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Bilgin E, Wang Q. The mnemonic effect of central and peripheral misinformation on social media. Memory 2024; 32:369-382. [PMID: 38466618 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2323935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The increasing use of social media has amplified the spread of false information. Yet little is known about the mnemonic consequences associated with exposure to different types of false information online. In two studies, we examined in a simulated online context how exposure to false information either central or peripheral in events affected memory. European American and Asian/Asian American college students (Study 1 N = 200; Study 2 N = 225) were presented with GIFs of daily life events and read tweets about the events that included four types of information: central true information, central false information, peripheral true information, and peripheral false information. They then took a True/False recognition test that included tweeted and untweeted true and false information and indicated how confident they were in their responses. Regardless of cultural background, participants in both studies demonstrated the misinformation effect, whereby they falsely recognised more and resisted less tweeted than untweeted false information. Furthermore, they showed higher susceptibility to peripheral than central false information exposed via tweets. Asian participants were less influenced by misinformation than European Americans in Study 2. These findings have important implications to combat misinformation in online environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Bilgin
- Department of Psychology, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Psychology, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Oppong J, Liu X, Wang Q, Xie C, Lei Y, Zhou Y, Peng Y, Li H, Xing C. Assessing measurement invariance of the SEGUE framework among Chinese and Ghanaian patients: A cross-sectional study. PEC INNOVATION 2023; 3:100183. [PMID: 37483333 PMCID: PMC10362342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2023.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective Measurement invariance assesses the psychometric equivalence of a construct across groups or across time. This study aimed to find out whether the newly modified 5-point Likert scale SEGUE Framework for evaluating doctor's communication skills demonstrates measurement invariance among Chinese and Ghanaian patients. Methods Measurement invariance tests were conducted using two samples collected from the two cultures respectively (China: N = 598 and Ghana: N = 591). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to test for the factor structure. Multiple-group CFA was used to test the measurement invariance of the SEGUE between the two samples. Results The same five-factor model showed acceptable model fit in both Chinese and Ghanaian samples. Cross-cultural measurement invariance tests revealed that scalar invariance was observed across the two samples. Conclusion Cross-cultural adaptations of instruments should exhibit measurement invariance to ensure that measures are interpreted and used consistently. Findings of our study suggest that the SEGUE Framework is invariant across the two cultures, which increases confidence in data collection and comparison. Innovation This is the first study to establish measurement invariance among Chinese and Ghanaians using the SEGUE Framework which assesses doctors' communication from patients' perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Oppong
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinchun Liu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingyan Wang
- Department of International Exchange and Cooperation, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenhui Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Xintian County, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Yanjuan Lei
- Department of Nursing, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xintian County, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Yuqiong Zhou
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiling Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chengling Xing
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Mahr JB, van Bergen P, Sutton J, Schacter DL, Heyes C. Mnemicity: A Cognitive Gadget? PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1160-1177. [PMID: 36649218 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221141352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Episodic representations can be entertained either as "remembered" or "imagined"-as outcomes of experience or as simulations of such experience. Here, we argue that this feature is the product of a dedicated cognitive function: the metacognitive capacity to determine the mnemicity of mental event simulations. We argue that mnemicity attribution should be distinguished from other metacognitive operations (such as reality monitoring) and propose that this attribution is a "cognitive gadget"-a distinctively human ability made possible by cultural learning. Cultural learning is a type of social learning in which traits are inherited through social interaction. In the case of mnemicity, one culturally learns to discriminate metacognitive "feelings of remembering" from other perceptual, emotional, action-related, and metacognitive feelings; to interpret feelings of remembering as indicators of memory rather than imagination; and to broadcast the interpreted feelings in culture- and context-specific ways, such as "I was there" or "I witnessed it myself." We review evidence from the literature on memory development and scaffolding, metacognitive learning and teaching, as well as cross-cultural psychology in support of this view before pointing out various open questions about the nature and development of mnemicity highlighted by our account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Sutton
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University
| | | | - Cecilia Heyes
- All Souls College, University of Oxford
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford
