Metal-Organic Framework Modified MoS2 Nanozyme for Synergetic Combating Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections via Photothermal Effect and Photodynamic Modulated Peroxidase-Mimic Activity

A simple two-dimensional metal-organic framework-based phototherapy nanoplatform with a triple-synergistic mechanism for enhanced wound infection treatment

Selecting an appropriate treatment for bacterial infections is critical. However, the rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has rendered many existing therapies less effective, highlighting the urgent need for novel antimicrobial strategies that are less prone to inducing antimicrobial resistance. Herein, we propose a simple, energy-efficient, photoresponsive antibacterial strategy based on metal-organic frameworks. Specifically, we developed an Au@Cu-THQ system activated by near-infrared laser irradiation, capable of exerting a synergistic triple-mode antibacterial effect-photothermal, photodynamic, and glutathione (GSH) depletion for the effective treatment of bacterial infections. The photothermal effect notably enhances the generation of reactive oxygen species and accelerates GSH depletion within bacterial cells, leading to a substantial disruption of their antioxidant defense systems and significantly amplifying the photodynamic therapeutic effect. Moreover, this material demonstrated excellent and stable photothermal performance both in vitro and in vivo, characterized by high photothermal conversion efficiency and effective GSH depletion activity. These features contribute to its potent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, offering a promising multimodal strategy for the future development of in vivo anti-infective formulations.

pH-responsive molybdenum disulphide composite nanomaterials for skin wound healing using "ROS leveraging" synergistic immunomodulation

With the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial infections, wound bacterial infections have evolved into an escalating medical problem that poses a threat to the individual health as well as global public health. Traditional drug therapy not only suffers from a single treatment method, low drug utilisation and limited therapeutic effect, but long-term antibiotic abuse has significantly increased bacterial resistance. It is imperative to develop an antibiotic-free biomaterial with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. The current use of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on the generation of massive reactive oxygen species (ROS), which inevitably aggravates the inflammatory response. Herein, we developed AuAg bimetallic nanoparticles based on PDA modification and prepared a novel MoS2-based composite nanomaterials (AuAg@PDA-MoS2 NPs) with multiple mechanisms of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potentials through the adhesion of PDA. In the early phase, PDT and PTT generated a large amount of ROS for rapid sterilisation. While in the later stage, MoS2 mimicked the peroxidase activity to leverage the ROS, balancing the generation of ROS in the infected environment to achieve the long-term anti-inflammatory. In vitro experiments showed that the killing efficiency of AuAg@PDA-MoS2 NPs was nearly 99 % under the irradiation of 808 nm near-infrared light for 10 min, which demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity. In vivo experiments showed that 808 nm NIR-assisted AuAg@PDA-MoS2 NPs to effectively inhibit infection, alleviated the inflammation, and accelerated the wound healing process. Therefore, AuAg@PDA-MoS2 NPs as a novel biomaterial could achieve programmed antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, which has a promising potential for future application in the treatment of infected wounds.

Folic Acid-Targeted Mixed Pluronic Micelles for Delivery of Triptolide

The present study aimed to explore an ideal delivery system for triptolide (TPL) by utilizing the thin-film hydration method to prepare drug-loaded, folate-modified mixed pluronic micelles (FA-F-127/F-68-TPL). Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that the drug-loaded micelles had a spherical shape with a small particle size, with an average of 30.7 nm. Cell viability experiments showed that FA-F-127/F-68-TPL significantly reduced HepG2 cell viability, exhibiting strong cytotoxicity. Its cytotoxicity was markedly enhanced compared with bare TPL. Nile red (Nr) was used as a model drug to prepare FA-F-127/F-68-Nr to further validate its tumor-targeting and cellular uptake capability. After coincubation with HepG2 cells, a multifunctional microplate reader showed that intracellular fluorescence intensity significantly increased, indicating that FA-F-127/F-68-Nr could more effectively enter the cells. A nude mouse model of subcutaneous hepatocellular carcinoma was constructed. Following tail vein injection of FA-F-127/F-68-Nr, the fluorescence imaging system showed that FA-F127/F-68-Nr could significantly target tumor tissue, and even if entering the small-sized tumor was challenging, it could be excreted through urine. Nude mice with subcutaneous hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with tail vein injections of FA-F-127/F-68-TPL (45 µg/kg) every other day for 21 days. The results showed that the growth of the transplanted tumors was significantly slowed, with no significant difference compared with bare TPL. In summary, the FA-F-127/F-68-TPL exhibits the advantages of low cost, excellent biological properties, active/passive targeting capabilities, notable cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells, and significant inhibition of transplanted hepatocellular carcinoma growth. Significantly, the FA-F-127/F-68-TPL, despite challenges in targeting tumors with an insignificant EPR effect, can be efficiently excreted via the kidneys, thereby preventing the release of the drug during prolonged circulation and potential damage to normal tissues. Therefore, FA-F-127/F-68-TPL represents a promising antitumor drug delivery system.

Application of Drug Delivery System Based on Nanozyme Cascade Technology in Chronic Wound

Chronic wounds are characterized by long-term inflammation, including diabetic ulcers, traumatic ulcers, etc., which provide an optimal environment for bacterial proliferation. At present, antibiotics are the main clinical treatment method for chronic wound infections. However, the overuse of antibiotics may accelerate the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, which poses a significant threat to human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies for bacterial infections. Nanozyme-based antimicrobial therapy (NABT) is an emerging antimicrobial strategy with broad-spectrum activity and low drug resistance compared to traditional antibiotics. NABT has shown great potential as an emerging antimicrobial strategy by catalyzing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with its enzyme-like catalytic properties, producing a powerful bactericidal effect without developing drug resistance. Nanozyme-based cascade antimicrobial technology offers a new approach to infection control, effectively improving antimicrobial efficacy by activating cascades against bacterial cell membranes and intracellular DNA while minimizing potential side effects. However, it is worth noting that this technology is still in the early stages of research. This article comprehensively reviews wound classification, current methods for the treatment of wound infection, different types of nanozymes, the application of nanozyme cascade reaction technology in antimicrobial therapy, and future challenges and prospects.

