigated. First, the formation of these SAMs on the nanopillar modified electrodes was characterized by the cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques, and then the detection sensitivity of these functionalized electrodes to glucose was evaluated by the amperometry technique. Results showed that the SAM of alkanethiols with a longer chain length resulted in a higher degree of surface coverage with less defect and a higher electron transfer resistance, whereas the SAM of alkanethiols with a shorter chain length gave rise to a higher detection sensitivity to glucose. This study sheds some new insight into how to enhance the sensing performance of nanopillar modified electrodes.
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16
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Banner LT, Richter A, Pinkhassik E. Pinhole-free large-grained atomically smooth Au(111) substrates prepared by flame-annealed template stripping. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Teles F, Fonseca L. Applications of polymers for biomolecule immobilization in electrochemical biosensors. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Douglass Jr. EF, Driscoll PF, Liu D, Burnham NA, Lambert CR, McGimpsey WG. Effect of Electrode Roughness On the Capacitive Behavior of Self-Assembled Monolayers. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7670-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800521z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene F. Douglass Jr.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - Peter F. Driscoll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - Deli Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - Nancy A. Burnham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - Christopher R. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - W. Grant McGimpsey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
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Gooding J. Advances in Interfacial Design for Electrochemical Biosensors and Sensors: Aryl Diazonium Salts for Modifying Carbon and Metal Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Microcontact printed diaphorase monolayer on glass characterized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Masson JF, Kranz C, Mizaikoff B. Modeling the response function of dual-enzyme microbiosensors. Anal Chem 2007; 79:8531-8. [PMID: 17944438 DOI: 10.1021/ac071090u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general theoretical model for competitive dual-enzyme microbiosensors based on self-assembled monolayers (SAM) is presented. The model is derived for amperometric dual-enzyme ATP sensors and provides excellent agreement with experimental ATP measurements at 25 microm diameter microelectrodes. In this model, the statistical probability of a glucose molecule in competition between two enzymes, glucose oxidase (GOD)/hexokinase (HEX), at the ATP sensor surface is combined with the enzymatic reaction rate. Thereby, a simple model predicting the sensor signal for varying surface concentrations of GOD and HEX, glucose concentration, and ATP concentration is obtained. Excellent agreement of the predicted current signal with experimentally obtained sensor signals was achieved at ATP concentrations between 10 and 300 microM in a buffer containing glucose at physiologically relevant levels. Consequently, the development time for new dual-enzyme biosensors can be reduced, and an analytical model for the sensor response function is provided facilitating the calibration of enzymatic biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Masson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
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Role of reaction kinetics and mass transport in glucose sensing with nanopillar array electrodes. J Biol Eng 2007; 1:5. [PMID: 18271981 PMCID: PMC2241827 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanopillar array electrodes (NAEs) for biosensor applications was explored using a combined experimental and simulation approach to characterize the role of reaction kinetics and mass transport in glucose detection with NAEs. Thin gold electrodes with arrays of vertically standing gold nanopillars were fabricated and their amperometric current responses were measured under bare and functionalized conditions. Results show that the sensing performances of both the bare and functionalized NAEs were affected not only by the presence and variation of the nanoscale structures on the electrodes but also by the reaction kinetics and mass transport of the analyte species involved. These results will shed new light for enhancing the performance of nanostructure based biosensors.
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Salimi A, Sharifi E, Noorbakhsh A, Soltanian S. Immobilization of glucose oxidase on electrodeposited nickel oxide nanoparticles: Direct electron transfer and electrocatalytic activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:3146-53. [PMID: 17368016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
For the first time glucose oxidase (GOx) was successfully co-deposited on nickel-oxide (NiO) nanoparticles at a glassy carbon electrode. In this paper we present a simple fabrication method of biosensor which can be easily operated without using any specific reagents. Cyclic voltammetry was used for electrodeposition of NiO nanoparticle and GOx immobilization. The direct electron transfer of immobilized GOx displays a pair of well defined and nearly reversible redox peaks with a formal potential (E(0')) of -0.420 V in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution and the response shows a surface controlled electrode process. The surface coverage and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k(s)) of GOx immobilized on NiO film glassy carbon electrode are 9.45 x 10(-13)mol cm(-2) and 25.2+/-0.5s(-1), indicating the high enzyme loading ability of the NiO nanoparticles and great facilitation of the electron transfer between GOx and NiO nanoparticles. The biosensor shows excellent electrocatalytical response to the oxidation of glucose when ferrocenmethanol was used as an artificial redox mediator. Furthermore, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant 2.7 mM, of GOx on the nickel oxide nanoparticles exhibits excellent bioelectrocatalytic activity of immobilized enzyme toward glucose oxidation. In addition, this glucose biosensor shows fast amperometric response (3s) with the sensitivity of 446.2nA/mM, detection limit of 24 microM and wide concentration range of 30 microM to 5mM. This biosensor also exhibits good stability, reproducibility and long life time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Salimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistsn, PO Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Muguruma H, Kase Y, Murata N, Matsumura K. Adsorption of glucose oxidase onto plasma-polymerized film characterized by atomic force microscopy, quartz crystal microbalance, and electrochemical measurement. