Quenching Epigenetic Drug Resistance Using Antihypoxic Microparticles in Glioblastoma Patient-Derived Chips

Biomaterial-based in vitro 3D modeling of glioblastoma multiforme

Adult-onset brain cancers, such as glioblastomas, are particularly lethal. People with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) do not anticipate living for more than 15 months if there is no cure. The results of conventional treatments over the past 20 years have been underwhelming. Tumor aggressiveness, location, and lack of systemic therapies that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier are all contributing factors. For GBM treatments that appear promising in preclinical studies, there is a considerable rate of failure in phase I and II clinical trials. Unfortunately, access becomes impossible due to the intricate architecture of tumors. In vitro, bioengineered cancer models are currently being used by researchers to study disease development, test novel therapies, and advance specialized medications. Many different techniques for creating in vitro systems have arisen over the past few decades due to developments in cellular and tissue engineering. Later-stage research may yield better results if in vitro models that resemble brain tissue and the blood-brain barrier are used. With the use of 3D preclinical models made available by biomaterials, researchers have discovered that it is possible to overcome these limitations. Innovative in vitro models for the treatment of GBM are possible using biomaterials and novel drug carriers. This review discusses the benefits and drawbacks of 3D in vitro glioblastoma modeling systems.

Tissue Niche Miniature of Glioblastoma Patient Treated with Nano-Awakeners to Induce Suicide of Cancer Stem Cells

Patient-specific cancer therapies can evolve by vitalizing the mother tissue-like cancer niche, cellular profile, genetic signature, and drug responsiveness. This evolution has enabled the elucidation of a key mechanism along with development of the mechanism-driven therapy. After surgical treatment, glioblastoma (GBM) patients require prompt therapy within 14 days in a patient-specific manner. Hence, this study approaches direct culture of GBM patient tissue (1 mm diameter) in a microchannel network chip. Cancer vasculature-mimetic perfusion can support the preservation of the mother tissue-like characteristic signatures and microenvironment. When temozolomide and radiation are administered within 1 day, the responsiveness of the tissue in the chip reflected the clinical outcomes, thereby overcoming the time-consuming process of cell and organoid culture. When the tissue chip culture is continued, the intact GBM signature gets lost, and the outward migration of stem cells from the tissue origin increases, indicating a leaving-home effect on the family dismantle. Nanovesicle production using GBM stem cells enables self-chasing of the cells that escape the temozolomide effect owing to quiescence. The anti-PTPRZ1 peptide display and temozolomide loading to nanovesicles awakes cancer stem cells from the quiescent stage to death. This study suggests a GBM clinic-driven avatar platform and mechanism-learned nanotherapy for translation.

Perspectives of metal-organic framework nanosystem to overcome tumor drug resistance

Cancer is one of the most harmful diseases in the world, which causes huge numbers of deaths every year. Many drugs have been developed to treat tumors. However, drug resistance usually develops after a period of time, which greatly weakens the therapeutic effect. Tumor drug resistance is characterized by blocking the action of anticancer drugs, resisting apoptosis and DNA repair, and evading immune recognition. To tackle tumor drug resistance, many engineered drug delivery systems (DDS) have been developed. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are one kind of emerging and promising nanocarriers for DDS with high surface area and abundant active sites that make the functionalization simpler and more efficient. These features enable MOFs to achieve advantages easily towards other materials. In this review, we highlight the main mechanisms of tumor drug resistance and the characteristics of MOFs. The applications and opportunities of MOF-based DDS to overcome tumor drug resistance are also discussed, shedding light on the future development of MOFs to address tumor drug resistance.

Tumor-on-a-chip model for advancement of anti-cancer nano drug delivery system

Despite explosive growth in the development of nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) targeting tumors in the last few decades, clinical translation rates are low owing to the lack of efficient models for evaluating and predicting responses. Microfluidics-based tumor-on-a-chip (TOC) systems provide a promising approach to address these challenges. The integrated engineered platforms can recapitulate complex in vivo tumor features at a microscale level, such as the tumor microenvironment, three-dimensional tissue structure, and dynamic culture conditions, thus improving the correlation between results derived from preclinical and clinical trials in evaluating anticancer nanomedicines. The specific focus of this review is to describe recent advances in TOCs for the evaluation of nanomedicine, categorized into six sections based on the drug delivery process: circulation behavior after infusion, endothelial and matrix barriers, tumor uptake, therapeutic efficacy, safety, and resistance. We also discuss current issues and future directions for an end-use perspective of TOCs.

3D bioprinting of complex tissues in vitro: state-of-the-art and future perspectives

The pharmacology and toxicology of a broad variety of therapies and chemicals have significantly improved with the aid of the increasing in vitro models of complex human tissues. Offering versatile and precise control over the cell population, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, dynamic microenvironment, and sophisticated microarchitecture, which is desired for the in vitro modeling of complex tissues, 3D bio-printing is a rapidly growing technology to be employed in the field. In this review, we will discuss the recent advancement of printing techniques and bio-ink sources, which have been spurred on by the increasing demand for modeling tactics and have facilitated the development of the refined tissue models as well as the modeling strategies, followed by a state-of-the-art update on the specialized work on cancer, heart, muscle and liver. In the end, the toxicological modeling strategies, substantial challenges, and future perspectives for 3D printed tissue models were explored.