Interfacial engineering on hierarchical ZrO2 nanozyme realizes efficient CO2 photoreduction

Designing and fabricating nanozymes with photoactivity for CO2 reduction poses a significant challenge. Here, a hierarchically structured ZFs-tpyNi heterojunction nanozyme, comprising a terpyridine-based Ni complex supported on ZrO2 nanoframes, has been created through an interfacial engineering strategy for efficient CO2 reduction under visible light. Due to its unique structural and compositional advantages, ZFs-tpyNi demonstrates superior photocatalytic CO2-to-CO conversion compared to its counterpart of ZFs and tpyNi, achieving a CO yield of 18.2 µmol and a selectivity of 92.4 % with a high apparent quantum efficiency of 0.96 % in 3 h. These innovative catalysts also show excellent durability for at least eight cycles without a loss in performance, maintaining a remarkable structural stability with no obvious collapse of its framework and morphology. Systematic investigations reveal that ZFs-tpyNi heterostructures exhibit a high specific surface area advantageous for the effective loading of tpyNi and exposure of active sites. The robust ZFs framework, characterized by extensive porosity, prevents nanoparticle agglomeration and accelerates mass transfer during catalysis. Additionally, the spatially heterogeneous interface enables precise modulation of band alignment and bandgap dynamics in nanozymes, enhancing light absorption and promoting the generation and separation of photogenerated charge carriers. Consequently, the nanozyme demonstrates enhanced CO2 adsorption and activation capabilities, leading to improved selectivity of catalytic products. This work aims at highlight the role of nanozyme catalysts in sustainable energy production.

Versatile self-assembled near-infrared SERS nanoprobes for multidrug-resistant bacterial infection-specific surveillance and therapy

The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) has made bacterial infection one of the biggest health threats, causing numerous antibiotics to fail. Real-time monitoring of bacterial disease treatment efficacy at the infection site is required. Herein, we report a versatile Raman tag 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTC)-conjugated star-shaped Au-MoS2@hyaluronic acid (AMD@HA) nanocomposite as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobe for quick bacterial identification and in-situ eradication. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) from the hybrid metallic nanostructure makes AMD@HA highly responsive to the near-infrared laser, enabling it to demonstrate a photothermal (PTT) effect, increased SERS activity, and peroxidase-like catalytic reaction to release reactive oxygen species. The tail vein injection of AMD@HA nanoprobes is invasive, however SERS imaging for bacterial identification is non-invasive and sensitive, making it an efficient residual bacteria monitoring method. The detection limit for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is as low as 102 CFU·mL-1, and the substrates allow for taking 120 s to acquire a Raman image of 1600 (40 × 40) pixels. In mouse models of MRSA-induced wound infection and skin abscess, the combination of AMD@HA-mediated PTT and catalytic therapy demonstrates a synergistic effect in promoting wound healing through rapid sterilization. This SERS-guided therapeutic approach exhibits little toxicity and does not cause considerable collateral damage, offering a highly promising intervention for treating diseases caused by MDRB. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This research introduces a SERS nanoprobe, AMD@HA, for the rapid identification and eradication of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB), a critical health threat. The nanoprobe leverages localized surface plasmon resonance for photothermal therapy and enhanced Raman signals, offering a sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic tool. With a low detection limit for MRSA and a synergistic therapeutic effect in mouse models, our approach holds significant promise for treating MDRB-driven infections with minimal toxicity, advancing the field of antimicrobial strategies.

A simple Ag-MoS2 hybrid nanozyme-based sensor array for colorimetric identification of biothiols and cancer cells

The intracellular levels of biothiols are associated with various diseases including cancer, and biothiols are regarded as tumor biomarker. Due to the similarity of the molecular structure of biothiols, the development of simple, rapid, efficient, and sensitive colorimetric sensor arrays holds great promise for clinical cancer diagnosis. Here, we developed a simple Ag-MoS2 hybrid nanozyme-based sensor array for colorimetric identification of biothiols and cancer cells. The novel Ag-MoS2 nanoprobe was synthesized in a simple and efficient way through the in situ self-reduction reaction between MoS2 and noble metal precursor. Benefiting from to the formation of heterogeneous metal structures, the peroxidase (POD)-like catalytic activity of the synthesized Ag-MoS2 hybrid nanocomposites is significantly enhanced compared to MoS2 alone. Moreover, the catalytic activity of Ag-MoS2 nanozyme was correlated with the pH of the reaction solution and the inhibitory effects of the three biothiols on the nanozyme-triggered chromogenic system differed in the specific pH environments. Therefore, each sensing unit of this electronic tongue generated differential colorimetric fingerprints of different biothiols. After principal component analysis (PCA), the developed novel colorimetric sensor array can accurately discriminate biothiols between different types, various concentrations, and different mixture proportions. Further, the sensor array was used for the colorimetric identification of real serum and cellular samples, demonstrating its great potential in tumor diagnostic applications.

Synthesis of Pt-MoS2 with enhanced photothermal and peroxidase-like properties and its antibacterial application

Despite tremendous efforts, bacterial infection and contamination remain a major clinical challenge to modern humans. Nanozyme materials with stimuli-responsive properties are expected to be powerful tools for the next generation of antibacterial therapy. Here, MoS2 nanosheet was firstly prepared by liquid phase exfoliation method, and Pt-MoS2 hybrid biomaterial was then successfully synthesized by a simple self-reduction method. The Pt decoration significantly improves the photothermal effect of MoS2 nanosheet under 808 nm NIR laser irradiation. Besides, benefiting from the formation of heterogeneous structure, the Pt-MoS2 has significantly enhanced peroxidase mimetic catalytic activity, which can kill bacteria through catalysis of H2O2 to generate antimicrobial hydroxyl radicals. Moreover, the temperature rise brought about by NIR laser stimulation further amplifies the nanozyme activity of the composites. After treatment by the synergistic platform, both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli can be effectively inhibited, demonstrating its broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. In addition, the developed antibacterial Pt-MoS2 nanozyme have the excellent biocompatibility, which makes them well suited for infection elimination in biological systems. Overall, this work shows great potential for rationally combining the multiple functions of MoS2-based nanomaterials for synergistic antibacterial therapy. In the future, the Pt-MoS2 nanozyme may find wider applications in areas such as personal healthcare or surface disinfection treatment of medical devices.