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:26033-9. [PMID: 17181254 DOI: 10.1021/jp063755m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption of glucose oxidase (GOD) onto plasma-polymerized thin films (PPF) with nanoscale thickness was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and electrochemical measurements. The PPF surface is very flat (less than 1-nm roughness), and its properties (charge and wettability) can be easily changed while retaining the backbone structure. We focused on three types of surfaces: (1) the pristine surface of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) PPF (hydrophobic and neutral surface), (2) an HMDS PPF surface with nitrogen-plasma treatment (hydrophilic and positive-charged surface), and (3) an HMDS PPF surface treated with oxygen plasma (hydrophilic and negative-charged surface). The AFM image showed that the GOD molecules were densely adsorbed onto surface 2 and that individual GOD molecules could be observed. The longer axis of GOD ellipsoid molecules were aligned parallel to the surface, called the "lying position", because of electrostatic association. On surface 1, clusters of GOD molecules did not completely cover the original PPF surface (surface coverage was ca. 60%). The 10-nm-size step height between the GOD clusters and the PPF surface suggests that the longer axes of individual GOD molecules were aligned perpendicular to the surface, called the "standing position". On surface 3, only a few of the GOD molecules were adsorbed because of electrostatic repulsion. These results indicate that the plasma polymerization process can facilitate enhancement or reduction of protein adsorption. The AFM images show a corresponding tendency with the QCM profiles. The QCM data indicate that the adsorption behavior obeys the Langmuir isotherm equation. The amperometric biosensor characteristics of the GOD-adsorbed PPF on a platinum electrode showed an increment in the current because of enzymatic reaction with glucose addition, indicating that enzyme activity was mostly retained in spite of irreversible adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Muguruma
- Faculty of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 1358-8548, Japan.
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Yu J, Losic D, Marshall M, Böcking T, Gooding JJ, Shapter JG. Preparation and characterisation of an aligned carbon nanotube array on the silicon (100) surface. SOFT MATTER 2006; 2:1081-1088. [PMID: 32680211 DOI: 10.1039/b611016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of aligned carbon nanotubes formed by self-assembly on a Si (100) surface are described. The surface of a Si (100) wafer has been modified by reaction of hydride-terminated Si (100) with ethyl undecylenate to give ethyl undecanoate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) which were linked by stable silicon-carbon covalent bonds. The ester terminus of the monolayer was converted to an alcohol whereupon shortened carbon nanotubes were covalently attached using carbodiimide coupling. The formation of the SAM and its subsequent modification with nanotubes has been followed using a series of techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), IR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Yu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Matthew Marshall
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Till Böcking
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia and School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - John Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Joseph George Shapter
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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Hook AL, Thissen H, Hayes JP, Voelcker NH. Spatially controlled electro-stimulated DNA adsorption and desorption for biochip applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:2137-45. [PMID: 16303297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The manipulation of biomolecules at solid/liquid interfaces is important for the enhanced performance of a number of biomedical devices, including biochips. This study focuses on the spatial control of surface interactions of DNA as well as the electro-stimulated adsorption and desorption of DNA by appropriate surface modification of highly doped p-type silicon. Surface modification by plasma polymerisation of allylamine resulted in a surface that supported DNA adsorption and sustained cell attachment. Subsequent high-density grafting of poly(ethylene oxide) formed a low fouling layer resistant to biomolecule adsorption and cell attachment. Spatially controlled excimer laser ablation of the surface produced patterns of re-exposed plasma polymer with high-resolution. On patterned surfaces, preferential electro-stimulated adsorption of DNA to the allylamine plasma polymer surface and subsequent desorption by the application of a negative bias was observed. Furthermore, the concept presented here was investigated for use in transfection chips. Cell culture experiments with human embryonic kidney cells, using the expression of green fluorescent protein as a reporter, demonstrated efficient and controlled transfection of cells. Electro-stimulated desorption of DNA was shown to yield significantly enhanced solid phase transfection efficiencies to values of up to 30%. The ability to spatially control DNA adsorption combined with the ability to control the binding and release of DNA by application of a controlled voltage enables an advanced level of control over DNA bioactivity on solid substrates and lends itself to biochip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Hook
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia.