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Lacko D, Prošek T, Čeněk J, Helísková M, Ugwitz P, Svoboda V, Počaji P, Vais M, Halířová H, Juřík V, Šašinka Č. Analytic and holistic cognitive style as a set of independent manifests: Evidence from a validation study of six measurement instruments. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287057. [PMID: 37310969 PMCID: PMC10263325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive styles are commonly studied constructs in cognitive psychology. The theory of field dependence-independence was one of the most important cognitive styles. Yet in the past, its measurement had significant shortcomings in validity and reliability. The theory of analytic and holistic cognitive styles attempted to extend this theory and overcome its shortcomings. Unfortunately, the psychometric properties of its measurement methods were not properly verified. Furthermore, new statistical approaches, such as analysis of reaction times, have been overlooked by current research. The aim of this pre-registered study was to verify the psychometric properties (i.e., factor structure, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity with intelligence and personality, and divergent, concurrent and predictive validity) of several methods routinely applied in the field. We developed/adapted six methods based on self-report questionnaires, rod-and-frame principles, embedded figures, and hierarchical figures. The analysis was conducted on 392 Czech participants, with two data collection waves. The results indicate that the use of methods based on the rod-and-frame principle may be unreliable, demonstrating no absence of association with intelligence. The use of embedded and hierarchical figures is recommended. The self-report questionnaire used in this study showed an unsatisfactory factor structure and also cannot be recommended without futher validation on independent samples. The findings also did not correspond with the original two-dimensional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lacko
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Prošek
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Čeněk
- Department of Social Studies, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Helísková
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Ugwitz
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Svoboda
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Počaji
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Vais
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Halířová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Juřík
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Čeněk Šašinka
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Chenier K, Shawyer A, Milne R, Williams A. Police interviews with adult reporters of historical child sexual abuse: Exploring the link between verbal rapport and information obtained. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 134:105943. [PMID: 36343518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Police officers and academics agree that rapport is important when interviewing victims and witnesses, although previous research has found that officers do not always engage in rapport-building behaviours during interviews. Interviews with complainants reporting historical child sexual abuse may be key to police investigations, as physical or corroborating evidence is often not available. OBJECTIVE This research explored the possible effect of verbal rapport-building behaviour on the elicitation of investigation-relevant details in historical child sexual abuse victim interviews. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A sample of interviews (N = 44) with adults reporting historical child sexual abuse in a northern Canadian territory with a large Indigenous population was examined. METHODS Interviews were evaluated for interviewer verbal rapport-building behaviours, using a framework derived from Tickle-Degnen and Rosenthal's three domain model of rapport. Interviews were also coded for details given by the interviewee. RESULTS Results showed that verbal rapport was significantly positively correlated with both total details (r = 0.621, p < .001) and abuse relevant details (r = 0.518, p < .001). Chronological Rapport Maps were piloted, to show the use of rapport behaviours over the course of interviews, and the possible effect over time of these behaviours on information yield. CONCLUSIONS The results show that information yield is higher when more rapport behaviours are demonstrated and both parties work together harmoniously, even after a long delay. Further research is needed on the experience of police interviews for Indigenous complainants.
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Skrifvars J, Antfolk J, Veldhuizen T, Sui V, Korkman J. Eliciting information in official Finnish asylum interviews. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Skrifvars
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Jan Antfolk
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Tanja Veldhuizen
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Veronica Sui
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Julia Korkman
- The Faculty of Humanities, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
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Tabata N, Vrij A. Differences between Japanese and British participants in self-reported verbal strategies to appear convincing. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2022; 30:177-191. [PMID: 36950192 PMCID: PMC10026762 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.2003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We compared the self-reported verbal strategies employed to appear convincing when lying and truth telling from 101 British (a low-context culture) and 149 Japanese (a high-context culture) participants. They completed a web-based survey and rated the degree to which they would use 16 verbal strategies when telling the truth and lying. British participants were more concerned with providing innocent reasons and avoiding/denying incriminating evidence when lying than when truth telling (no veracity effect emerged for Japanese participants). Japanese participants were less concerned with avoiding hesitations and lack of consistency when lying than when truth telling (no veracity effect emerged for British participants). The findings suggest that it is important to examine whether interview protocols developed to determine veracity in low-context cultures, such as the Strategic Use of Evidence and Cognitive Credibility Assessment, are equally effective in high-context cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Tabata
- Department of Policy Studies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Japan
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Congram D, Mikellide M, Vennemeyer M. Improving witness interviewing for the investigation of disappeared persons due to armed conflict. Forensic Sci Res 2022; 7:334-345. [PMID: 36353323 PMCID: PMC9639520 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.2009626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating missing persons who are presumed dead in conflict contexts almost always involves witness interviews. Interviews can be critical both to locating burial sites and to positively identifying bodies that are located. Despite the importance of interviews, the authors have found that investigators in these contexts seldom have formal training on interviewing. This article highlights three principal problems that the authors have experienced relative to interviewing as part of missing persons investigations in armed conflict contexts: that interviewing is not treated as a professional activity; the tendency to overvalue technical tools in the search for burial sites; and a lack of awareness about cultural and contextual factors that impact interviews. The article concludes with five recommendations on how to improve witness interviewing.