Breaking the pH Limitation of Nanozymes: Mechanisms, Methods, and Applications

Although nanozymes have drawn great attention over the past decade, the activities of peroxidase-like, oxidase-like, and catalase-like nanozymes are often pH dependent with elusive mechanism, which largely restricts their application. Therefore, a systematical discussion on the pH-related catalytic mechanisms of nanozymes together with the methods to overcome this limitation is in need. In this review, various nanozymes exhibiting pH-dependent catalytic activities are collected and the root causes for their pH dependence are comprehensively analyzed. Subsequently, regulatory concepts including catalytic environment reconstruction and direct catalytic activity improvement to break this pH restriction are summarized. Moreover, applications of pH-independent nanozymes in sensing, disease therapy, and pollutant degradation are overviewed. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities on the development of pH-independent nanozymes are suggested. It is anticipated that this review will promote the further design of pH-independent nanozymes and broaden their application range with higher efficiency.

Cetyltrimethylammonium-chloride assisted in situ metabolic incorporation of nano-sized ROS-generating cascade-reaction containers in Gram-positive and Gram-negative peptidoglycan layers for the control of bacterially-induced sepsis

Cascade-reaction containers generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) as an alternative for antibiotic-based strategies for bacterial infection control, require endogenous oxygen-sources and ROS-generation close to or preferably inside target bacteria. Here, this is achieved by cetyltrimethylammonium-chloride (CTAC) assisted in situ metabolic labeling and incorporation of mesoporous SiO2-nanoparticles, dual-loaded with glucose-oxidase and Fe3O4-nanoparticles as cascade-reaction containers, inside bacterial cell walls. First, azide-functionalized d-alanine (D-Ala-N3) was inserted in cell wall peptidoglycan layers of growing Gram-positive pathogens. In Gram-negatives, this could only be achieved after outer lipid-membrane permeabilization, using a low concentration of CTAC. Low concentrations of CTAC had no adverse effect on in vitro blood clotting or hemolysis nor on the health of mice when blood-injected. Next, dibenzocyclooctyne-polyethylene-glycol modified, SiO2-nanoparticles were in situ click-reacted with d-Ala-N3 in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan layers. Herewith, a two-step cascade-reaction is facilitated inside bacteria, in which glucose-oxidase generates H2O2 at endogenously-available glucose concentrations, while subsequently Fe3O4-nanoparticles catalyze generation of •OH from the H2O2 generated. Generation of •OH inside bacterial cell walls by dual-loaded mesoporous SiO2-nanoparticles yielded more effective in vitro killing of both planktonic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria suspended in 10 % plasma than SiO2-nanoparticles solely loaded with glucose-oxidase. Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterially induced sepsis in mice could be effectively treated by in situ pre-treatment with tail-vein injected CTAC and d-Ala-N3, followed by injection of dual-loaded cascade-reaction containers without using antibiotics. This makes in situ metabolic incorporation of cascade-reaction containers as described attractive for further investigation with respect to the control of other types of infections comprising planktonic bacteria. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In situ metabolic-incorporation of cascade-reaction-containers loaded with glucose-oxidase and Fe3O4 nanoparticles into bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan is described, yielding ROS-generation from endogenous glucose, non-antibiotically killing bacteria before ROS inactivates. Hitherto, only Gram-positives could be metabolically-labeled, because Gram-negatives possess two lipid-membranes. The outer membrane impedes direct access to the peptidoglycan. This problem was solved by outer-membrane permeabilization using a quaternary-ammonium compound. Several studies on metabolic-labeling perform crucial labeling steps during bacterial-culturing that in real-life should be part of a treatment. In situ metabolic-incorporation as described, can be applied in well-plates during in vitro experiments or in the body as during in vivo animal experiments. Surprisingly, metabolic-incorporation proceeded unhampered in blood and a murine, bacterially-induced sepsis could be well treated.

MoOxNWs with mechanical damage - oriented synergistic photothermal / photodynamic therapy for highly effective treating wound infections

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based therapy has emerged as a promising antibacterial strategy. However, it faces the limitations of uncontrollable space-time release and excessive lipid peroxidation, which may lead to a series of metabolic disorders and decreased immune function. In this study, mechanical damage by molybdenum oxide nanowires (MoOxNWs) is introduced as a synergistic factor to enhance the photothermal and photodynamic effects for controllable and efficient antibacterial therapy. Through their sharp ends, the nanowires can effectively pierce and damage the bacterial cells, thus facilitating the entry of externally generated ROS into the cells. The ROS are generated via photodynamic effect of the nanowires under a mere 5 min of near-infrared light irradiation. This approach enhances the photothermal (by 27.3 %) and photodynamic properties of ROS generation. MoOxNWs (100 μg·mL-1) achieve sterilisation rates of 97.67 % for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli and 96.34 % for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which are comparable or even exceeding the efficacy of most MoOx-based antibacterial agents. Moreover, they exhibit good biocompatibility and low in vivo toxicity.