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Muguruma H, Kase Y. Structure and biosensor characteristics of complex between glucose oxidase and plasma-polymerized nanothin film. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:737-43. [PMID: 16600587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The structure and biosensor characteristics of complex between glucose oxidase (GOD) and plasma-polymerized nanothin film (PPF), in which the thickness is several nanometers, were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrochemical measurement. The GOD molecules were densely adsorbed onto the PPF surface treated by nitrogen plasma and the individual GOD molecules were observed. Subsequently, the GOD densely packed array on the PPF surface was subsequently treated by plasma polymerization (overcoating). AFM image showed that the thicker film gave the smoother surface, indicating that the GOD adsorbed on the surface was embedded more deeply in PPF. The amperometric biosensor characteristics of the GOD-PPF complex on a platinum electrode showed the current increment due to the enzymatic reaction with glucose addition, indicating that enzyme activity was retained although the enzyme has been exposed to the plasma gas related to diffusion of the substrate. This means that under mild exposure to organic plasma, the enzyme does not become seriously dysfunctional. Amperometric biosensor characteristics were strongly affected by monomer and thickness of PPF overcoating related with the diffusion of the substrate (glucose). Considering that the film deposition was performed using microfabrication-compatible organic plasma, our new method for protein architecture has a great potential of enabling high throughput production of bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Muguruma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-9-14 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8548, Japan.
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IMABAYASHI SI, KASHIWA M, WATANABE M. Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase on Binary Self-assembled Monolayers with Carboxyl- and Hydroxyl-terminal Groups: Dependence of the Amount of Immobilized Enzymes and Their Electrocatalytic Activity on the Monolayer Composition. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.74.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Muguruma H, Kase Y, Uehara H. Nanothin Ferrocene Film Plasma Polymerized over Physisorbed Glucose Oxidase: High-Throughput Fabrication of Bioelectronic Devices without Chemical Modifications. Anal Chem 2005; 77:6557-62. [PMID: 16223240 DOI: 10.1021/ac0501691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method for creating a mediator-containing interface between an enzyme and an electrode, achieving simpler and more reliable immobilization of the enzyme with the enhanced detection sensitivity. A nanothin polymer film containing a redox mediator, made of dimethylaminomethylferrocene, was plasma-deposited directly onto a glucose oxidase-physisorbed electrode, with which a relevant bioelectrochemical signal was observed without prior or further chemical modification of the enzyme molecules. The results of the surface characterizations before and after the enzyme immobilization showed that this method gave control over the spatial orientation of single enzyme molecules in favor of efficient and reproducible signal generation. Considering that the film deposition was performed using microfabrication-compatible organic plasma, our new method has a great potential of enabling high-throughput production of bioelectronic devices without chemical modification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Muguruma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-9-14 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8548, Japan.
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Otsuka I, Yaoita M, Nagashima S, Higano M. Molecular dimensions of dried glucose oxidase on a Au(111) surface studied by dynamic mode scanning force microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Losic D, Shapter JG, Gooding JJ. Mapping of defects in self-assembled monolayers by polymer decoration. J Solid State Electrochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-004-0614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang W, Chow E, Willett GD, Hibbert DB, Gooding JJ. Exploring the use of the tripeptide Gly-Gly-his as a selective recognition element for the fabrication of electrochemical copper sensors. Analyst 2003; 128:712-8. [PMID: 12866893 DOI: 10.1039/b212881k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The modification of electrodes with the tripeptide Gly-Gly-His for the detection of copper in water samples is described in detail. The tripeptide modified electrode was prepared by first self-assembling 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) onto the gold electrode followed by covalent attachment of the tripeptide to the self-assembled monolayer using carbodiimide coupling. The electrodes were characterized using electrochemistry, a newly developed mass-spectrometry method and quantum mechanical calculations. The mass spectrometry confirmed the modification to proceed as expected with peptide bonds formed between the carboxylic acids of the MPA and the terminal amine of the peptide. Electrochemical measurements indicated that approximately half the MPA molecules in a SAM are modified with the peptide. The peptide modified electrodes exhibited high sensitivity to copper which is attributed to the stable 4N coordinate complex the peptide formed around the metal ion to give copper the preferred tetragonal coordination. The formation of a 4 coordinate complex was predicted using quantum mechanical calculation and confirmed using mass spectrometry. The adsorption of the copper to the peptide modified electrode was consistent with a Langmuir isotherm with a binding constant of (8.1 +/- 0.4) 10(10) M(-1) at 25 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrong Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Abstract
An oxygen-rich fill-and-flow channel biosensor has been developed for the measurement of glucose in wine. Glucose oxidase (GOD), immobilised in carbon paste (CP), was located in a well adjacent to a downstream detector electrode. When the analyte solution flows, hydrogen peroxide produced in the enzyme reaction is swept down to the detector electrode. Mineral oil and Kel-F oil (poly(chlorotrifluorethylene)) were used to prepare an enzyme layer of GOD within a CP. The hydrophobicity of the CP confined the reaction between the enzyme and its substrate to the surface of the enzyme layer. The oxidation current of hydrogen peroxide was sensitive to the enzyme loading but insensitive to mass transport variations such as flow rate. This response was, therefore, limited by the kinetics of the reaction between the enzyme and the substrate. For Kel-F oil, which can support a high concentration of dissolved oxygen, good reproducibility and greater dynamic range was obtained and the response did not decrease after degassing for 40 min with argon. Analysis of wine samples showed good agreement with the values obtained by spectrophotometric enzyme assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia
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Integrating polymers with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs): blocking SAM defects with electrochemical polymerisation of tyramine. Electrochem commun 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(02)00496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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