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Cecconello WW, Fitzgerald RJ, Stein LM. Efeitos do Alinhamento Justo e Similaridade de Rostos no Reconhecimento de Pessoas. PSICO-USF 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712022270114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Um falso reconhecimento de uma pessoa pode levar à condenação de um inocente. Um método efetivo de diminuir o falso reconhecimento é por meio do alinhamento, procedimento no qual o suspeito é apresentado em conjunto com outras pessoas - fillers (não suspeitos similares ao suspeito). Em um experimento foi comparado o desempenho de testemunhas em alinhamentos nos quais fillers apresentavam moderada ou alta similaridade em relação ao suspeito. Independentemente do grau de similaridade, suspeitos foram identificados com maior frequência que suspeitos inocentes e do que fillers, e fillers foram reconhecidos em maior frequência do que suspeitos inocentes. A similaridade entre fillers e suspeito não teve efeito na probabilidade de reconhecimento do suspeito, seja ele culpado ou inocente. Os resultados são discutidos à luz de teorias acerca do efeito de similaridade de fillers e implicações dos resultados para o sistema de justiça brasileiro.
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Leger KR, Gutchess A. Cross-Cultural Differences in Memory Specificity: Investigation of Candidate Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021; 10:33-43. [PMID: 34026469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has revealed that people from Western cultures tend to remember more details of objects and events in autobiographical memory compared to people from Eastern cultures. The present experiments tested whether differences in pattern separation - the process by which new, but potentially similar, exemplars are discriminated from previously-encountered exemplars - account for these cultural difference in object memory. In two experiments, we investigated the extent to which North Americans and East Asians differ in pattern separation and whether these effects are related to cultural values. We also examined the role of response bias. These results revealed it is unlikely that pattern separation is the sole mechanism underlying cross-cultural memory specificity differences, as broader memory mechanisms, such as differences in memory resolution for previously-encoded items, could account for the differences observed between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Gutchess
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham MA.,Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham MA
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Shahvaroughi A, Bahrami Ehsan H, Hatami J, Monajem A, Paulo RM. Testing a modified cognitive interview with category clustering recall in Iran. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javad Hatami
- Department of Psychology University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Arash Monajem
- Department of Psychology University of Tehran Tehran Iran
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Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S, Vernham Z, Dalton G, Serok-Jeppa O, Rozmann N, Nahari G, Fisher RP. 'Please tell me all you remember': a comparison between British and Arab interviewees' free narrative performance and its implications for lie detection. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 28:546-559. [PMID: 35558151 PMCID: PMC9090373 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1805812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We examined how much information British and Arab truth tellers and lie tellers volunteer in an initial free narrative. Based on cultural differences in communication styles we predicted that British interviewees would report more details and more complications than Arab interviewees (culture main effect). We further predicted that truth tellers would report more details and complications than lie tellers (veracity main effect), particularly in the British sample (Veracity × Culture interaction effect). A total of 78 British and 76 Israeli-Arab participants took part. The experiment was carried out at a British university and an Israeli university. Participants carried out a mission. Truth tellers were instructed to report the mission truthfully in a subsequent interview whereas lie tellers were asked to lie about certain aspects of the mission. The three hypotheses were supported for details, whereas for complications only the predicted veracity main effect occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Samantha Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Zarah Vernham
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gary Dalton
- Institute of Criminal Justice, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Or Serok-Jeppa
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Nir Rozmann
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Galit Nahari
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ronald P. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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