Nanoarchitectonics of Bimetallic Cu-/Co-Doped Nitrogen-Carbon Nanozyme-Functionalized Hydrogel with NIR-Responsive Phototherapy for Synergistic Mitigation of Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections

Superbug infections and transmission have become major challenges in the contemporary medical field. The development of novel antibacterial strategies to efficiently treat bacterial infections and conquer the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is extremely important. In this paper, a bimetallic CuCo-doped nitrogen-carbon nanozyme-functionalized hydrogel (CuCo/NC-HG) has been successfully constructed. It exhibits photoresponsive-enhanced enzymatic effects under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation (808 nm) with strong peroxidase (POD)-like and oxidase (OXD)-like activities. Upon NIR irradiation, CuCo/NC-HG possesses photodynamic activity for producing singlet oxygen(1O2), and it also has a high photothermal conversion effect, which not only facilitates the elimination of bacteria but also improves the efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and accelerates the consumption of GSH. CuCo/NC-HG shows a lower hemolytic rate and better cytocompatibility than CuCo/NC and possesses a positive charge and macroporous skeleton for restricting negatively charged bacteria in the range of ROS destruction, strengthening the antibacterial efficiency. Comparatively, CuCo/NC and CuCo/NC-HG have stronger bactericidal ability against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli (AmprE. coli) through destroying the cell membranes with a negligible occurrence of AMR. More importantly, CuCo/NC-HG plus NIR irradiation can exhibit satisfactory bactericidal performance in the absence of H2O2, avoiding the toxicity from high-concentration H2O2. In vivo evaluation has been conducted using a mouse wound infection model and histological analyses, and the results show that CuCo/NC-HG upon NIR irradiation can efficiently suppress bacterial infections and promote wound healing, without causing inflammation and tissue adhesions.

Biocompatible N-carbazoleacetic acid decorated CuxO nanoparticles as self-cascading platforms for synergistic single near-infrared triggered phototherapy treating microbial infections

In this work, positively charged N-carbazoleacetic acid decorated CuxO nanoparticles (CuxO-CAA NPs) as novel biocompatible nanozymes have been successfully prepared through a one-step hydrothermal method. CuxO-CAA can serve as a self-cascading platform through effective GSH-OXD-like and POD-like activities, and the former can induce continuous generation of H2O2 through the catalytic oxidation of overexpressed GSH in the bacterial infection microenvironment, which in turn acts as a substrate for the latter to yield ˙OH via Fenton-like reaction, without introducing exogenous H2O2. Upon NIR irradiation, CuxO-CAA NPs possess a high photothermal conversion effect, which can further improve the enzymatic activity for increasing the production rate of H2O2 and ˙OH. Besides, the photodynamic performance of CuxO-CAA NPs can produce 1O2. The generated ROS and hyperthermia have synergetic effects on bacterial mortality. More importantly, CuxO-CAA NPs are more stable and biosafe than Cu2O, and can generate electrostatic adsorption with negatively charged bacterial cell membranes and accelerate bacterial death. Antibacterial results demonstrate that CuxO-CAA NPs are lethal against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli (AREC) through destroying the bacterial membrane and disrupting the bacterial biofilm formation. MRSA-infected animal wound models show that CuxO-CAA NPs can efficiently promote wound healing without causing toxicity to the organism.

Research progress of metal-organic framework nanozymes in bacterial sensing, detection, and treatment

The high efficiency and specificity of enzymes make them play an important role in life activities, but the high cost, low stability and high sensitivity of natural enzymes severely restrict their application. In recent years, nanozymes have become convincing alternatives to natural enzymes, finding utility across diverse domains, including biosensing, antibacterial interventions, cancer treatment, and environmental preservation. Nanozymes are characterized by their remarkable attributes, encompassing high stability, cost-effectiveness and robust catalytic activity. Within the contemporary scientific landscape, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered considerable attention, primarily due to their versatile applications, spanning catalysis. Notably, MOFs serve as scaffolds for the development of nanozymes, particularly in the context of bacterial detection and treatment. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent literature pertaining to MOFs and their pivotal role in bacterial detection and treatment. We explored the limitations and prospects for the development of MOF-based nanozymes as a platform for bacterial detection and therapy, and anticipate their great potential and broader clinical applications in addressing medical challenges.

Chitosan-chelated carbon dots-based nanozyme of extreme stability with super peroxidase activity and antibacterial ability for wound healing

Bacterial infection often leads to failed wound healing, causing one-third of death cases globally. However, antibacterial nanomaterials and natural enzymes face limitations including low antibacterial efficiency, lack of catalytic performance, low safety, and instability. Therefore, a new Fe/N-doped chitosan-chelated carbon dot-based nanozyme CS@Fe-N CDs was developed, which showed multiple advantages such as highly efficient antibacterial activity, excellent peroxidase-like activity, high stability, and high biocompatibility, shortening the wound healing time. The ultra-small (6.14 ± 3.38 nm) CS@Fe-N CDs nanozyme accelerated the H2O2 to ·OH conversion, exhibiting excellent antibacterial performance against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity was increased by over 2000-fold after catalysis. The CS@Fe-N CDs nanozyme also displayed outstanding peroxidase activity (Vmax/Km = 1.77 × 10-6/s), 8.8-fold higher than horseradish peroxidase. Additionally, the CS@Fe-N CDs nanozyme exhibited high stability at broad pH values (pH 1-12) and temperature ranges (20-90 °C). In vitro evaluation of cell toxicity proved that the CS@Fe-N CDs nanozyme had negligible cytotoxicity. In vivo, wound healing experiments demonstrated that the CS@Fe-N CDs could shorten the healing time of rat wounds by at least 4 days, and even had a better curative effect than penicillin. In conclusion, this therapeutic platform provides an effective antibacterial and biologically safe healing strategy for skin wounds.

