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Wang B, Ye X, Chen G, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Liu C, Tan Z, Jie X. Fabrication and properties of PLA/β-TCP scaffolds using liquid crystal display (LCD) photocuring 3D printing for bone tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1273541. [PMID: 38440328 PMCID: PMC10910430 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1273541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bone defects remain a thorny challenge that clinicians have to face. At present, scaffolds prepared by 3D printing are increasingly used in the field of bone tissue repair. Polylactic acid (PLA) has good thermoplasticity, processability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, but the PLA is brittle and has poor osteogenic performance. Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) has good mechanical properties and osteogenic induction properties, which can make up for the drawbacks of PLA. Methods: In this study, photocurable biodegradable polylactic acid (bio-PLA) was utilized as the raw material to prepare PLA/β-TCP slurries with varying β-TCP contents (β-TCP dosage at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 35% of the PLA dosage, respectively). The PLA/β-TCP scaffolds were fabricated using liquid crystal display (LCD) light-curing 3D printing technology. The characterization of the scaffolds was assessed, and the biological activity of the scaffold with the optimal compressive strength was evaluated. The biocompatibility of the scaffold was assessed through CCK-8 assays, hemocompatibility assay and live-dead staining experiments. The osteogenic differentiation capacity of the scaffold on MC3T3-E1 cells was evaluated through alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) detection, immunofluorescence experiments, and RT-qPCR assays. Results: The prepared scaffold possesses a three-dimensional network structure, and with an increase in the quantity of β-TCP, more β-TCP particles adhere to the scaffold surface. The compressive strength of PLA/β-TCP scaffolds exhibits a trend of initial increase followed by decrease with an increasing amount of β-TCP, reaching a maximum value of 52.1 MPa at a 10% β-TCP content. Degradation rate curve results indicate that with the passage of time, the degradation rate of the scaffold gradually increases, and the pH of the scaffold during degradation shows an alkaline tendency. Additionally, Live/dead staining and blood compatibility experiments suggest that the prepared PLA/β-TCP scaffold demonstrates excellent biocompatibility. CCK-8 experiments indicate that the PLA/β-TCP group promotes cell proliferation, and the prepared PLA/β-TCP scaffold exhibits a significant ability to enhance the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. Discussion: 3D printed LCD photocuring PLA/β-TCP scaffolds could improve surface bioactivity and lead to better osteogenesis, which may provide a unique strategy for developing bioactive implants in orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqun Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Dongguan Polytechnic, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangling Ye
- Dongguan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guocai Chen
- Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhikui Zeng
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Cansen Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhichao Tan
- Dongguan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohua Jie
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Feng P, He R, Gu Y, Yang F, Pan H, Shuai C. Construction of antibacterial bone implants and their application in bone regeneration. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:590-625. [PMID: 38018410 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01298k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection represents a prevalent challenge during the bone repair process, often resulting in implant failure. However, the extensive use of antibiotics has limited local antibacterial effects at the infection site and is prone to side effects. In order to address the issue of bacterial infection during the transplantation of bone implants, four types of bone scaffold implants with long-term antimicrobial functionality have been constructed, including direct contact antimicrobial scaffold, dissolution-penetration antimicrobial scaffold, photocatalytic antimicrobial scaffold, and multimodal synergistic antimicrobial scaffold. The direct contact antimicrobial scaffold involves the physical penetration or disruption of bacterial cell membranes by the scaffold surface or hindrance of bacterial adhesion through surface charge, microstructure, and other factors. The dissolution-penetration antimicrobial scaffold releases antimicrobial substances from the scaffold's interior through degradation and other means to achieve local antimicrobial effects. The photocatalytic antimicrobial scaffold utilizes the absorption of light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) with enhanced chemical reactivity for antimicrobial activity. ROS can cause damage to bacterial cell membranes, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), proteins, and other components. The multimodal synergistic antimicrobial scaffold involves the combined use of multiple antimicrobial methods to achieve synergistic effects and effectively overcome the limitations of individual antimicrobial approaches. Additionally, the biocompatibility issues of the antimicrobial bone scaffold are also discussed, including in vitro cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, as well as in vivo bone repair and vascularization. Finally, the challenges and prospects of antimicrobial bone implants are summarized. The development of antimicrobial bone implants can provide effective solutions to bacterial infection issues in bone defect repair in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Ruizhong He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Yulong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Mucosal Section, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Cijun Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
- Institute of Additive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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Barcena AJR, Dhal K, Patel P, Ravi P, Kundu S, Tappa K. Current Biomedical Applications of 3D-Printed Hydrogels. Gels 2023; 10:8. [PMID: 38275845 PMCID: PMC10815850 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has revolutionized the production of physical 3D objects by transforming computer-aided design models into layered structures, eliminating the need for traditional molding or machining techniques. In recent years, hydrogels have emerged as an ideal 3D printing feedstock material for the fabrication of hydrated constructs that replicate the extracellular matrix found in endogenous tissues. Hydrogels have seen significant advancements since their first use as contact lenses in the biomedical field. These advancements have led to the development of complex 3D-printed structures that include a wide variety of organic and inorganic materials, cells, and bioactive substances. The most commonly used 3D printing techniques to fabricate hydrogel scaffolds are material extrusion, material jetting, and vat photopolymerization, but novel methods that can enhance the resolution and structural complexity of printed constructs have also emerged. The biomedical applications of hydrogels can be broadly classified into four categories-tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 3D cell culture and disease modeling, drug screening and toxicity testing, and novel devices and drug delivery systems. Despite the recent advancements in their biomedical applications, a number of challenges still need to be addressed to maximize the use of hydrogels for 3D printing. These challenges include improving resolution and structural complexity, optimizing cell viability and function, improving cost efficiency and accessibility, and addressing ethical and regulatory concerns for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan John R. Barcena
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Kashish Dhal
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (K.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Parimal Patel
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (K.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Prashanth Ravi
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA;
| | - Suprateek Kundu
- Department of Biostatistics, Division of Basic Science Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Karthik Tappa
- Department of Breast Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Tao Y, Lin L, Ren X, Wang X, Cao X, Gu H, Ye Y, Ren Y, Zhang Z. Four-Dimensional Micro/Nanorobots via Laser Photochemical Synthesis towards the Molecular Scale. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1656. [PMID: 37763819 PMCID: PMC10537291 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized four-dimensional (4D) micro/nanorobots denote a forerunning technique associated with interdisciplinary applications, such as in embeddable labs-on-chip, metamaterials, tissue engineering, cell manipulation, and tiny robotics. With emerging smart interactive materials, static micro/nanoscale architectures have upgraded to the fourth dimension, evincing time-dependent shape/property mutation. Molecular-level 4D robotics promises complex sensing, self-adaption, transformation, and responsiveness to stimuli for highly valued functionalities. To precisely control 4D behaviors, current-laser-induced photochemical additive manufacturing, such as digital light projection, stereolithography, and two-photon polymerization, is pursuing high-freeform shape-reconfigurable capacities and high-resolution spatiotemporal programming strategies, which challenge multi-field sciences while offering new opportunities. Herein, this review summarizes the recent development of micro/nano 4D laser photochemical manufacturing, incorporating active materials and shape-programming strategies to provide an envisioning of these miniaturized 4D micro/nanorobots. A comparison with other chemical/physical fabricated micro/nanorobots further explains the advantages and potential usage of laser-synthesized micro/nanorobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Tao
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Zhejiang Chuangge Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuji 311899, China
| | - Liansheng Lin
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xudong Ren
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xia Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Heng Gu
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yunxia Ye
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yunpeng Ren
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Zhejiang Chuangge Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuji 311899, China
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