Recent Progress and Prospect of Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nanozymes in Biomedical Application

A nanozyme is a nanoscale material having enzyme-like properties. It exhibits several superior properties, including low preparation cost, robust catalytic activity, and long-term storage at ambient temperatures. Moreover, high stability enables repetitive use in multiple catalytic reactions. Hence, it is considered a potential replacement for natural enzymes. Enormous research interest in nanozymes in the past two decades has made it imperative to look for better enzyme-mimicking materials for biomedical applications. Given this, research on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a potential nanozyme material has gained momentum. MOFs are advanced hybrid materials made of inorganic metal ions and organic ligands. Their distinct composition, adaptable pore size, structural diversity, and ease in the tunability of physicochemical properties enable MOFs to mimic enzyme-like activities and act as promising nanozyme candidates. This review aims to discuss recent advances in the development of MOF-based nanozymes (MOF-NZs) and highlight their applications in the field of biomedicine. Firstly, different enzyme-mimetic activities exhibited by MOFs are discussed, and insights are given into various strategies to achieve them. Modification and functionalization strategies are deliberated to obtain MOF-NZs with enhanced catalytic activity. Subsequently, applications of MOF-NZs in the biosensing and therapeutics domain are discussed. Finally, the review is concluded by giving insights into the challenges encountered with MOF-NZs and possible directions to overcome them in the future. With this review, we aim to encourage consolidated efforts across enzyme engineering, nanotechnology, materials science, and biomedicine disciplines to inspire exciting innovations in this emerging yet promising field.

Construction of Mn-N-C nanoparticles with multienzyme-like properties and photothermal performance for the effective treatment of bacterial infections

In this work, we successfully constructed Mn-coordinated nitrogen-carbon nanoparticles (Mn-N-C NPs) exhibiting multienzyme-like activities. In a bacterial infectious microenvironment, the POD-like and OXD-like activities of Mn-N-C NPs could synergistically trigger the generation of ROS (˙OH and O2˙-), causing oxidative damage to the bacterial cell membrane for killing bacteria. Alternatively, in neutral or weak alkaline normal tissues, the excessive O2˙- could be converted into O2 and H2O2via the SOD-like ability of Mn-N-C NPs, and subsequently their CAT-like activity catalyzed excess H2O2 into H2O and O2 for protecting normal cells through the antioxidant defense. Mn-N-C NPs also possessed a good NIR-photothermal performance, which could enhance their POD-like and OXD-like activities. Furthermore, Mn-N-C NPs could facilitate the GSH oxidation process and disrupt the intrinsic balance in the bacterial protection microenvironment with the assistance of H2O2, which is beneficial for rapid bacterial death. Undoubtedly, the Mn-N-C NPs + H2O2 system showed the highest antibacterial activity when irradiated with an 808 nm laser, destroying the bacterial membrane and causing the efflux of proteins. Moreover, the Mn-N-C NPs + H2O2 system was immune to the development of bacterial resistance and could efficiently disrupt the formation of a bacterial biofilm with negligible cytotoxicity and low hemolysis ratio. Finally, Mn-N-C NPs exhibited an excellent antibacterial performance in vivo and could accelerate wound healing without cellular inflammation production. Therefore, due to their significant therapeutic effects, Mn-N-C NPs show great potential in fighting antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

PdMo bimetallene nanozymes for photothermally enhanced antibacterial therapy and accelerated wound healing

Although antibacterial platforms involving nanozymes have been extensively investigated, there are still problems of poor reactive oxygen species generation efficiency and obstinate bacterial biofilms. Developing a nanozyme-photothermal therapy nanoplatform with superior sterilization effects and minimal side effects would be a good alternative for completely eliminating bacteria and biofilms. Herein, an ultrathin PdMo bimetallene nanozyme with a planar topology and boosted metal utilization, exhibiting excellent photothermal and peroxidase-like activity, is designed for synergistic nanozyme-photothermal sterilization applications and accelerated wound healing. The superior catalytic activity of PdMo bimetallene nanozymes could convert a biosafe concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into large quantities of toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) under laser irradiation, enhancing bacterial membrane permeability and thermal sensitivity for efficient removal of bacteria and biofilms. In addition, PdMo bimetallene presents a good wound-healing ability according to the results of fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition with minor side effects. This work would provide an innovative avenue for developing metallene-based nanozymes for biomedical applications.

Nanozyme as detector and remediator to environmental pollutants: between current situation and future prospective

The term "nanozyme" refers to a nanomaterial possessing enzymatic capabilities, and in recent years, the field of nanozymes has experienced rapid advancement. Nanozymes offer distinct advantages over natural enzymes, including ease of production, cost-effectiveness, prolonged storage capabilities, and exceptional environmental stability. In this review, we provide a concise overview of various common applications of nanozymes, encompassing the detection and removal of pollutants such as pathogens, toxic ions, pesticides, phenols, organic contaminants, air pollution, and antibiotic residues. Furthermore, our focus is directed towards the potential challenges and future developments within the realm of nanozymes. The burgeoning applications of nanozymes in bioscience and technology have kindled significant interest in research in this domain, and it is anticipated that nanozymes will soon become a topic of explosive discussion.

Metallic elements combine with herbal compounds upload in microneedles to promote wound healing: a review

Wound healing is a dynamic and complex restorative process, and traditional dressings reduce their therapeutic effectiveness due to the accumulation of drugs in the cuticle. As a novel drug delivery system, microneedles (MNs) can overcome the defect and deliver drugs to the deeper layers of the skin. As the core of the microneedle system, loaded drugs exert a significant influence on the therapeutic efficacy of MNs. Metallic elements and herbal compounds have been widely used in wound treatment for their ability to accelerate the healing process. Metallic elements primarily serve as antimicrobial agents and facilitate the enhancement of cell proliferation. Whereas various herbal compounds act on different targets in the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases of wound healing. The interaction between the two drugs forms nanoparticles (NPs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), reducing the toxicity of the metallic elements and increasing the therapeutic effect. This article summarizes recent trends in the development of MNs made of metallic elements and herbal compounds for wound healing, describes their advantages in wound treatment, and provides a reference for the development of future MNs.

Tailoring the Surface and Composition of Nanozymes for Enhanced Bacterial Binding and Antibacterial Activity

With the advantages of diverse structures, tunable enzymatic activity, and high stability, nanozymes are widely used in medicine, chemistry, food, environment, and other fields. As an alternative to traditional antibiotics, nanozymes attract more and more attention from the scientific researchers in recent years. Developing nanozymes-based antibacterial materials opens up a new avenue for the bacterial disinfection and sterilization. In this review, the classification of nanozymes and their antibacterial mechanisms are discussed. The surface and composition of nanozymes are critical for the antibacterial efficacy, which can be tailored to enhance both the bacterial binding and the antibacterial activity. On the one hand, the surface modification of nanozymes enables binding and targeting of bacteria that improves the antibacterial performance of nanozymes including the biochemical recognition, the surface charge, and the surface topography. On the other hand, the composition of nanozymes can be modulated to achieve enhanced antibacterial performance including the single nanozyme-mediated synergistic and multiple nanozymes-mediated cascade catalytic antibacterial applications. In addition, the current challenges and future prospects of tailoring nanozymes for antibacterial applications are discussed. This review can provide insights into the design of future nanozymes-based materials for the antibacterial treatments.

Development of nanozymes for promising alleviation of COVID-19-associated arthritis

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as a culprit in the development of a variety of disorders, including arthritis. Although the emergence of arthritis following SARS-CoV-2 infection may not be immediately discernible, its underlying pathogenesis is likely to involve a complex interplay of infections, oxidative stress, immune responses, abnormal production of inflammatory factors, cellular destruction, etc. Fortunately, recent advancements in nanozymes with enzyme-like activities have shown potent antiviral effects and the ability to inhibit oxidative stress and cytokines and provide immunotherapeutic effects while also safeguarding diverse cell populations. These adaptable nanozymes have already exhibited efficacy in treating common types of arthritis, and their distinctive synergistic therapeutic effects offer great potential in the fight against arthritis associated with COVID-19. In this comprehensive review, we explore the potential of nanozymes in alleviating arthritis following SARS-CoV-2 infection by neutralizing the underlying factors associated with the disease. We also provide a detailed analysis of the common therapeutic pathways employed by these nanozymes and offer insights into how they can be further optimized to effectively address COVID-19-associated arthritis.

Bioinspired Structure Regulation of Apyrase-Like Nanozyme with Intracellular-Generated H2O2 for Tumor Catalytic Therapy

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the major resource of energy supply in tumor activity. Therefore, improving ATP consumption efficiencies is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Herein, inspired by the H₂O₂-involved structure regulation effect during the catalysis of natural protein enzymes, we developed an artificial H₂O₂-driven ATP catalysis-promoting system, the Ce-based metal-organic framework (Ce-MOF), for catalytic cancer therapy. In the presence of H₂O₂, the hydrolysis ATP activity of Ce-MOF(H₂O₂) was enhanced by around 1.6 times. Taking advantage of the endogenous H₂O₂ in cancerous cells, catalytic hydrolysis for intracellular ATP of the Ce-MOF achieves the inhibition of cancerous cell growth, which involves damaged mitochondrial function and autophagy-associated cell death. Furthermore, in vivo studies suggest that the Ce-MOF has a good tumor inhibition effect. The artificial H₂O₂-driven ATP catalysis-promoting system not only demonstrates high catalytic ATP consumption efficiencies for cancer therapy but also highlights a bioinspired strategy to expedite nanozyme research in both design and applied sciences.

Bioinspired MoS2 Nanosheet-Modified Carbon Fibers for Synergetic Bacterial Elimination and Wound Disinfection

Bacterial infection is one of the most frequent wound complications and has become a major public health concern. Increasing resistance to antibiotics has been noted with these agents broadly used in wound management. It is an urgent demand to develop alternative antibacterial strategies with a reduced chance of resistance. Herein, a Nepenthes-mimicking nanosheet array of MoS₂ on carbon fibers (CF-MoS₂ ) is proposed to achieve dual bactericidal activities. First, the sharp edges of synthesized surfaces are capable of inducing physical disruption of cell membranes, demonstrating mechanical antibacterial activity like their natural counterparts. Second, in the presence of near-infrared light, bioinspired CF-MoS₂ nanosheets are able to cause the death of damaged bacteria owing to their inherent photothermal properties. Such dual-functional modes endow the surfaces with nearly 100% killing efficiency for highly concentrated Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Furthermore, their potential to be applied as wound dressings for photothermal treatment of infectious wounds is also investigated in vivo. Bioinspired CF-MoS₂ dressings show advantages of synergistic disinfection and efficient promotion of wound regeneration. It is foreseen that this high-performance and multifunctional CF-MoS₂ could afford a feasible broad-spectrum treatment for non-antibiotic disinfection.

Cuprous oxide-demethyleneberberine nanospheres for single near-infrared light-triggered photoresponsive-enhanced enzymatic synergistic antibacterial therapy

In this work, novel cuprous oxide-demethyleneberberine (Cu₂O-DMB) nanomaterials are successfully synthesized for photoresponsive-enhanced enzymatic synergistic antibacterial therapy under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation (808 nm). Cu₂O-DMB has a spherical morphology with a smaller nanosize and positive ζ potential, can trap bacteria through electrostatic interactions resulting in a targeting function. Cu₂O-DMB nanospheres show both oxidase-like and peroxidase-like activities, and serve as a self-cascade platform, which can deplete high concentrations of GSH to produce O₂˙^- and H₂O₂, then H₂O₂ is transformed into ˙OH, without introducing exogenous H₂O₂. At the same time, Cu₂O-DMB nanospheres become photoresponsive, producing ¹O₂ and having an efficient photothermal conversion effect upon NIR irradiation. The proposed mechanism is that the generated ROS (O₂˙^-, ˙OH and ¹O₂) and hyperthermia can have synergetic effects for killing bacteria. Moreover, hyperthermia is not only beneficial for destroying bacteria, but also effectively enhances the efficiency of ˙OH production and accelerates GSH oxidation. Upon NIR irradiation, Cu₂O-DMB nanospheres exhibit excellent antibacterial ability against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli (AREC) with low cytotoxicity and bare bacterial resistance, destroy the bacterial membrane causing an efflux of proteins and disrupt the bacterial biofilm formation. Animal experiments show that the Cu₂O-DMB + NIR group can efficiently treat MRSA infection and promote wound healing. These results suggest that Cu₂O-DMB nanospheres are effective materials for combating bacterial infections highly efficiently and to aid the development of photoresponsive enzymatic synergistic antibacterial therapy.

Supramolecular Combination Cancer Therapy Based on Macrocyclic Supramolecular Materials

Supramolecular combination therapy adopts supramolecular materials to design intelligent drug delivery systems with different strategies for cancer treatments. Thereinto, macrocyclic supramolecular materials play a crucial role in encapsulating anticancer drugs to improve anticancer efficiency and decrease toxicity towards normal tissue by host-guest interaction. In general, chemotherapy is still common therapy for solid tumors in clinics. However, supramolecular combination therapy can overcome the limitations of the traditional single-drug chemotherapy in the laboratory findings. In this review, we summarized the combination chemotherapy, photothermal chemotherapy, and gene chemotherapy based on macrocyclic supramolecular materials. Finally, the application prospects in supramolecular combination therapy are discussed.

Bacitracin-Engineered BSA/ICG Nanocomplex with Enhanced Photothermal and Photodynamic Antibacterial Activity

To reduce the drug resistance of bacteria and enhance the antibacterial ability in bacterial infection therapy, we designed a new antibacterial nanoagent. In this system, a photosensitizer (indocyanine green, ICG) was loaded in bovine serum albumin (BSA) through hydrophobic-interaction-induced self-assembly to form stable BSA@ICG nanoparticles. Furthermore, a positively charged antibacterial peptide bacitracin (Bac) was physically immobilized onto the surface of BSA@ICG to generate a bacterial-targeted nanomedicine BSA@ICG@Bac through electrostatic interactions. Afterward, its photodynamic and photothermal activities were intensely evaluated. Moreover, its bactericidal efficiency was assessed via in vitro antibacterial assays and bacterial biofilm destruction tests. First, the obtained BSA@ICG@Bac showed both good singlet oxygen generation property and high photothermal conversion efficiency. In addition, it showed enhanced photodynamic and photothermal antibacterial capacities and biofilm-removing ability in vitro due to Bac modification. To sum up, our research provided an economic and less-time-consuming approach to preparing antibacterial nanomedicines with excellent antibacterial ability. Therefore, the prepared antibacterial nanomedicines have great potential to be utilized in clinical trials in the future.

Application of Metal–Organic Framework in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes

Diabetes-related chronic wounds are often accompanied by a poor wound-healing environment such as high glucose, recurrent infections, and inflammation, and standard wound treatments are fairly limited in their ability to heal these wounds. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been developed to improve therapeutic outcomes due to their ease of engineering, surface functionalization, and therapeutic properties. In this review, we summarize the different synthesis methods of MOFs and conduct a comprehensive review of the latest research progress of MOFs in the treatment of diabetes and its wounds. State-of-the-art in vivo oral hypoglycemic strategies and the in vitro diagnosis of diabetes are enumerated and different antimicrobial strategies (including physical contact, oxidative stress, photothermal, and related ions or ligands) and provascular strategies for the treatment of diabetic wounds are compared. It focuses on the connections and differences between different applications of MOFs as well as possible directions for improvement. Finally, the potential toxicity of MOFs is also an issue that we cannot ignore.

Dimensionality reduction boosts the peroxidase-like activity of bimetallic MOFs for enhanced multidrug-resistant bacteria eradication

The antibacterial strategy using cutting-edge metal-organic framework (MOF)-based nanozymes can effectively solve the problem caused by antibiotic resistance to protect human health and the environment; however it has been significantly limited by the complicated modification method and non-ideal catalytic activity. Herein, we report a facile dimensionality-reduction strategy to improve the catalytic activity of MOF-based nanozymes. By reducing the dimensionality of two-dimensional Co-TCPP(Fe) (Co-Fe NSs) to zero-dimensional Co-TCPP(Fe) (Co-Fe NDs), the peroxidase-like activity of the prepared bimetallic Co-Fe NDs was almost tripled. Consequently, the bimetallic Co-Fe NDs can highly efficiently catalyze the lower-concentration H₂O₂ into reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in a favorable antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Meanwhile, Co-Fe NDs can effectively promote wound healing and water environment disinfection with good biocompatibility. This work reveals the potential of a zero-dimensional bimetallic MOF-based nanozyme in resisting drug-resistant bacteria and holds great promise for future clinical and environmental applications.

Tumor microenvironment-responsive nanohybrid for hypoxia amelioration with photodynamic and near-infrared II photothermal combination therapy

Phototherapy, particularly photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), has been widely investigated for tumor treatment. However, the limited tissue penetration depth of light in the near-infrared I (NIR-I) region and the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) severely constrain their clinical applications. To address these challenges, in the present study, we developed a chlorin e6 (Ce6) and MnO₂-coloaded, hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) nanohybrid (HA-Ce6-MnO₂@SWNHs) for PDT and PTT combination therapy of tumor. HA-Ce6-MnO₂@SWNHs responded to the mild acidic TME to ameliorate tumor hypoxia, thus enhancing tumor PDT. Moreover, HA-Ce6-MnO₂@SWNHs had a high photothermal conversion efficiency at 1064 nm (55.48%), which enabled deep tissue penetration (3.05 cm) and allowed for highly efficient tumor PTT in near-infrared II (NIR-II) window. PDT and PTT combination therapy with HA-Ce6-MnO₂@SWNHs achieved a good therapeutic efficacy on 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, eradicating the primary tumors and suppressing cancer recurrence. Our study provides a promising strategy for developing a hypoxia relief and deep tissue penetration phototherapy platform by using SWNHs for highly effective tumor PDT and NIR-II PTT combination therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) and the limited penetration of the NIR-I light in biological tissues compromise the efficacy of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) on tumors. Here, we developed a chlorin e6 (Ce6) and MnO₂-coloaded, hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) nanohybrid (HA-Ce6-MnO₂@SWNHs) for PDT and PTT combination therapy of tumors. The nanohybrid could efficiently accumulate in tumors through CD44-mediated active targeting. The sequential MnO₂-enhanced PDT and efficient NIR-II PTT had a remarkable therapeutic effect by eliminating the primary tumor and simultaneously inhibiting tumor recurrence.

Piezoelectric Activatable Nanozyme-Based Skin Patch for Rapid Wound Disinfection

Nanozymes are promising new-generation antibacterial agents owing to their low cost, high stability, broad-spectrum activity, and minimal antimicrobial resistance. However, the inherent low catalytic activity of nanozymes tends to limit their antibacterial efficacy. Herein, a heterostructure of zinc oxide nanorod@graphdiyne nanosheets (ZnO@GDY NR) with unparallel piezocatalytic enzyme mimic activity is reported, which concurrently possesses intrinsic peroxidase-like activity and strong piezoelectric responses and effectively promotes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and generation of reactive oxygen species under ultrasound irradiation. Moreover, this piezocatalytic nanozyme exhibits almost 100% antibacterial efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens involving methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. In addition, a piezoelectric activatable nanozyme-based skin patch is developed for rapid skin wound disinfections with satisfactory hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility. This work not only sheds light on the development of an innovative piezoelectric activatable nanozyme-based skin patch for rapid wound disinfection but also provides new insights on the engineering of piezocatalytic nanozymes for nanozyme antibacterial therapy.

Iron Phosphate Nanozyme-Hydrogel with Multienzyme-like Activity for Efficient Bacterial Sterilization

Pathogenic bacteria infections have posed a threat to human health worldwide. Nanomaterials with natural enzymatic activity provide an opportunity for the development of new antibacterial pathways. We successfully constructed iron phosphate nanozyme-hydrogel (FePO₄-HG) with the traits of positive charge and macropores. Interestingly, FePO₄-HG displayed not only peroxidase-like activity under acidic bacterial infectious microenvironment but also superoxide dismutase-catalase-like synergistic effects in neutral or weak alkaline conditions, thus protecting normal tissues from the peroxidase-like protocol with exogenous H₂O₂ damage. Furthermore, the positive charge and macropore structure of FePO₄-HG could capture and restrict bacteria in the range of ROS destruction. Obviously, FePO₄-HG exhibited excellent antibacterial ability against MRSA and AREC with the assistance of H₂O₂. Significantly, the FePO₄-HG + H₂O₂ system could efficiently disrupt the bacterial biofilm formation and facilitate the glutathione oxidation process to rapid bacterial death with low cytotoxicity. Moreover, FePO₄-HG was unsusceptible to bacterial resistance development in MRSA. Animal experiments showed that the FePO₄-HG + H₂O₂ group could efficiently eliminate the MRSA infection and present excellent wound healing without inflammation and tissue adhesions. With further development and optimization, FePO₄-HG has great potential as a new class of antibacterial agents to fight antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

Targeted delivery of quercetin by biotinylated mixed micelles for non-small cell lung cancer treatment

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death world-wide and its treatment remains a challenge in clinic, especially for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thus, more effective therapeutic strategies are required for NSCLC treatment. Quercetin (Que) as a natural flavonoid compound has gained increasing interests due to its anticancer activity. However, poor water solubility, low bioavailability, short half-life, and weak tumor accumulation hinder in vivo applications and antitumor effects of Que. In this study, we developed Que-loaded mixed micelles (Que-MMICs) assembled from 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine–poly(ethylene glycol)–biotin (DSPE–PEG–biotin) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate–poly[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate]–polycaprolactone (PEGMA–PDMAEA–PCL) for NSCLC treatment. The results showed that Que was efficiently encapsulated into the mixed micelles and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) was up to 85.7%. Cellular uptake results showed that biotin conjugation significantly improved 1.2-fold internalization of the carrier compared to that of non-targeted mixed micelles. In vitro results demonstrated that Que-MMICs could improve cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 7.83 μg/mL) than Que-MICs (16.15 μg/mL) and free Que (44.22 μg/mL) to A549 cells, which efficiently induced apoptosis and arrested cell cycle. Furthermore, Que-MMICs showed satisfactory tumor targeting capability and antitumor efficacy possibly due to the combination of enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) and active targeting effect. Collectively, Que-MMICs demonstrated high accumulation at tumor site and exhibited superior anticancer activity in NSCLC bearing mice model.

Applications of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Bacterial Biofilms

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and allied photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy have shown remarkable activity against bacterial pathogens in both planktonic and biofilm forms. There has been little or no resistance development against antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, recent developments in therapies that involve antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in combination with photothermal hyperthermia therapy, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, antibiotic chemotherapy and cold atmospheric pressure plasma therapy have shown additive and synergistic enhancement of its efficacy. This paper reviews applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and non-invasive combination therapies often used with it, including sonodynamic therapy and nanozyme enhanced photodynamic therapy. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm mechanisms are discussed. This review proposes that these technologies have a great potential to overcome the bacterial resistance associated with bacterial biofilm formation.

Recent Advances in Nanozymes for Bacteria-Infected Wound Therapy

Bacterial-infected wounds are a serious threat to public health. Bacterial invasion can easily delay the wound healing process and even cause more serious damage. Therefore, effective new methods or drugs are needed to treat wounds. Nanozyme is an artificial enzyme that mimics the activity of a natural enzyme, and a substitute for natural enzymes by mimicking the coordination environment of the catalytic site. Due to the numerous excellent properties of nanozymes, the generation of drug-resistant bacteria can be avoided while treating bacterial infection wounds by catalyzing the sterilization mechanism of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, there are still some defects in the nanozyme antibacterial agents, and the design direction is to realize the multifunctionalization and intelligence of a single system. In this review, we first discuss the pathophysiology of bacteria infected wound healing, the formation of bacterial infection wounds, and the strategies for treating bacterially infected wounds. In addition, the antibacterial advantages and mechanism of nanozymes for bacteria-infected wounds are also described. Importantly, a series of nanomaterials based on nanozyme synthesis for the treatment of infected wounds are emphasized. Finally, the challenges and prospects of nanozymes for treating bacterial infection wounds are proposed for future research in this field.